THE IMPACT OF TRADE GLOBALIZATION ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION

Abstract

This study aims to empirically examine the effects of trade globalization on income distribution. A balanced panel dataset covering 59 countries for the period 2007–2020 is employed. The Gini coefficient is used to represent income inequality, while trade openness (TicK) serves as a proxy for trade globalization. Informal economy share (KayD) and tax burden (VerY) are included in the model as control variables. Prior to the estimation, the existence of unit and time effects in the panel dataset is tested, revealing that only unit effects are statistically significant. Based on the Hausman test, the fixed effects estimator is chosen. As the assumptions of no autocorrelation, homoskedasticity, and cross-sectional independence are violated, the Driscoll–Kraay estimator, which is robust to these problems, is applied.The findings indicate that trade openness has a positive and statistically significant effect on income inequality. The effect of the informal economy is stronger, while the tax burden appears statistically insignificant. These results are partially consistent with studies such as Dreher (2006) and Dollar and Kraay (2002).

Keywords

• Trade Globalization
• Income Distribution
• Panel Data Analysis
• Driscoll–Kraay
• Informal Economy.

TİCARİ KÜRESELLEŞMENİN GELİR DAĞILIMI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

Abstract

Bu çalışma, ticari küreselleşmenin gelir dağılımı üzerindeki etkilerini ampirik olarak incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada, 2007–2020 dönemini kapsayan ve 59 ülkeden oluşan dengeli bir panel veri seti kullanılmıştır. Gelir eşitsizliğini temsilen Gini katsayısı, ticari küreselleşmeyi temsilen ticari açıklık oranı (TicK) kullanılmış; kayıt dışı ekonomi oranı (KayD) ve vergi yükü (VerY) ise kontrol değişkenleri olarak modele dâhil edilmiştir. Panel veri analizine geçmeden önce, veri setinde birim ve zaman etkilerinin varlığı test edilmiş ve yalnızca birim etkilerinin anlamlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Hausman testi sonucuna göre sabit etkiler tahmincisi tercih edilmiştir. Ayrıca, otokorelasyon, değişen varyans ve yatay kesit bağımlılığına ilişkin istikrar koşullarının ihlal edildiği anlaşılmış ve bu nedenle analizde Driscoll–Kraay tahmincisi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre ticari açıklık oranı, gelir eşitsizliği üzerinde pozitif ve anlamlı bir etkiye sahiptir. Kayıt dışı ekonominin etkisi ise daha güçlüdür. Vergi yükü değişkeninin istatistiki açıdan anlamlı bir etkisi bulunamamıştır. Bu sonuçlar, Dreher (2006) ve Dollar ve Kraay (2002) gibi çalışmalarla kısmen uyumludur.

Keywords

• Ticari Küreselleşme
• Gelir Dağılımı
• Panel Veri Analizi
• Driscoll–Kraay
• Kayıt Dışı Ekonomi.

Ethical Statement

Bu araştırma etik kurul izni gerektiren analizleri kapsamadığından etik kurul onayı gerektirmemektedir.

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