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Methodological Examination of Urban Resilience Studies Related to Disaster Risks

Year 2021, Volume: 12 Issue: 34, 1531 - 1558, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.846722

Abstract

Resilience was first defined in a dictionary published in 1618. Its use in urban planning literature by associating it with the definition in the 1973 publication of Crawford Stanley Holling, who is interested in the ecology. It was used with the concepts of disaster and risk in the 2000s. One of the main reasons why the concept has started to be used in disaster and risk studies is that disasters cause loss of life and property at local and global level. In this study, the historical development of disaster risks and resilience were mentioned. By doing secondary data and content analysis, national and international studies were examined. Three models, which are widely used in urban resilience studies, have been selected from 25 different resilience studies and methods conducted socially and spatially while dealing with disaster and disaster risks. These three models are; Baseline Resilience Indicators For Communities, Arup & Rockefeller Foundation Resilience City Index, and UNISDR The Disaster Resilience Scorecard For Cities. These selected models have been compared with each other since they differ in terms of the tools and methods used. It is thought that this study will contribute to the development of urban resilience models.

References

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  • AFAD. (2018). Türkiye’de afet yönetimi ve doğa kaynaklı afet istatistikleri. Erişim adresi: https://www.afad.gov.tr/kitaplar
  • Ahern, J.F. (2006). From fail-safe to safe-to-fail: sustainability and resilience in the new urban world. Landscape and Urban Planning 100(4), 341-343.
  • Alexander, D.E. (2013). Resilience and disaster risk reduction: an etymological journey. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 13, 2707–2716.
  • Alinovi, L., D’Errico, M., Mane, E. ve Romano, D. (2010). Livelihood strategies and household resilience to food insecurity: An empirical analysis to Kenya. European Report on Development, FAO, Rome. Erişim adresi: http://erd.eui.eu/media/BackgroundPapers/Alinovi-Romano-D’Errico-Mane.pdf.
  • ARUP & Rockefeller Foundation. (2015). City resilience index. Erişim adresi: https://assets.rockefellerfoundation.org/app/uploads/20160201132303/CRI-Revised-Booklet1.pdf,
  • Balta, M.Ö. (2013). Kentsel risklerin planlama temelinde analizi ve dirençli kent planlama yaklaşım. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Berry, C., Ryan-Collins, J. ve Greenham, T. (2015). Financial system resilience index: Building a strong financial system. New Economics Foundation, London. Erişim adresi: http://b.3cdn.net/nefoundation/70470851bfaddff2a2_xem6ix4qg.pdf.
  • Campanella, T. J. (2006). Urban resilience and the recovery of New Orleans. Journal of the American Planning Association, 72(2), 141-146. doi: 10.1080/01944360608976734
  • CARRI. (2013) Building resilience in America’s communities: observations and implications of the CRS pilots. Community & Regional Resilience (CARRI) report. Erişim adresi: http://www.resilientus.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/CRS-Final-Report.pdf
  • Cimellaro, G. P. (2016). Urban resilience for emergency response and recovery: Fundamental concepts and applications. Switzerland: Springer.
  • Cohen, O., Leykin, D., Lahad, M., Goldberg, A., & Aharonson-Daniel, L. (2013). The conjoint community resiliency assessment measure as a baseline for profiling and predicting community resilience for emergencies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80(9), 1732-1741.
  • Cox, R. S., & Hamlen, M. (2015). Community disaster resilience and the rural resilience index. American Behavioral Scientist, 59(2), 220-237.
  • Cutter, S. L. (2016). The landscape of disaster resilience indicators in the USA. Natural Hazards, 80(2), 741-758.
  • Cutter, S. L., Ash, K. D., & Emrich, C. T. (2014). The geographies of community disaster resilience. Global Environmental Change, 29, 65-77.
  • Cutter, S. L., Burton, C. G., & Emrich, C. T. (2010). Disaster resilience indicators for benchmarking baseline conditions. Journal Of Homeland Security And Emergency Management, 7(1).
  • Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., & Webb, J. (2008). A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global Environmental Change, 18(4), 598-606.
  • Erdinç, F. (2018). Afetlere karşı kentlerin dirençliliği: İstanbul örneği. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Ernstson, H., Van der Leeuw, S. E., Redman, C. L., Meffert, D. J., Davis, G., Alfsen, C., & Elmqvist, T. (2010). Urban transitions: on urban resilience and human-dominated ecosystems. Ambio, 39(8), 531-545.
  • Figueiredo, L., Honiden T. & Schumann A. (2018). Indicators for resilient cities. Erişim adresi: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/6f1f6065-en.pdf?expires=1637070002&id=id&accname=guest&chec-sum=7E40E88BFE2249BA3E6D50D15C309328. Fisher, R.E., Bassett, G.W., Buehring, W.A., Collins, M.J., Dickinson, D.C., Eaton, L.K., Haffenden, R.A., Hussar, N.E.,
  • Klett, M.S., Lawlor, M.A., Miller, D.J., Petit, F.D., Peyton, S.M., Wallace, K.E., Whitfield, R.G. & Peerenboom, J.P. (2010). Constructing a resilience index for the enhanced critical infrastructure program. Erişim adresi: http://www.ipd.anl.gov/anlpubs/2010/09/67823.pdf.
  • Hillier, D. Castillo, & G. (2013). No accident: resilience and the inequality of risk. Erişim adresi: https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/no-accident-resilience-and-inequality-risk
  • Hosseini, S., Barker, K. & Ramirez-Marquez, J. E. (2016). A review of definitions and measures of system resilience. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 145, 47–61. doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2015.08.006.
  • Hughes, K., & Bushell, H. (2013). A multidimensional approach for measuring resilience. Erişim adresi: http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/a-multidimensional-approach-to-measuringresilience-302641
  • ICLEI. (2015). Local governments for sustainability, climate resilient cities. Erişim adresi: http://www.iclei.org/ouractivities/our-agendas/resilient-city.html
  • Godshalk, D.R. (2003). Urban hazard mitigation: creating resilient cities. Natural Hazard Review, 4(3), 136-143.
  • Harrison, C.G. & Williams, P.R. (2016). A systems approach to natural disaster resilience. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 65, 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat. 2016.02.008.
  • Holling, C.S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1–23.
  • Karahan Özkur, A. (2018). Dirençli Kentler Bağlamında Karaman Kentinin Değerlendirilmesi. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: a review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147, 38-49.
  • NIST. (2015). Critical Assessment of Existing Methodologies for Measuring or Representing Community Resilience of Social and Physical Systems Erişim adresi: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/gcr/2015/NIST.GCR.15-1010.pdf
  • Oxford Metrica. (2015). 2015 FM Global Resilience Index, Oxford. Erişim adresi: https://www.fmglobal.com/assets/pdf/Resilience_Methodology.pdf
  • Peacock, W.G., Brody, S.D., Seitz, W.A., Merrell, W.J., Vedlitz, A., Zahran, S., Harriss, R.C., Stickney, R.R. (2010). Advancing the resilience of coastal localities: developing, implementing and sustaining the use of coastal resilience indicators: A final report. Erişim adresi: http://hrrc.arch.tamu.edu/media/cms_page_media/558/10-02R.pdf
  • Pendall, R., Foster, K. A., & Cowell, M. (2010). Resilience and regions: building understanding of the metaphor. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3(1), 71-84.
  • Petit, F. D. P., Bassett, G. W., Black, R., Buehring, W. A., Collins, M. J., Dickinson, D. C., ... & Phillips, J. A. (2013). Resilience measurement index: An indicator of critical infrastructure resilience. Erişim adresi: https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2013/07/76797.pdf
  • Pfefferbaum, R. L., Pfefferbaum, B., Van Horn, R. L., Klomp, R. W., Norris, F. H., & Reissman, D. B. (2013). The communities advancing resilience toolkit (CART): An intervention to build community resilience to disasters. Journal Of Public Health Management And Practice, 19(3), 250-258.
  • Pickett, S. T., Cadenasso, M. L., & Grove, J. M. (2004). Resilient cities: meaning, models, and metaphor for integrating the ecological, socio-economic, and planning realms. Landscape and Urban Planning, 69(4), 369-384.
  • Renschler, C. S., Frazier, A. E., Arendt, L. A., Cimellaro, G. P., Reinhorn, A. M., & Bruneau, M. (2010, Ekim 8). A framework for defining and measuring resilience at the community scale: The PEOPLES resilience framework. Erişim adresi: https://www.eng.buffalo.edu/mceer-reports/10/10-0006.pdf.
  • SCOPUS. (2020). Dayanıklılık (resilience), afet (disaster), afet yönetimi (disaster management) değerlendirme (assessment), ölçme (measurement) kelimeleri kullanılarak yapılan tarama. 1 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://www.scopus.com adresinden erişildi.
  • Sempier, T. T., Swann, D. L., Emmer, R., Sempier, S. H., & Schneider, M. (2010). Coastal community resilience index: A community self-assessment. Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium. Erişim adresi: http://www.southernclimate.org/documents/resources/Coastal_Resilience_Index_Sea_Grant.pdf
  • Sherrieb, K., Norris, F. H., & Galea, S. (2010). Measuring capacities for community resilience. Social İndicators Research, 99(2), 227-247.
  • Şirin Dinçer, Ş. E. (2016). Dayanıklı kentler için kentsel tasarım ilkeleri. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Timmerman, P. (1981). Vulnerability resilience and collapse of society: A Review of Models and Possible Climatic Applications. Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto. Toronto, Canada.
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  • Ulusal Tez Merkezi. (2020). Dayanıklı (resilient), dayanıklılık (resilience), afet (disaster), afet yönetimi (disaster management) değerlendirme (assessment), ölçme (measurement) kelimeleri kullanılarak yapılan tarama. 1 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp adresinden erişildi.
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Afet Riskleri ile İlgili Kentsel Dayanıklılık Çalışmalarının Yöntemsel Olarak İncelenmesi

Year 2021, Volume: 12 Issue: 34, 1531 - 1558, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.846722

Abstract

Resilience kavramı, ilk kez 1618 yılında yayımlanmış bir sözlükte tanımlanmıştır. Kentsel planlama alanındaki kullanımı, ekoloji bilimiyle ilgilenen Crawford Stanley Holling’in 1973 yılında yaptığı yayınındaki tanımıyla ilişkilendirilerek literatüre girmiştir. 2000’li yıllarda afet ve risk kavramları ile kullanılmıştır. Kavramın afet ve risk çalışmalarında kullanılmaya başlamasının temel sebeplerinden biri afetlerin, yerel ve küresel düzeyde ekonomik zararlar vermesi ve çok fazla can kaybına yol açmasıdır. Bu çalışmada afet riskleri ve dayanıklılık ilişkisi ele alınmış ve tarihsel gelişiminden bahsedilmiştir. İkincil veri ve içerik analizi yapılarak, ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde yapılan çalışmalar irdelenmiştir. Afet ve afet riskleriyle mücadele ederken toplumsal ve mekânsal olarak yapılan 25 farklı dayanıklılık çalışması ve yöntemlerinden, kentsel dayanıklılık çalışmalarında yaygın olarak kullanılan üç model seçilmiştir. Bu üç model; Topluluklar İçin Temel Dayanıklılık Göstergeleri (Baseline Resilience İndicators For Communities), Dayanıklı Kent Göstergeleri (Arup & Rockefeller Foundation) ve Kentler İçin Afete Dayanıklılık Puan Kartları (UNISDR The Disaster Resilience Scorecard For Cities)’dır. Seçilen bu modeller, kullanılan araçlar ve yöntem açısından farklılıklar gösterdiği için birbiriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmanın, kentsel dayanıklılık modellerinin geliştirilmesine katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Adıkutlu, S. (2019). Resilience to disasters: lessons from turkish urban regeneration experiences. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • AFAD. (2020). Belediyeler için afetlere dirençli kentler rehberi. İdeal Kent Yayınları, Ankara. Erişim adresi: https://belediyehizmetrehberleri.org/tr/incele1
  • AFAD. (2018). Türkiye’de afet yönetimi ve doğa kaynaklı afet istatistikleri. Erişim adresi: https://www.afad.gov.tr/kitaplar
  • Ahern, J.F. (2006). From fail-safe to safe-to-fail: sustainability and resilience in the new urban world. Landscape and Urban Planning 100(4), 341-343.
  • Alexander, D.E. (2013). Resilience and disaster risk reduction: an etymological journey. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 13, 2707–2716.
  • Alinovi, L., D’Errico, M., Mane, E. ve Romano, D. (2010). Livelihood strategies and household resilience to food insecurity: An empirical analysis to Kenya. European Report on Development, FAO, Rome. Erişim adresi: http://erd.eui.eu/media/BackgroundPapers/Alinovi-Romano-D’Errico-Mane.pdf.
  • ARUP & Rockefeller Foundation. (2015). City resilience index. Erişim adresi: https://assets.rockefellerfoundation.org/app/uploads/20160201132303/CRI-Revised-Booklet1.pdf,
  • Balta, M.Ö. (2013). Kentsel risklerin planlama temelinde analizi ve dirençli kent planlama yaklaşım. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Berry, C., Ryan-Collins, J. ve Greenham, T. (2015). Financial system resilience index: Building a strong financial system. New Economics Foundation, London. Erişim adresi: http://b.3cdn.net/nefoundation/70470851bfaddff2a2_xem6ix4qg.pdf.
  • Campanella, T. J. (2006). Urban resilience and the recovery of New Orleans. Journal of the American Planning Association, 72(2), 141-146. doi: 10.1080/01944360608976734
  • CARRI. (2013) Building resilience in America’s communities: observations and implications of the CRS pilots. Community & Regional Resilience (CARRI) report. Erişim adresi: http://www.resilientus.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/CRS-Final-Report.pdf
  • Cimellaro, G. P. (2016). Urban resilience for emergency response and recovery: Fundamental concepts and applications. Switzerland: Springer.
  • Cohen, O., Leykin, D., Lahad, M., Goldberg, A., & Aharonson-Daniel, L. (2013). The conjoint community resiliency assessment measure as a baseline for profiling and predicting community resilience for emergencies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80(9), 1732-1741.
  • Cox, R. S., & Hamlen, M. (2015). Community disaster resilience and the rural resilience index. American Behavioral Scientist, 59(2), 220-237.
  • Cutter, S. L. (2016). The landscape of disaster resilience indicators in the USA. Natural Hazards, 80(2), 741-758.
  • Cutter, S. L., Ash, K. D., & Emrich, C. T. (2014). The geographies of community disaster resilience. Global Environmental Change, 29, 65-77.
  • Cutter, S. L., Burton, C. G., & Emrich, C. T. (2010). Disaster resilience indicators for benchmarking baseline conditions. Journal Of Homeland Security And Emergency Management, 7(1).
  • Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., & Webb, J. (2008). A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global Environmental Change, 18(4), 598-606.
  • Erdinç, F. (2018). Afetlere karşı kentlerin dirençliliği: İstanbul örneği. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Ernstson, H., Van der Leeuw, S. E., Redman, C. L., Meffert, D. J., Davis, G., Alfsen, C., & Elmqvist, T. (2010). Urban transitions: on urban resilience and human-dominated ecosystems. Ambio, 39(8), 531-545.
  • Figueiredo, L., Honiden T. & Schumann A. (2018). Indicators for resilient cities. Erişim adresi: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/6f1f6065-en.pdf?expires=1637070002&id=id&accname=guest&chec-sum=7E40E88BFE2249BA3E6D50D15C309328. Fisher, R.E., Bassett, G.W., Buehring, W.A., Collins, M.J., Dickinson, D.C., Eaton, L.K., Haffenden, R.A., Hussar, N.E.,
  • Klett, M.S., Lawlor, M.A., Miller, D.J., Petit, F.D., Peyton, S.M., Wallace, K.E., Whitfield, R.G. & Peerenboom, J.P. (2010). Constructing a resilience index for the enhanced critical infrastructure program. Erişim adresi: http://www.ipd.anl.gov/anlpubs/2010/09/67823.pdf.
  • Hillier, D. Castillo, & G. (2013). No accident: resilience and the inequality of risk. Erişim adresi: https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/no-accident-resilience-and-inequality-risk
  • Hosseini, S., Barker, K. & Ramirez-Marquez, J. E. (2016). A review of definitions and measures of system resilience. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 145, 47–61. doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2015.08.006.
  • Hughes, K., & Bushell, H. (2013). A multidimensional approach for measuring resilience. Erişim adresi: http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/a-multidimensional-approach-to-measuringresilience-302641
  • ICLEI. (2015). Local governments for sustainability, climate resilient cities. Erişim adresi: http://www.iclei.org/ouractivities/our-agendas/resilient-city.html
  • Godshalk, D.R. (2003). Urban hazard mitigation: creating resilient cities. Natural Hazard Review, 4(3), 136-143.
  • Harrison, C.G. & Williams, P.R. (2016). A systems approach to natural disaster resilience. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 65, 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat. 2016.02.008.
  • Holling, C.S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1–23.
  • Karahan Özkur, A. (2018). Dirençli Kentler Bağlamında Karaman Kentinin Değerlendirilmesi. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: a review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147, 38-49.
  • NIST. (2015). Critical Assessment of Existing Methodologies for Measuring or Representing Community Resilience of Social and Physical Systems Erişim adresi: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/gcr/2015/NIST.GCR.15-1010.pdf
  • Oxford Metrica. (2015). 2015 FM Global Resilience Index, Oxford. Erişim adresi: https://www.fmglobal.com/assets/pdf/Resilience_Methodology.pdf
  • Peacock, W.G., Brody, S.D., Seitz, W.A., Merrell, W.J., Vedlitz, A., Zahran, S., Harriss, R.C., Stickney, R.R. (2010). Advancing the resilience of coastal localities: developing, implementing and sustaining the use of coastal resilience indicators: A final report. Erişim adresi: http://hrrc.arch.tamu.edu/media/cms_page_media/558/10-02R.pdf
  • Pendall, R., Foster, K. A., & Cowell, M. (2010). Resilience and regions: building understanding of the metaphor. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3(1), 71-84.
  • Petit, F. D. P., Bassett, G. W., Black, R., Buehring, W. A., Collins, M. J., Dickinson, D. C., ... & Phillips, J. A. (2013). Resilience measurement index: An indicator of critical infrastructure resilience. Erişim adresi: https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2013/07/76797.pdf
  • Pfefferbaum, R. L., Pfefferbaum, B., Van Horn, R. L., Klomp, R. W., Norris, F. H., & Reissman, D. B. (2013). The communities advancing resilience toolkit (CART): An intervention to build community resilience to disasters. Journal Of Public Health Management And Practice, 19(3), 250-258.
  • Pickett, S. T., Cadenasso, M. L., & Grove, J. M. (2004). Resilient cities: meaning, models, and metaphor for integrating the ecological, socio-economic, and planning realms. Landscape and Urban Planning, 69(4), 369-384.
  • Renschler, C. S., Frazier, A. E., Arendt, L. A., Cimellaro, G. P., Reinhorn, A. M., & Bruneau, M. (2010, Ekim 8). A framework for defining and measuring resilience at the community scale: The PEOPLES resilience framework. Erişim adresi: https://www.eng.buffalo.edu/mceer-reports/10/10-0006.pdf.
  • SCOPUS. (2020). Dayanıklılık (resilience), afet (disaster), afet yönetimi (disaster management) değerlendirme (assessment), ölçme (measurement) kelimeleri kullanılarak yapılan tarama. 1 Eylül 2020 tarihinde https://www.scopus.com adresinden erişildi.
  • Sempier, T. T., Swann, D. L., Emmer, R., Sempier, S. H., & Schneider, M. (2010). Coastal community resilience index: A community self-assessment. Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium. Erişim adresi: http://www.southernclimate.org/documents/resources/Coastal_Resilience_Index_Sea_Grant.pdf
  • Sherrieb, K., Norris, F. H., & Galea, S. (2010). Measuring capacities for community resilience. Social İndicators Research, 99(2), 227-247.
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There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Kıymet Uzun Yüksel 0000-0001-9754-7552

Elif Karaçor 0000-0001-9636-1406

Early Pub Date January 1, 2022
Publication Date December 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 12 Issue: 34

Cite

APA Uzun Yüksel, K., & Karaçor, E. (2021). Afet Riskleri ile İlgili Kentsel Dayanıklılık Çalışmalarının Yöntemsel Olarak İncelenmesi. İDEALKENT, 12(34), 1531-1558. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.846722