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Kentsel Dirençlilik Perspektifinden Yerel Yönetimlerin Görevleri ve Sorumlulukları

Year 2019, Volume: 10 Issue: 28, 984 - 1019, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.634144

Abstract

Günümüzde kentler alan ve nüfus bakımından büyürken, karşı karşıya bulundukları tehlikeler ve riskler de artmaktadır. Ancak kentler sadece risklerin değil, aynı zamanda kaynakların, yatırımların, altyapının, sosyal ağların ve yeniliklerin de odağıdır. Onlarca yılda edinilen ekonomik, sosyal, kültürel ve çevresel kazanımların, aniden ortaya çıkan şoklar veya daha uzun dönemde gelişen streslerle kaybedilmemesi doğrultusunda kentsel dirençliliğin oluşturulması oldukça önemlidir. Çünkü kentlerin geleceği söz konusu zorluklarla baş edebilme kapasitelerine bağlıdır. Bunun sağlanması için yerel yönetimlere önemli görevler ve sorumluluklar düşmektedir. Kentler afet risklerine ve diğer tehlikelere karşı eyleme geçilecek en uygun idari kademeyi temsil etmektedirler.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, kentsel dirençlilik perspektifinden yerel yönetimlerin görevlerinin ve sorumluluklarının değerlendirilmesidir. Çalışmada öncelikle dirençlilik kavramı ve kentsel dirençliliğin kapsamı incelenmiştir. Kentsel dirençlilik için yerel yönetimlerin afet riski azaltımı ve iklim değişikliğine uyum faaliyetlerinin içeriği irdelenerek; dirençlilik bağlamında yerel yönetimlerin çalışmalarına yön veren Birleşmiş Milletler (BM) Sözleşmeleri ve örnek yerel yönetim uygulamaları değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada afet riski azaltımı ve iklim değişikliğine uyum eylemlerinin bütünleşik bir yaklaşımla ele alınmasının ve uygulanma durumlarının gözden geçirilmesinin, kentsel dirençliliğin sağlanmasında ve yerel yönetimlerin risklere karşı hazır bulunuşluğunda önemli olduğu; farklı yönetim kademeleri arasındaki koordinasyon eksikliklerini en aza indirdiği ve yatırımların etkinliğini arttırdığı sonucuna erişilmiştir. Kentsel dirençlilikle ilgili olarak yerel yönetimlerce geliştirilecek stratejilerin, BM Sözleşmelerinin temel unsurlarıyla ilişkilendirilmesinin bütünleşik, katılımcı, sürdürülebilir ve güçlü politikalar üretilmesine katkı sağlayacağı, çalışmada elde edilen bir diğer önemli sonuçtur.

References

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  • Chelleri, L. (2012). From the «resilient city» to urban resilience:A review essay on understanding and integrating the resilience perspective for urban systems. Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, 58(2), 287-306.
  • Dubbeling M., Campbell, C., C.,Hoekstra F. ve Veenhuizen, R. (2009). Building resilient cities, Urban Agriculture Magazine, 22, 3-11.
  • EEA. (2017). Climate change adaptation and disasterrisk reduction in EuropeEnhancing coherence of the knowledge base, policies and practices. EEA Report No 15/2017. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • ESPON. (2014). ECR2 economic crisis: resilience of regions. www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_AppliedResearch/ECR2.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Etinay, N.; Egbu, C. ve Murray V. (2018). Building urban resilience for disaster risk management and disaster risk reduction. Procedia Engineering, 212, 575-582.
  • Figueiredo, L., Honiden, T., Schumann, A. (2018). OECD regional development working papers 2018/02- Indicators for resilient cities. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/6f1f6065-en.pdf?expires=1571223262&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=A4F5DED2A3F513FA12F2A1EC225BE6CC adresinden erişildi.
  • Galderisi, A. (2014). Urban resilience: A framework for empowering cities in face of heterogeneous risk factors. Z magazine (Boston, Mass.), 11(1), 36-58.
  • Gunderson, L.H. ve Holling, C.S. (2002). Panarchy: understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Washington D.C.: Island Press.
  • Holling, C., S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245 adresinden erişildi.
  • IFC. (2018). Case study on IFC impact and additionality in the city of Izmir. Washington DC: IFC & WRI Ross Center for Sustainable Cities.
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  • Meerow, S., Newell, J., P. ve Stults, M. (2015). Defining urban resilience: a review landscape and urban planning. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b2e0/168ddede4aca228bd11f38fda67ccb99e60d.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • OECD. (2016).Resilient cities, preliminary version. https://www.oecd.org/fr/regional/resilient-cities-policy-highlights.htm adresinden erişildi.
  • Paris Agreement. (2015). https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Prasad, N., Ranghieri, F., Shah, F. , Trohanis Z., Kessler, E. ve Sinha, R. (2009). Climate resilient cities: a primer on reducing vulnerabilities to disasters. Washinton D.C.: World Bank.
  • Ritchie, H. ve Roser, M. (2018). Urbanization, our world in data. https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization adresinden erişildi.
  • Türkcan, B. (2017) Hiyerarşiye alternatif bir sentez: Panarşi. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321832713_Hiyerarsiye_Alternatif_Bir_Sentez_Panarsi adresinden erişildi.
  • UN.(2015). SDG11 sürdürülebilir şehirler: Neden önemlidir? http://www.un.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/11._S%C3%BCrd%C3%BCr%C3%BClebilir_%C5%9Eehirler.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UN.(2018). World cities in 2018 data booklet. https://www.un.org/en/events/citiesday/assets/pdf/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UN.(2019). World population prospects 2019 highlights, https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2019_Highlights.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UN.(2019). SDGs Knowledge platform. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300 adresinden erişildi.
  • UNDP.(2019). SDG11 http://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/tr/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities.html adresinden erişildi.
  • UNDRR. (2018). Economic losses, poverty & disasters: 1998-2017. https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/61119 adresinden erişildi.
  • UNDRR.(2019). Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction. https://www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/sendai-framework adresinden erişildi.
  • UNFCCC. (1992). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UNFCCC. (2015). 1/CP.21 Adoption of the paris agreement. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10a01.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UN Habiat. (2015). Local governments’ pocket guide to resilience. http://urbanresiliencehub.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Local-Governments-Pocket-Guide-to-Resilience.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UN Habitat. (2017). Trends in urban resilience. http://urbanresiliencehub.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Trends_in_Urban_Resilience_2017.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UN Habitat. (2019). Climate change, city climate action. https://unhabitat.org/urban-themes/climate-change/ adresinden erişildi.
  • UN Habitat CRPT. (2018). City resilience profiling tool. http://urbanresiliencehub.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/CRPT-Guide.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UN Habitat NUA. (2017). New urban agenda. http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-English.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UN Habitat SUPA. (2017). Sustainable urbanizatıon in the paris agreement comparative review of nationally determined contributions for urban content. https://urban-leds.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/resources/guidance_and_tools/Integrated_climate_action/Sustainable%20Urbanization%20in%20the%20Paris%20Agreement%20-%20Comparative%20Review%20of%20NDC%20-%20July%202018.pdf adresinden erişildi.
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  • UNISDR. (2012). How to make cities more resilient a handbook for local government leaders a contribution to the global campaign 2010-2015 making cities resilient – my city is getting ready! Geneva: UN.
  • UNISDR. (2013). Making cities resilient: summary for policymakers. A global snapshot of how local governments reduce disaster risk. www.unisdr.org/files/33059_33059finalprinterversionexecutivesu.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UN.ORG. (2019). For every dollar invested in climate-resilient infrastructure six dollars are saved, secretary-general says in message for disaster risk reduction day, https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/sgsm19807.doc.htm adresinden erişildi.
  • UN-PADRRR (2017). United nations plan of action on disaster risk reduction for resilience, towards a risk-informed and ıntegrated approach to sustainable development, UN.
  • Wallemacq, P. ve House, R. (2018). UNİSDR Economic losses, poverty & disasters: 1998-2017. https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/61119 adresinden erişildi.
  • World Bank. (2011). Guide to climate change adaptation in cities. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1318995974398/GuideClimChangeAdaptCities.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • World Bank-GFDRR. (2015). Investing in urban resilience. https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/publication/Urban%20Resilience%20Flagship%20Report%20FINAL%20(10%2012%2016).pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • World bank-IFC. (2018). Climate Investment opportunities in cities: an IFC analysis., https://www.ifc.org/mwg-internal/de5fs23hu73ds/progress?id=wbkTBYajlFadQmzBaaGNKVypXik9XPGhXEOkDAFWcUU adresinden erişildi.

Duties and Responsibilities of Local Governments from Urban Resilience Perspective

Year 2019, Volume: 10 Issue: 28, 984 - 1019, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.634144

Abstract

Today, while cities are growing in terms of area and population, the hazards and risks they face are also increasing. But cities are not only the focus of risks, but also the focus of resources, investments, infrastructure, social networks and innovations. In order to prevent decades of economic, social, cultural and environmental gains from sudden shocks or longer-term stresses, it is important to establish urban resilience. Because the future of cities depends on their capa- city to cope with these challenges. In order to achieve this, local authorities have important responsibilities and duties. Cities represent the most proper administrative level to take action against disaster risks and other hazards.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the responsibilities and duties of local governments from the perspective of urban resilience. In this study, firstly, the concept of resilience and the scope of urban resilience have been examined. The content of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation activities of local governments for urban resilience was examined and the United Nations (UN) Conventions that guide the work of local governments in the context of resilience and exemplary local government practices were evaluated. In the study, it was found as a result that to consider disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation actions with an integrated approach and to review their implementation situations will provide ensuring urban resilience and local governments' readiness for risks. It was also found that it minimizes coordination deficiencies between different management levels and increases the efficiency of investments. Another important finding of the study was that associating with the basic elements of UN Conventions in determining strategies to be developed by local governments regarding urban resilience will contribute to the production of integrated, participatory, sustainable and strong policies.

References

  • Abeygunawardena, P., Vyas, Y., Knill, P., Foy, T., Harrold, M., Steele, P., …Sperling, F. (2003). Poverty and climate change: reducing the vulnerability of the poor through adaptation. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Agenda 21 (2019). Lesson 4: smart growth. https://www.agenda21course.com/lesson-4-smart-growth/#more-113 adresinden erişildi.
  • Bazaz, A., Bertoldi, P., Buckeridge, M., Cartwright, A., Coninck, H., Engelbrecht, F., …, Waisman, H. (2018). C40 Summary for urban policy makers-what the IPCC special report on global warming of 1,5C Means for Cities. https://www.c40.org/researches/summary-for-urban-policymakers-what-the-ipcc-special-report-on-global-warming-of-1-5-c-means-for-cities adresinden erişildi.
  • Bouchet, M., Liu, S., Parilla, J. ve Kabbani, N. (2018). Global metro monitor 2018. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Brookings-Metro_Global-Metro-Monitor-2018.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Brugmann, J. (2013). Building resilient cities: from risk assessment to redevelopment. https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/resources/publication-pdfs/building-resilient-cities-from-risk-assessment-to.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Chelleri, L. (2012). From the «resilient city» to urban resilience:A review essay on understanding and integrating the resilience perspective for urban systems. Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, 58(2), 287-306.
  • Dubbeling M., Campbell, C., C.,Hoekstra F. ve Veenhuizen, R. (2009). Building resilient cities, Urban Agriculture Magazine, 22, 3-11.
  • EEA. (2017). Climate change adaptation and disasterrisk reduction in EuropeEnhancing coherence of the knowledge base, policies and practices. EEA Report No 15/2017. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • ESPON. (2014). ECR2 economic crisis: resilience of regions. www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_AppliedResearch/ECR2.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Etinay, N.; Egbu, C. ve Murray V. (2018). Building urban resilience for disaster risk management and disaster risk reduction. Procedia Engineering, 212, 575-582.
  • Figueiredo, L., Honiden, T., Schumann, A. (2018). OECD regional development working papers 2018/02- Indicators for resilient cities. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/6f1f6065-en.pdf?expires=1571223262&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=A4F5DED2A3F513FA12F2A1EC225BE6CC adresinden erişildi.
  • Galderisi, A. (2014). Urban resilience: A framework for empowering cities in face of heterogeneous risk factors. Z magazine (Boston, Mass.), 11(1), 36-58.
  • Gunderson, L.H. ve Holling, C.S. (2002). Panarchy: understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Washington D.C.: Island Press.
  • Holling, C., S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245 adresinden erişildi.
  • IFC. (2018). Case study on IFC impact and additionality in the city of Izmir. Washington DC: IFC & WRI Ross Center for Sustainable Cities.
  • IPCC. (2014). AR5 Report, working group II: Climate change: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, summary for policy makers.
  • IPCC. (2014). AR5 Glossary. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/01/SYRAR5-Glossary_en.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • IPCC. (2018). SR15, special report: Global warming of 1.5 oC. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ adresinden erişildi.
  • IPCC. (2019). SR15 Glossary. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sr15/glossary/ adresinden erişildi.
  • JICA-Asean. (2018). Guidebook for urban resilience: building disaster and climate resilient cities in Asean. Tokyo: Japan International Cooperation Agency.
  • MacClune, K. ve Optiz-Stapleton, S. (2012). Building urban resilience to climate change: what works where, and why. Colorado: Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-International.
  • Meerow, S., Newell, J., P. ve Stults, M. (2015). Defining urban resilience: a review landscape and urban planning. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b2e0/168ddede4aca228bd11f38fda67ccb99e60d.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • OECD. (2016).Resilient cities, preliminary version. https://www.oecd.org/fr/regional/resilient-cities-policy-highlights.htm adresinden erişildi.
  • Paris Agreement. (2015). https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Prasad, N., Ranghieri, F., Shah, F. , Trohanis Z., Kessler, E. ve Sinha, R. (2009). Climate resilient cities: a primer on reducing vulnerabilities to disasters. Washinton D.C.: World Bank.
  • Ritchie, H. ve Roser, M. (2018). Urbanization, our world in data. https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization adresinden erişildi.
  • Türkcan, B. (2017) Hiyerarşiye alternatif bir sentez: Panarşi. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321832713_Hiyerarsiye_Alternatif_Bir_Sentez_Panarsi adresinden erişildi.
  • UN.(2015). SDG11 sürdürülebilir şehirler: Neden önemlidir? http://www.un.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/11._S%C3%BCrd%C3%BCr%C3%BClebilir_%C5%9Eehirler.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UN.(2018). World cities in 2018 data booklet. https://www.un.org/en/events/citiesday/assets/pdf/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UN.(2019). World population prospects 2019 highlights, https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2019_Highlights.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UN.(2019). SDGs Knowledge platform. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300 adresinden erişildi.
  • UNDP.(2019). SDG11 http://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/tr/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities.html adresinden erişildi.
  • UNDRR. (2018). Economic losses, poverty & disasters: 1998-2017. https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/61119 adresinden erişildi.
  • UNDRR.(2019). Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction. https://www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/sendai-framework adresinden erişildi.
  • UNFCCC. (1992). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UNFCCC. (2015). 1/CP.21 Adoption of the paris agreement. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10a01.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UN Habiat. (2015). Local governments’ pocket guide to resilience. http://urbanresiliencehub.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Local-Governments-Pocket-Guide-to-Resilience.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UN Habitat. (2017). Trends in urban resilience. http://urbanresiliencehub.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Trends_in_Urban_Resilience_2017.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UN Habitat. (2019). Climate change, city climate action. https://unhabitat.org/urban-themes/climate-change/ adresinden erişildi.
  • UN Habitat CRPT. (2018). City resilience profiling tool. http://urbanresiliencehub.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/CRPT-Guide.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UN Habitat NUA. (2017). New urban agenda. http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/NUA-English.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UN Habitat SUPA. (2017). Sustainable urbanizatıon in the paris agreement comparative review of nationally determined contributions for urban content. https://urban-leds.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/resources/guidance_and_tools/Integrated_climate_action/Sustainable%20Urbanization%20in%20the%20Paris%20Agreement%20-%20Comparative%20Review%20of%20NDC%20-%20July%202018.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UN-SDGs. (2019). Sustainable development goals. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ adresinden erişildi.
  • UNISDR. (2009). 2010-2015 Dünya afet zararlarının azaltılması kampanyası. http://www.preventionweb.net/files/14043_campaignkittr03.09.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UNISDR. (2012). How to make cities more resilient a handbook for local government leaders a contribution to the global campaign 2010-2015 making cities resilient – my city is getting ready! Geneva: UN.
  • UNISDR. (2013). Making cities resilient: summary for policymakers. A global snapshot of how local governments reduce disaster risk. www.unisdr.org/files/33059_33059finalprinterversionexecutivesu.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • UN.ORG. (2019). For every dollar invested in climate-resilient infrastructure six dollars are saved, secretary-general says in message for disaster risk reduction day, https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/sgsm19807.doc.htm adresinden erişildi.
  • UN-PADRRR (2017). United nations plan of action on disaster risk reduction for resilience, towards a risk-informed and ıntegrated approach to sustainable development, UN.
  • Wallemacq, P. ve House, R. (2018). UNİSDR Economic losses, poverty & disasters: 1998-2017. https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/61119 adresinden erişildi.
  • World Bank. (2011). Guide to climate change adaptation in cities. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1318995974398/GuideClimChangeAdaptCities.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • World Bank-GFDRR. (2015). Investing in urban resilience. https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/publication/Urban%20Resilience%20Flagship%20Report%20FINAL%20(10%2012%2016).pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • World bank-IFC. (2018). Climate Investment opportunities in cities: an IFC analysis., https://www.ifc.org/mwg-internal/de5fs23hu73ds/progress?id=wbkTBYajlFadQmzBaaGNKVypXik9XPGhXEOkDAFWcUU adresinden erişildi.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Çiğdem Tuğaç 0000-0002-2555-6641

Publication Date December 31, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 10 Issue: 28

Cite

APA Tuğaç, Ç. (2019). Kentsel Dirençlilik Perspektifinden Yerel Yönetimlerin Görevleri ve Sorumlulukları. İDEALKENT, 10(28), 984-1019. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.634144

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