İşkolikliğin Olası Öncelleri: Kişilik, Değerler ve Kariyer Hedefleri

Öz

 Amaç : Bu çalışmada, kişilik faktörleri, değerler ve kariyer hedefleri değişkenleri ele alınarak işkolikliğin bu bireysel öncellerle ilişkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Tasarım/Yöntem: Araştırmaya ait veriler niceliksel araştırma yöntemleriyle ve kolayda örneklem yoluyla İstanbul'da farklı sektörlerde faaliyet gösteren işletmelerin 294 beyaz yakalı çalışanından elde edilmiştir. Toplanan anketlere tanımlayıcı istatistik, korelasyon,  regresyon  ve aracı değişken analizleri ile Sobel testi uygulanmıştır.

Sonuçlar: ‘Nevrotiklik’  kişilik faktörünün işkolikliğin iki boyutu olan aşırı ve kompulsif çalışmayı yordadığı ve ayrıca, ‘güvenlik’ değerinin işkolikliğin kompulsif çalışma boyutu üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi olduğu bulunmuştur. Kariyer hedeflerinin ise işkoliklik boyutları üzerinde beklenen etkisi doğrulanmadığı için ara değişken etkisi olmadığı ortaya konmuştur.

Özgün Değer: İşkoliğin kişisel ve motivasyonel öncelleri üzerine   araştırmalar sınırlıdır. Bu çalışma, bu eksikliği hedef alarak, işkolikliğin bireysel (beş faktör kişilik özellikleri) ve motivasyonel (kariyer hedefleri ve değerler) öncelleriyle ilişkisini inceleyerek güncel literatüre katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamıştır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• işkoliklik,değerler

Personality, Values and Career Concerns as the Possible Antecedents of Workaholism

Öz

Objective of the study: The aim of this study is to analyze personality factors, values and career concerns as individual antecedents of workaholism.

Design and Methodolgy: Data were collected through a survey with a cross-sectional design. Based on convenience sampling, 294 white-collar employees working in different companies that belong to different sectors completed the questionnaire. To analyze the data; descriptive statistics, Pearson coefficient, regression and mediation analyses as well as the Sobel test were applied.

Findings: Analyses showed that, there is a positive relationship between the ‘neuroticism’ personality factor and the two factors of workaholism which are working excessively and working compulsively. Moreover, the ‘security’ value also had a positive relationship with working compulsively.  However, despite what was expected, career concerns didn’t have a mediating effect between personality factors, values and workaholism.

Originality: Research regarding the personal and motivational  antecedents  of workaholism is scarce. This study aims to fulfill this gap by analyzing both individual (personality factors) and motivational (career concerns and   values) antecedents of this concept.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• workaholism,values

Kaynakça

1. Akdağ, F. ve Yüksel, M., (2010). İnsan kaynakları yönetimi açısından işkoliklik ve algılanan stres ilişkisinde kontrol odağının rolü, Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1): 47–55.
2. Aldemir, C., Arbak, T. & Özmen, Ö. N. T. (2003). Türkiye’de İşgörme Anlayışı, Tanımı ve Boyutları (The Understanding of Working in Turkey, Its Definition and Dimensions), Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi 3–1, 5–28.
3. Andreassen, C.S., Bjorvatn, B., Moen, B.E., Waage, S., Mageroy, N., ve Stale, P. (2016). A longitudinal study of the relationship between the five factor model of personality and workaholism. TPM: Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 23 (3), 285-298. Andreassen C. S., Hetland J., Pallesen S. (2010). The relationship between workaholism, basic needs satisfaction at work and personality. European Journal of Personality, 24,3–17.
4. Arıkan, S. (2011). İş yerinde kullanılan politik taktiklere yönelik olası bireysel önceller üzerine bir araştırma. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi.(Turkish Journal of Psychology), 26 (68), 52-71.
5. Aycan, Z. & Fikret-Paşa, S. (2003). Career Choices, Job Selection Criteria, and Leadership Preferences in a Transitional Nation: The Case of Turkey, Journal of Career Development 30, 129–144.
6. Aziz, S. ve Tronzo, C.L. (2011). Exploring the Re lationship Betwee n Workaholism Facets and Personality Traits: A Replication in American Workers. The Psychological Record, 61, 269–286.
7. Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 147–154.
8. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173.

9. Bazana, P.G. ve Stelmack, R.M. (2004): “Stability of Personality Across the Life Span: A Meta-Analysis”, Stelmak R.M. (Ed.), On the Psychology of Personality. Elsevier Ltd.
10. Barrick, M. R. & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five Personality Dimensions and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis, Personnel Psychology, 44, 1-26.
11. Becker, G. M. ve McClintock, G. G. (1967). Value: Behavioral Decision Theory, Annual Review of Psychology 18, 239–286.
12. Beek, I. van, Hu, Q., Schaufeli, W.B., Taris. T., & Schreurs, B.H. (2012). For fun, love or money. What drives workaholic, engaged and burned-out employees at work? Applied Psychology: An International Review, 61, 30-55.
13. Bluen, S. D., Barling, J., & Burns, W. (1990). Predicting sales performance, job satisfaction, and depression by using the Achievement Strivings and Impatience-Irritability dimensions of Type A behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(2), 212.
14. Bono, J.E., Boles T.L., Judge, T.A., and Lauver, K.J. (2002): “The Role of Personality in Task and Relationship Conflict”, Journal of Personality, 70(3), 1311-1344.
15. Borgatta, E.F. (1964): “The Structure of Personality Characteristics”, Behavioral Science, 9: 8-17.
16. Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and Loss. New York: Basic Books.
17. Bozionelos, N. (2010). The relationship between disposition and career success: A British study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(3), 403-420.
18. Buelens, M., & Poelmans, S. A. Y. (2004). Enriching the Spence and Robbins’ typology of workaholism: Demographic, motivational and organizational correlates. Organizational Change Management, 17,459–470.
19. Burke, R. J. (2001). Workaholism in organizations: The role of organizational values. Personnel Review, 30, 637–645.
20. Burke, R. J., Burgess, Z., & Oberklaid, F. (2003). Workaholism and divorce among Australian psychologists. Psychological Reports, 93, 91–92.
21. Burke, R.J., Matthiesen, S.B. ve Pallesen, S. (2006). Personality correlates of workaholism. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1223-1233.
22. Clark, L. A., Livesley, W. J., Schroeder, M. L., & Irish, S. L. (1996). Convergence of two systems for assessing specific traits of personality disorder. Psychological Assessment, 8, 294–303. Clark, A.M., Lelchook, A.M. ve Taylor, M.L. (2010). Beyond the Big Five: How narcissism, perfectionism, and dispositional affect relate to workaholism. Personality and Individual Differences, 48 (7), 786-791. Costa, P.T., & McCrae, R.R. (1992). “Revised NEO Personality Inventory and NEO Fivefactor Inventory: Professional Manual”. Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, FL. Costa, P.T., and McCrae, R.R. (1995): “Domains and Facets: Hiyerarchical Personality Assessment Using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory”, Journal of Personality Assessment, 64(1), 21-50.
23. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, M. R. (2000). "The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior." Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-68.
24. Del Libano, M., Llorens, S., Salanova, M., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2012). About the bright and dark sides of self-efficacy: Work engagement and workaholism. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15, 688-701.
25. Demirutku, K. (2004). Turkish adaptation of the portrait values questionnaire. Unpublished Manuscript, Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
26. Edwards, J. R. & Baglioni, A. J. (1991). Relationship between Type A behavior pattern and mental and physical symptoms: A comparison of global and component measures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 276–290.
27. Elizur, D. (1984). Facets of Work Values: A Structural Analysis of Work Outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69 (3), 379-89
28. Elliot, A. J., & Sheldon, K. M. (1998). Avoidance personal goals and the personality–illness relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(5), 1282.
29. Ergüder, Ü., Esmer, Y. ve Kalaycıoğlu, E. (1991), Türk Toplumunun Değerleri (Values of Turkish Society) (Türk Sanayicileri ve Iş adamları Derneği, Istanbul).
30. Erkuş, A. ve Tabak A. (2009). Beş faktör kişilik özelliklerinin çalışanların çatışma yönetim tarzlarına etkisi: savunma sanayinde bir araştırma, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 23(2). Ersoy-Kart, M., (2005). “Reliability and Validity of The Workaholism Battery (Work-Bat):Turkish Form.” Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 33 (6), 609-618.
31. Eysenck, H. J. (1997). Addiction, personality and motivation. Human Psychopharmacology, 12, 79–87.
32. Feldman, D. C. (Ed.). (2002). Stability in the midst of change: A developmental perspective on the study of careers. In Work careers: A developmental perspective (pp. 3–26). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
33. Fry, L. W., & Cohen, M. P. (2009). Spiritual leadership as a paradigm for organizational transformation and recovery from extended work hours cultures. Journal of Business Ethics, 84, 265–278.
34. Gagne, M. & Deci, E. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 331-362.
35. Goldberg, L.R. (1990): “An Alternative Description of Personality: The Big-Five Factor Structure”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1216-1229.
36. Hallsten, L. (1993). Burning out: A framework. In W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek (Eds.), Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research (pp. 95–113). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
37. Hirschman, E. C. (1992). The consciousness of addiction: Toward a general theory of compulsive consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 19, 155–179.
38. Holland, D. W. (2008). Work addiction: Costs and solutions for individuals, relationships and organizations. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 22, 1–15.
39. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
40. Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. London, UK: McGraw-Hill.
41. Jackson, S.S., Fung, M.C., Moore, M.A.C., ve Jackson, C.J. (2016). Personality and Workaholism. Personality and Individual Differences, 95, 114-120. John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., & Kentle, R. L. (1991). The big five inventory: Versions 4a and 54, institute of personality and social research. Berkeley, CA: University of California.
42. Kanai, A., & Wakabayashi, M. (2004). Effects of economic environmental changes on job demands and workaholism in Japan. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17, 537–552.
43. Kapes, J. T., ve Strickler, R. E. (1975). A longitudinal study of change in work values between 9th and 12th grades. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 6, 81–93.
44. Karakitapoğlu Aygün, Z. and E. O. Imamoğlu . (2002) Value Domains of Turkish Adults and University Students, The Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 333–351.
45. Kopelman, R. E., Brief, A. P., & Guzzo, R. A. (1990). The role of climate and culture in productivity. In B. Schnieder (Ed.), Organizational climate and culture (pp. 282–318). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
46. Larsen, R.J., & Buss, D. M. (2002). Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
47. Liebert, M. L. ve Spiegler, M. D. (1990). Personality strategies and issues. California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
48. Lim, C., & Lay, C. S. (2003). Confucianism and the protestant work ethic. Asia Europe Journal, 1, 321–322.
49. Mazetti, G. & Schaufeli, W.B., & Guglielmi, D. (2014). Are workaholics born or made? Relations of workaholism with person characteristics and overwork climate. International Journal of Stress Management, 21, 227-254.
50. McClelland, D. C. (1975). Power: The inner experience. New York: Halstead.
51. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2003). Personality in adulthood: A five-factor theory perspective. Guilford Press.
52. McMillan, L. H. W., O’Driscoll, M. P., Marsh, N. V., & Brady, E. C. (2001). Understanding workaholism: data synthesis, theoretical critique, and future design strategies. International Journal of Stress Management, 8, 69-91.
53. Mount, M.K., Barrick M.R., Scullen, S.M., and Rounds, J. (2005): “Higher-Order Dimensions of The Big Five Personality Traits and The Big Six Vocational Interest Types”, Personal Psychology, 58, 447–478.
54. Mudrack, P.E. (2006). Understanding Workaholism: The case of behavioral tendencies. In R. J. Burke (Ed.), Research companion to working time and work addiction (pp. 108-128). Cheltenham, MA: Elgar.
55. Ng, T. W. H., Sorensen, K., & Feldman, D. (2007). Dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of workaholism: A conceptual integration and extension. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28, 111–136.
56. Oates, W. (1968). On being a “workaholic” (a serious jest). Pastoral Psychology, 19, 16-20.
57. Oates, W. (1971). Confessions of a Workaholic: The facts about work addiction. New York: World.
58. Pietrzak, R. H., & Petry, N. M. (2005). Antisocial personality disorder is associated with increased severity of gambling, medical, drug and psychiatric problems among treatment-seeking pathological gamblers. Addiction, 100, 1183–1193.
59. Pollak, J. M. (1979). Obsessive-compulsive personality: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 225–241.
60. Porter, G. (2001), “Workaholic Tendencies and The High Potential for Stress Among Co-workers”, International Journal of Stress Management, 8, 147-164.
61. Porter, G. (2004). Work, work ethic, work excess. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17, 424–439.
62. Preacher, K. J. ve Leonardelli, G. (2001, Mart). Calculation fort he Sobel Test: An Interactive Calculation Tool for Mediation Tests (Computer Software).19 Nisan, 2017 tarihinde quantpsy.org/sobel/sobel.htm adresinden alınmıştır.
63. Robinson, B. E., & Post, P. (1995). Work addiction as a function of family of origin and its influence on current family functioning. The Family Journal, 3, 200–206.
64. Rokeach, M. 1972. Beliefs, attitudes, and values: A theory of organization and change. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Inc.
65. Ryan, R.M. & Deci E.L. (2000a). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.
66. Ryan, R.M. & Deci E.L. (2000b). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54-67.
67. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2006). Self-regulation and the problem of human autonomy: Does psychology need choice, self-determination, and will? Journal of Personality, 74, 1557-1585.
68. Schaufeli, W., Taris, T., Le Blanc, P., Peeters, M., Bakker, A. & De Jonge, J. (2001). Maakt arbeid gezond? Op zoek naar de bevlogen werknemer. [Does work make healthy? The quest for the engaged worker]. De Psycholoog, 36, 422-428.
69. Schaufeli, W.B., Taris, T.W., & Bakker, A. (2006). Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hide: On the differences between work engagement and workaholism. In R.Burke (Ed.): Research companion to working time and work addiction (pp. 193-217). Edward Elgar: Northampton, MA.
70. Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., ve Van Rhenen, W. (2008). “Workaholism, burnout and engagement: Three of a kind or three different kinds of employee well-being?” Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57, 173-203.
71. Schaufeli, W.B. & Bakker, A.B. (2013). Burnout en bevlogenheid [Burnout and work engagement]. In W.B. Schaufeli & A.B. Bakker, A.B. (Red.). De psychologie van arbeid en gezondheid (pp. 305-322). Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum.
72. Schneider, B. (1987). The people make the place. Personnel Psychology, 40, 437–453.
73. Schneider, B., Goldstein, H. W., & Smith, D. B. (1995). The ASA framework: An update. Personnel Psychology, 48, 747–773.
74. Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1987). Toward a universal psychological structure of human values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 550-562.
75. Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, içinde (cilt.25, s.1-65). New York: Academic Press.
76. Schwartz, S. H., Melech, G., Lehmann, A., Burgess, S., Harris, M., & Owens, V. (2001). Extending the cross-cultural validity of the theory of basic human values with a different method of measurement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 519-542.
77. Scott, K. S., Moore, K. S., ve Miceli, M. P. (1997). An exploration of the meaning and consequences of workaholism, Human Relations, 50, 287-314.
78. Seybold, C.K. ve Salomone, P.R. (1994). Understanding workaholism: a review of causes and counseling approaches, Journal of Counseling & Development, 73, 4-9.
79. Sargut, A. S. (2001). Kültürlerarası Farklılaşma ve Yönetim (Cross-cultural Differentiation and Management) (Imge kitabevi, Ankara).
80. Spence, J. T. ve Robbins, A. S. (1992), “Workaholism: definition, measurement and preliminary results”, Journal of Personality Assessment, 58, 160-178.
81. Sullivan, S. E. (1999). The changing nature of careers: A review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 25,457–484.
82. Xanthopoulou, Bakker, A.B., Dollard, M.F., Demerouti, E., Schaufeli, W.B., Taris, T.W. & Schreurs, P.J.G. (2007). When do job demands particularly predict burnout? The moderating role of job resources. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 766-785.
83. Zanzi, A., Arthur, M. B., ve Shamir, B. (1991). The relationship between career concerns and political tactics in organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 219-233.