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Political Elites and Democracy: A Critical Overview

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 20 - 29
https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1602695

Abstract

This article critically examines elitist and democratic elitist theories through a review of classical and modern theorists. It explores the role of elites in modern society within the context of democratic governance and democratization. Classical theorists are criticized for reflecting the political dynamics of their time, which are often used to justify authoritarianism. Post–World War II scholarship, however, began linking pluralism with democracy, suggesting that elite rule could be compatible with democratic systems-particularly in advanced capitalist societies. Still, critics like Mills argue that formal democracy may conceal deep inequalities, reinforcing elite dominance. While most theorists agree on the inevitability of elite rule in modern societies, they differ on its compatibility with democracy, indicating that other regime and system features should also be taken into account. Those with a rigid view of democracy see elite rule as inherently undemocratic. Democratic elitists, by contrast, emphasize the importance of broader factors-such as class, economic development, political institutions, civil society, and media-in determining whether elite rule supports or undermines democracy.

Ethical Statement

The author(s) declared that they complied with ethical principles during the preparation of the study.

References

  • Aron, R. (1950). Social structure and ruling class, British Journal of Sociology 1:1-16, 126-43.
  • Aron, R. (1957). The opium of the intellectuals, London: Secker & Warburg.
  • Aron, R. (1967). Lectures on industrial society, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
  • Aron, R. (1968). Democracy and totalitarianism, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
  • Bachrach, P. (1967). The theory of democratic elitism: a critique, Boston: Little, Brown & Company.
  • Bottomore, T. (1964). Elites and society, London: Watts.
  • Cohen, A. (1994). Civil society and political theory, Boston: MIT Press.
  • Dahl, Robert (1961). Who governs? Democracy and power in the American city, New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Dahl, Robert A. (1971). Polyarchy: participation and opposition, New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Etzioni-Halevy, E. (1993). The elite connection: problems and potential of western democracy, Cambridge: Blackwell.
  • Galbraith, J. K. (1973). Economics and the public purpose, Boston: Houghton & Mifflin.
  • Galbraith, J. K. (1985). The new industrial state (revised ed.). Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • Lipset, S. M. (1959). Some social requisites of democracy: economic development and political legitimacy, American Political Science Review, 53:1, pp. 69-105.
  • Marx, K. (2016). The civil war in France. In Democracy: a reader (pp. 274-277). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Marx, K. (2020). Critique of the Gotha program. In Self-governing Socialism: A Reader: v. 1 (pp. 438-441). London: Routledge.
  • Michels, R. (1962). Political parties: a sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy, translated by Eden Paul and Cedar Paul, New York: Free Press.
  • Mills, C. W. (1956). The power elite, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Mills, C. W., & Mills, C. W. (1958). The causes of World War three, New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Mosca, G. (1939). The ruling class, New York: McGraw Hill.
  • Pareto, W. (1935). The mind and society, New York: Harcourt & Brace.
  • Parry, G. (1969/2005). Political elites (2nd ed. with new introduction, Essex UK: ECPR Classics), New York: Praeger.
  • Sartori, G. (1997). Understanding pluralism, Journal of Democracy, 8(4), 58-69.
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1942/1976). Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, London: Routledge.
  • Schumpeter, J.A: (2003). Capitalism, socialism and democracy, London: Routledge.
  • Vergin, N. (2003). Siyasetin sosyolojisi, İstanbul: Doğan Kitap.
  • Weber, M. (1978). Economy and society: an outline of interpretive sociology (Vol. 1). University of California Press.
  • Weber, M. (2004). The vocation lectures, tr. Rodney Livingstone and ed. David Owen and Tracy Strong, Illinois: Hackett Books.

Siyasal Seçkinler ve Demokrasi: Eleştirel Bir İnceleme

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 20 - 29
https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1602695

Abstract

Bu makalede, klasik ve modern kuramcıların çalışmalarının eleştirel incelemesiyle, seçkinci ve demokratik seçkinci kuramlar incelenmiştir. Modern toplumlarda seçkinlerin konumu, temelde demokrasi ve demokratikleşme açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Geç-klasik dönemdeki siyaset sosyologları seçkinciliği, dönemin de etkisiyle yönetimlerin otoriter eğilimlerini meşrulaştırmaya hizmet eden şekilde kullanmıştır. Ancak özellikle 2. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından gelişmiş ülkelerin tam sanayileşmesi ve demokratik toplum modelini benimsemesiyle, seçkinciliğin demokrasi ile çelişmeyebileceği, çoğulcu model temelinde demokrasinin istikrarına hizmet edebileceği yönünde çalışmalar çoğalmıştır. Ancak yine bu dönemde, Mills gibi bazı sosyologlar, formel demokrasinin toplum içerisindeki güç ilişkilerini gizlemeye ve derinleştirmeye hizmet edebildiğini ve seçkin-kitle ayrımı üzerinden şekillendiğini iddia etmiştir. İncelenen çalışmaların çoğunda ortak bir nokta seçkinlerin özellikle modern sanayi toplumlarında kaçınılmazlığıyken, temel ayrım noktası bu durumun demokrasiye uyumlu olup olmadığıdır. Demokrasinin daha mutlak tanımına bağlı araştırmacılar, seçkin yönetiminin demokrasi açısından olumsuzluklarına vurgu yaparken, gerçekçi demokratik seçkinciler, bu durumun farklı pek çok değişkene bağlı olduğunu belirtmektedir. Sınıf, gelişmişlik düzeyi, siyasi gelenekler, sivil toplum ve medya, kurumsal düzenlemelerin, kaçınılmaz görülen seçkin yönetiminin bir tür oligarşiye dönüşmemesi için gerekliliği vurgulanmıştır.

Ethical Statement

Yazar(lar), çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde etik ilkelere uyduklarını beyan etmiştir.

References

  • Aron, R. (1950). Social structure and ruling class, British Journal of Sociology 1:1-16, 126-43.
  • Aron, R. (1957). The opium of the intellectuals, London: Secker & Warburg.
  • Aron, R. (1967). Lectures on industrial society, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
  • Aron, R. (1968). Democracy and totalitarianism, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
  • Bachrach, P. (1967). The theory of democratic elitism: a critique, Boston: Little, Brown & Company.
  • Bottomore, T. (1964). Elites and society, London: Watts.
  • Cohen, A. (1994). Civil society and political theory, Boston: MIT Press.
  • Dahl, Robert (1961). Who governs? Democracy and power in the American city, New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Dahl, Robert A. (1971). Polyarchy: participation and opposition, New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Etzioni-Halevy, E. (1993). The elite connection: problems and potential of western democracy, Cambridge: Blackwell.
  • Galbraith, J. K. (1973). Economics and the public purpose, Boston: Houghton & Mifflin.
  • Galbraith, J. K. (1985). The new industrial state (revised ed.). Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • Lipset, S. M. (1959). Some social requisites of democracy: economic development and political legitimacy, American Political Science Review, 53:1, pp. 69-105.
  • Marx, K. (2016). The civil war in France. In Democracy: a reader (pp. 274-277). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Marx, K. (2020). Critique of the Gotha program. In Self-governing Socialism: A Reader: v. 1 (pp. 438-441). London: Routledge.
  • Michels, R. (1962). Political parties: a sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy, translated by Eden Paul and Cedar Paul, New York: Free Press.
  • Mills, C. W. (1956). The power elite, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Mills, C. W., & Mills, C. W. (1958). The causes of World War three, New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Mosca, G. (1939). The ruling class, New York: McGraw Hill.
  • Pareto, W. (1935). The mind and society, New York: Harcourt & Brace.
  • Parry, G. (1969/2005). Political elites (2nd ed. with new introduction, Essex UK: ECPR Classics), New York: Praeger.
  • Sartori, G. (1997). Understanding pluralism, Journal of Democracy, 8(4), 58-69.
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1942/1976). Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, London: Routledge.
  • Schumpeter, J.A: (2003). Capitalism, socialism and democracy, London: Routledge.
  • Vergin, N. (2003). Siyasetin sosyolojisi, İstanbul: Doğan Kitap.
  • Weber, M. (1978). Economy and society: an outline of interpretive sociology (Vol. 1). University of California Press.
  • Weber, M. (2004). The vocation lectures, tr. Rodney Livingstone and ed. David Owen and Tracy Strong, Illinois: Hackett Books.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Sociology
Journal Section Review
Authors

Gökhan Alper Ataşer 0000-0002-6275-740X

Early Pub Date November 26, 2025
Publication Date November 27, 2025
Submission Date December 16, 2024
Acceptance Date January 28, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ataşer, G. A. (2025). Political Elites and Democracy: A Critical Overview. İçtimaiyat, 9(2), 20-29. https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1602695

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