Kuram ve Pratik Arasında Peyzaj: Kentin Karşıtı mı, Kentsel Süreçlerin Katalizörü mü?

Abstract

Michel Foucoult (1997)’a göre, bahçeler, toplumsal normlara dâhil olmayan, mevcut üretim tarzı ile ilişkili olmayan, mevcut erk ve baskın ideoloji tarafından türdeşleştirilmeyen alanlar olarak heterotopya mekanlarından biridir. Peki ya peyzaj da bu sınıfa girmekte midir? Bu yazı, peyzajı ana çalışma alanı olarak tanımlayan peyzaj mimarlığı kuramı ve pratiklerinde bu sorunun cevabını aramaktadır. Yirminci yüzyıl başında Amerika’da peyzaj mimarlığı disiplini içerisinde kurumsallaşmasından günümüze kadar peyzaj kavramına, heterotopya fikrini çağrıştıracak şekilde, kentin ötekisi, pastoral estetik, pasif bir kent parçası, ya da alternatif bir kentleşme modeli gibi değişen anlamlar yüklenmiştir. Bu makale, peyzajın kuramsal olarak kentin karşısında konumlandırılma biçimlerini ortaya koymakta, ancak buna rağmen pratiklerinin kentsel dinamiklerle ve kapitalist birikim süreçleriyle ilişkilerini ortaya koymaktadır. Yazının amacı, literatür taraması ve gömülü teori araştırma modelini kullanarak, heterotopya olarak peyzajın kentsel üretim biçimleriyle ayrı tutulamaz ilişkisini ortaya koymak ve peyzaj kavramına kuramsal ve pratiksel bir bütünlükle yaklaşmanın olasılıklarına ışık tutmaktadır.

Keywords

• peyzaj
• kent
• heterotopya
• peyzaj mimarlığı kuramı
• kentsel süreçler
• peyzaj mimarlığı
• kuram ve pratik

Landscape in-between Theory and Practice: Antithesis to the City or Catalyst of Urban Process-es?

Abstract

According to Michel Foucoult (1997), gardens are one of the heterotopia spaces that are not included in social norms, irrelevant to the existing mode of production, and cannot be homogenized by the existing power and dominant ideology. But does landscape fall into this category? This article seeks answer to this question in landscape architecture theory and practices whose main area of study is landscape. Since the institutionalization of landscape architecture discipline in America at the beginning of the twentieth century until today, various meanings has been attributed to the concept of landscape such as the other of the city, pastoral aesthetics, passive urban part, or an alternative urbanization model, that were evoking the idea of heterotopia. Using literature review and embedded theory research model, this article points out the theoretical positions of landscape against the city as heterotopia, nevertheless how their responses in spatial practices are related to urban dynamics and capitalist accumulation processes. The aim of the article is to reveal the inseparable relationship between landscape and urban processes and to shed light on the possibilities of evaluating the concept of landscape with a theoretical and practical integrity.

Keywords

• landscape
• city
• heterotopia
• landscape architecture theory
• urban processes
• landscape architecture
• theory and practice

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