Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

İspanyol Indignados/15M Hareketi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 386 - 401, 30.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1094635

Abstract

2011 yılında dünya genelinde yoğun protesto hareketleri yaşanmıştır. Bu hareketler sadece gelişmemiş veya az gelişmiş ülkelerle sınırlı kalmamıştır. Ekonomisi gelişmiş, demokrasi düzeyi ve kalitesi görece yüksek ülkelerde de protesto hareketleri yaşanmıştır ve yeni toplumsal hareketlerin oluşumuna tanıklık edilmiştir. Dünyanın farklı yerlerinde yaşadıkları ülkelerin önemli meydanlarını işgal eden öfkeli kalabalıklar hem yaşadıkları sosyo-ekonomik sorunları dile getirmiş hem de ülkelerinin siyasal sistemlerini ve bu dizge içerisindeki demokrasi sorunsalını ortaya koymuşlardır. Çalışmada bu dönem İspanya’da ortaya çıkan Indignados/15M hareketi değerlendirilmektedir. 15 Mayıs 2011’de iktisadi krize ve kemer sıkma siyasalarına karşı öfkelerini ve hoşnutsuzluklarını dile getirmek için İspanyol halkı ve özellikle de gençler meydanlara inmiş ve öfkeli göstericiler ‘Indignados’ ismi ile anılmaya başlanmıştır. Görünüşte hiyerarşik bir yapısı olmayan, yerleşik siyasal parti ve sendikalardan destek almamış bu hareketin eylemlerine ciddi bir katılım sağlanmıştır ve eylem biçimleri diğer Avrupa ülkelerine de yayılmıştır. Bu çalışmada öncelikle hareketin doğuşu ve onu meydana çıkaran koşullar ortaya konulmaktadır. Ardından kamusal alanlar olarak meydan işgallerinin anlamı, hareketin örgütsel yapısı ve İspanyol siyasetine etkisi ele alınmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Indignados/15M hareketi İspanya bağlamında analitik bir incelemeye tabi tutulmaktadır.

References

  • Abasolo, O., Gilbert J. & Wainwright H. (2014). The Indignados and Us. Soundings: A Journal of Politics and Culture, 57, 35-49.
  • Anduiza, E., Camilo C. & Sabucedo J. M. (2014). Mobilization through Online Social Networks: the Political Protest of the Indignados in Spain. Information, Communication & Society, 17 (6), 750-764.
  • Antentas, J. M. (2015). Spain: the Indignados Rebellion of 2011 in Perspective. Labor History, 56, 136-160.
  • Antentas, J. M. (2016). Spain: from the Indignados Rebellion to Regime Crisis (2011-2016). Labor History, 58 (1), 1-26.
  • Asara, V. (2016). The Indignados as a Socio-Environmental Movement: Framing the Crisis and Democracy. Environmental Policy and Governance, 26 (6), 527-542.
  • Baiocchi, G.& Ganuza, E. (2012). Politics Without Banners: The Spanish Indignados’ Experiment in Direct Democracy. Building New Communities – Notes from the Transatlantic Dialogue of Dialogues. Stetter, Ernst; Karl, Duffek ve Ania Skrzypek (Eds), Brussels: Foundation for European Progressive Studies.
  • Barbas, A. & Postill J. (2017). Communication Activism as a School of Politics: Lessons From Spain’s Indignados Movement. Journal of Communication, 67 (5), 646-664.
  • Bennett, W. Lance & Segerberg, A. (2012). The Logic of Connective Action. Information, Communication & Society, 15 (5), 739-768.
  • Castañeda, E. (2014). The Indignados and Occupy Movements as Political Challenges to Representative Democracy: A Reply to Eklundh. Global Discourse, 4 (2-3), 236-243.
  • Cossarini, P. (2014). Protests, Emotions and Democracy: Theoretical Insights from the Indignados Movement. Global Discourse, 4 (2-3), 291-304.
  • Cruells, M. & Garcia, S. R. (2014). Political Intersectionality within the Spanish Indignados Social Movement. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, 37, 3-25.
  • De Nadal, L. (2021). On Populism and Social Movements: from the Indignados to Podemos. Social Movement Studies, 20 (1), 36-56.
  • Della Porta, D. & Andretta M. (2013). Protesting for Justice and Democracy: Italian Indignados?. Contemporary Italian Politics, 5 (1), 23-37.
  • Eklundh, E. (2014). Who is Speaking? Indignados as Political Subjects. Global Discourse, 4 (2-3), 223-235.
  • Faber, S. & Seguin, B. (2019). Media Control and Emancipation: The Public Sphere in Post-15M Spain. Spain After the Indignados/15M Movement: The 99% Speaks Out. Óscar Pereira-Zazo ve Steven L. Torres (Eds.), New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 171-188.
  • Ferre-Pavia, C. & Perales-G., C. (2015). News or Social Mobilization? An Exploratory Study about the Role of Twitter in the Spanish Indignados Protests. Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies, 7 (1), 21-36.
  • Flesher Fominaya, C. (2015). Debunking Spontaneity: Spain’s 15-M/ Indignados as Autonomous Movement. Social Movement Studies, 14 (2), 142-163.
  • Gerbaudo, P. (2016). Social Media Teams as Digital Vanguards: the Question of Leadership in the Management of Key Facebook and Twitter accounts of Occupy Wall Street, Indignados and UK Uncut. Information, Communication & Society, 20 (2), 1-18.
  • Hartley, J. (1992). The Politics of Pictures: The Creation of the Public in the Age of Popular Media, London: Routledge.
  • Hyman, R.(2015). Austeritarianism in Europe: What Options for Resistance?. Social Policy in the European Union: State of Play 2015. David Natali ve Bart Vanhercke (Eds.), Brussels: ETUI, 97-126.
  • Kaldor, M., Selchow S., Deel S. & Murray-Leach T. (2012). The ‘Bubbling up’ of Subterranean Politics in Europe. London School of Economics and Political Science Civil Society and Human Security Research Unit, London, UK, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/44873/1/The%20%E2%80%98bubbling%20up%E2%80%99%20of%20subterranean%20politics%20in%20Europe%28lsero%29.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2021).
  • Kyriakidou, M. ve Olivas Osuna, J. J. (2017). The Indignados Protests in the Spanish and Greek Press: Moving Beyond the Protest ‘Paradigm’?. European Journal of Communication, 32 (5), 457-472.
  • Likki, T. (2016). Unity Within Diversity: A Social Psychological Analysis of the Internal Diversity of the Indignados Movement. Contemporary Social Science, 9 (1), 15-30.
  • Mathers, A. (2007). Struggling for a Social Europe – Neoliberal Globalization and the Birth of a European Social Movement, Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
  • Papa, V. & Milioni, L. D. (2016). I don’t Wear Blinkers, All Right? The Multiple Meanings of Civic Identity in the Indignados and the Role of Social Media. Javnost - The Public, 23 (3), 290-306.
  • Pena-Lopez, I., Congosto M. & Aragon P. (2014). Spanish Indignados and the Evolution of the 15M Movement on Twitter: Towards Networked Para-Institutions. Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies, 15 (1-2), 189-216.
  • Portos, M. (2019). Keeping Dissent Alive under the Great Recession: No-Radicalisation and Protest in Spain after the Eventful 15M/Indignados Campaign. Acta Politica, 54, 45-74.
  • Portos, M. & Masullo, J. (2017). Voicing Outrage Unevenly: Democratic Dissatisfaction, Nonparticipation, and Participation Frequency in the 15-M Campaign. Mobilization, 22 (2), 201-222.
  • Postill, J. (2013). Democracy in an Age of Viral Reality: A Media Epidemiography of Spain's Indignados Movement. Ethnography, 15 (1), 51-69.
  • Prentoulis, M. & Thomassen, L. (2013). Political Theory in the Square: Protest, Representation and Subjectification. Contemporary Political Theory, 12 (3), 166-184.
  • Rico, S. A. (2019). Podemos in Spain: Limits and Possibilities for Change. Spain After the Indignados/15M Movement: The 99% Speaks Out, Óscar Pereira-Zazo ve Steven L. Torres (Eds.), New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 75-88.
  • Romanos, E. (2016). Immigrants as Brokers: Dialogical Diffusion from Spanish Indignados to Occupy Wall Street. Social Movement Studies, 15 (3), 247-262.
  • Romanos, E. (2017). Late Neoliberalism and Its Indignados: Contention in Austerity Spain. Late Neoliberalism and its Discontents in the Economic Crisis: Comparing Social Movements in the European Periphery, Della Porta, Donatella; Massimiliano, Andretta vd. (Eds.), Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 131-168.
  • Rovisco, M. (2016). A New ‘Europe from Below’? Cosmopolitan Citizenship, Digital Media and the Indignados Social Movement. Comparative European Politics, 14, 435-457.
  • Rovisco, M. (2017). The Indignados Social Movement and the Image of Occupied Square: The Making of a Global Icon. Visual Communication, 16 (3), 337-359.
  • Schwarz, C. H. (2019). Collective Memory and Intergenerational Transmission in Social Movements: The “Grandparents’ Movement” Iaioflautas, the Indignados Protests, and the Spanish Transition. Memory Studies, 1-18
  • Taibo, C. (2012). The Spanish Indignados: A Movement with Two Souls. European Urban and Regional Studies, 20 (1), 155-158.

An Evaluation of the Spanish Indignados/15M Movement

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 386 - 401, 30.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1094635

Abstract

In 2011, there were intense protest movements around the world. These movements were not limited to underdeveloped or less developed countries. Likewise developed or developing countries with relatively high level of democracy experienced protest movements and new social movements emerged. Throughout the world the angry crowds occupying the important squares of the countries they live in both expressed their socioeconomic problems and revealed the political systems of their countries and the problem of democracy within this system. In this study, the Indignados/15M movement that emerged in Spain during this period is evaluated. On May 15, 2011, the Spanish people and especially the young people occupied the squares to express their anger and discontent with the economic crisis and the austerity policies, and the angry demonstrators began to be called 'Indignados'. There was an intense participation in the actions of this movement, which apparently did not have a hierarchical structure and did not receive support from established political parties and unions, and its forms of action spread to other European countries. In this study, first of all, the birth of the movement and the conditions that led to the birth of the movement are revealed. Then, the meaning of square occupations as public spaces, the organizational structure of the movement and its impact on Spanish politics are discussed. In this article the Indignados/15M movement is subjected to an analytical examination in the context of Spain.

References

  • Abasolo, O., Gilbert J. & Wainwright H. (2014). The Indignados and Us. Soundings: A Journal of Politics and Culture, 57, 35-49.
  • Anduiza, E., Camilo C. & Sabucedo J. M. (2014). Mobilization through Online Social Networks: the Political Protest of the Indignados in Spain. Information, Communication & Society, 17 (6), 750-764.
  • Antentas, J. M. (2015). Spain: the Indignados Rebellion of 2011 in Perspective. Labor History, 56, 136-160.
  • Antentas, J. M. (2016). Spain: from the Indignados Rebellion to Regime Crisis (2011-2016). Labor History, 58 (1), 1-26.
  • Asara, V. (2016). The Indignados as a Socio-Environmental Movement: Framing the Crisis and Democracy. Environmental Policy and Governance, 26 (6), 527-542.
  • Baiocchi, G.& Ganuza, E. (2012). Politics Without Banners: The Spanish Indignados’ Experiment in Direct Democracy. Building New Communities – Notes from the Transatlantic Dialogue of Dialogues. Stetter, Ernst; Karl, Duffek ve Ania Skrzypek (Eds), Brussels: Foundation for European Progressive Studies.
  • Barbas, A. & Postill J. (2017). Communication Activism as a School of Politics: Lessons From Spain’s Indignados Movement. Journal of Communication, 67 (5), 646-664.
  • Bennett, W. Lance & Segerberg, A. (2012). The Logic of Connective Action. Information, Communication & Society, 15 (5), 739-768.
  • Castañeda, E. (2014). The Indignados and Occupy Movements as Political Challenges to Representative Democracy: A Reply to Eklundh. Global Discourse, 4 (2-3), 236-243.
  • Cossarini, P. (2014). Protests, Emotions and Democracy: Theoretical Insights from the Indignados Movement. Global Discourse, 4 (2-3), 291-304.
  • Cruells, M. & Garcia, S. R. (2014). Political Intersectionality within the Spanish Indignados Social Movement. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, 37, 3-25.
  • De Nadal, L. (2021). On Populism and Social Movements: from the Indignados to Podemos. Social Movement Studies, 20 (1), 36-56.
  • Della Porta, D. & Andretta M. (2013). Protesting for Justice and Democracy: Italian Indignados?. Contemporary Italian Politics, 5 (1), 23-37.
  • Eklundh, E. (2014). Who is Speaking? Indignados as Political Subjects. Global Discourse, 4 (2-3), 223-235.
  • Faber, S. & Seguin, B. (2019). Media Control and Emancipation: The Public Sphere in Post-15M Spain. Spain After the Indignados/15M Movement: The 99% Speaks Out. Óscar Pereira-Zazo ve Steven L. Torres (Eds.), New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 171-188.
  • Ferre-Pavia, C. & Perales-G., C. (2015). News or Social Mobilization? An Exploratory Study about the Role of Twitter in the Spanish Indignados Protests. Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies, 7 (1), 21-36.
  • Flesher Fominaya, C. (2015). Debunking Spontaneity: Spain’s 15-M/ Indignados as Autonomous Movement. Social Movement Studies, 14 (2), 142-163.
  • Gerbaudo, P. (2016). Social Media Teams as Digital Vanguards: the Question of Leadership in the Management of Key Facebook and Twitter accounts of Occupy Wall Street, Indignados and UK Uncut. Information, Communication & Society, 20 (2), 1-18.
  • Hartley, J. (1992). The Politics of Pictures: The Creation of the Public in the Age of Popular Media, London: Routledge.
  • Hyman, R.(2015). Austeritarianism in Europe: What Options for Resistance?. Social Policy in the European Union: State of Play 2015. David Natali ve Bart Vanhercke (Eds.), Brussels: ETUI, 97-126.
  • Kaldor, M., Selchow S., Deel S. & Murray-Leach T. (2012). The ‘Bubbling up’ of Subterranean Politics in Europe. London School of Economics and Political Science Civil Society and Human Security Research Unit, London, UK, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/44873/1/The%20%E2%80%98bubbling%20up%E2%80%99%20of%20subterranean%20politics%20in%20Europe%28lsero%29.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2021).
  • Kyriakidou, M. ve Olivas Osuna, J. J. (2017). The Indignados Protests in the Spanish and Greek Press: Moving Beyond the Protest ‘Paradigm’?. European Journal of Communication, 32 (5), 457-472.
  • Likki, T. (2016). Unity Within Diversity: A Social Psychological Analysis of the Internal Diversity of the Indignados Movement. Contemporary Social Science, 9 (1), 15-30.
  • Mathers, A. (2007). Struggling for a Social Europe – Neoliberal Globalization and the Birth of a European Social Movement, Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
  • Papa, V. & Milioni, L. D. (2016). I don’t Wear Blinkers, All Right? The Multiple Meanings of Civic Identity in the Indignados and the Role of Social Media. Javnost - The Public, 23 (3), 290-306.
  • Pena-Lopez, I., Congosto M. & Aragon P. (2014). Spanish Indignados and the Evolution of the 15M Movement on Twitter: Towards Networked Para-Institutions. Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies, 15 (1-2), 189-216.
  • Portos, M. (2019). Keeping Dissent Alive under the Great Recession: No-Radicalisation and Protest in Spain after the Eventful 15M/Indignados Campaign. Acta Politica, 54, 45-74.
  • Portos, M. & Masullo, J. (2017). Voicing Outrage Unevenly: Democratic Dissatisfaction, Nonparticipation, and Participation Frequency in the 15-M Campaign. Mobilization, 22 (2), 201-222.
  • Postill, J. (2013). Democracy in an Age of Viral Reality: A Media Epidemiography of Spain's Indignados Movement. Ethnography, 15 (1), 51-69.
  • Prentoulis, M. & Thomassen, L. (2013). Political Theory in the Square: Protest, Representation and Subjectification. Contemporary Political Theory, 12 (3), 166-184.
  • Rico, S. A. (2019). Podemos in Spain: Limits and Possibilities for Change. Spain After the Indignados/15M Movement: The 99% Speaks Out, Óscar Pereira-Zazo ve Steven L. Torres (Eds.), New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 75-88.
  • Romanos, E. (2016). Immigrants as Brokers: Dialogical Diffusion from Spanish Indignados to Occupy Wall Street. Social Movement Studies, 15 (3), 247-262.
  • Romanos, E. (2017). Late Neoliberalism and Its Indignados: Contention in Austerity Spain. Late Neoliberalism and its Discontents in the Economic Crisis: Comparing Social Movements in the European Periphery, Della Porta, Donatella; Massimiliano, Andretta vd. (Eds.), Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 131-168.
  • Rovisco, M. (2016). A New ‘Europe from Below’? Cosmopolitan Citizenship, Digital Media and the Indignados Social Movement. Comparative European Politics, 14, 435-457.
  • Rovisco, M. (2017). The Indignados Social Movement and the Image of Occupied Square: The Making of a Global Icon. Visual Communication, 16 (3), 337-359.
  • Schwarz, C. H. (2019). Collective Memory and Intergenerational Transmission in Social Movements: The “Grandparents’ Movement” Iaioflautas, the Indignados Protests, and the Spanish Transition. Memory Studies, 1-18
  • Taibo, C. (2012). The Spanish Indignados: A Movement with Two Souls. European Urban and Regional Studies, 20 (1), 155-158.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Orjinal Makale
Authors

İhsan Konak 0000-0003-2119-3369

Early Pub Date November 27, 2022
Publication Date November 30, 2022
Submission Date March 28, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Konak, İ. (2022). İspanyol Indignados/15M Hareketi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. İçtimaiyat, 6(2), 386-401. https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1094635

Içtimaiyat is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).

3176931770

Instagram: @tvictimaiyat