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RETHINKING IMPERIALISM WITHIN A CONJUNCTURE OF GLOBAL CRISIS

Year 2025, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 437 - 456, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.24889/ifede.1695637

Abstract

This study aims to analyse imperialism historically within a context of inter-state rivalry and polycrisis after the 2008 global crisis. It problematises continuity and change related to imperialist debate. Imperialism as a concept was discussed especially following the expansion of British hegemony and inter-state rivalry leading to World War I. However, imperialism as a concept has differing specificities historically. This study aspires to examine main specificities and strategies of imperialism in three historical conjunctures: classical imperial period, the Cold War period and post-Cold War period. What are the instruments and strategies of imperialism? What are the continuities and social change historically in discussing imperialism? Which instruments are highlighted in the literature for an anti-imperialist strategy? The article argues that the structural power of capital in the international system has been strengthened especially after neoliberal turn and the end of Cold War. Although scholars anticipate that new emerging markets like BRICS countries catch up the developed countries, power hierarchies and uneven exchange between developed and developing countries have been consolidated. However, mechanisms reproducing uneven exchange have differed historically. Developing countries have been indebted to corner them for following economic policies mandated by ‘market rule’. Besides, their secondary position is consolidated through lower wages while they mostly undertake low added-value production. The international migration regime is determined to the advantage of core capitalist countries in regulating labour mobility. Meanwhile, there are more recent discussions on ecological imperialism and digital imperialism as relatively new faces of imperialism.

References

  • Albo, G. (2004). The Old and New Economics of Imperialism. Socialist Register, 40, 88-113.
  • Amin, S. (1976). Unequal Development. An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism. Monthly Review Press.
  • Amin, S. (1977) Imperialism and Unequal Development. Monthly Review Press.
  • Amin, S. (2015). Contemporary Imperialism. Monthly Review, 67(3).
  • Bieler, A. ve Morton, A. D. (2018). Global Capitalism, Global War, Global Crisis. Cambridge University Press.
  • Bond, S. (2014). Subimperialism as Lubricant of Neoliberalism: South African “Deputy Sheriff” Duty within BRICS. İçinde K. Gray ve C. N. Murphy (Der.), Rising Powers and the Future of Global Governance, (s. 69-88), Routledge.
  • Bond, P. (2016). BRICS Banking and the Debate over Sub-imperialism. Third World Quarterly, 37 (4), 611-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1128816
  • Boratav, K. (2010). Emperyalizm, Sosyalizm ve Türkiye. Yordam.
  • Brenner, R. (2006). What is, and What is Not, Imperialism?. Historical Materialism, 14(4), 79-105. http://doi.org/10.1163/156920606778982464
  • Brewer, A. (1980) Marxist Theories of Imperialism, A Critical Survey, Routledge.
  • Bukharin, N. (1917/1987). Imperialism and World Economy. Merlin Press.
  • BusinessEurope. (2019). Position Paper: The Future of EU Migration Policy. https://www.businesseurope.eu/sites/buseur/files/media/position_papers/social/2019-09-24_future_migration_policy.pdf
  • Callinicos, A. (2009). Imperialism and Global Political Economy. Polity.
  • Cox, R. W. (1981). Social Forces, State and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 10 (2), 126-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298810100020501
  • Crosby, A. W. (1986). Ecological Imperialism, The Biological Expansion of Europe 900-1900. Cambridge University Press.
  • Desai, R. (2013). Geopolitical Economy, After US Hegemony, Globalization and Empire. Pluto. Emmanuel, A. (1972). Unequal Exchange: A Study of the Imperialism of Trade. Monthly Review Press.
  • Erol, E. (2024). The decline of Turkey as a subimperialist power: political economy of the Turkish foreign policy under AKP rule. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 26(6), 920-935. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2024.2311953
  • Eurostat. (2022). What are the main destinations of EU export of waste?, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-eurostat-news/-/DDN-20220525-1.
  • Foster, J. B. (2020). Ecology Against Capitalism. Monthly Review Press.
  • Foster, J. B. ve Clark, B. (2004). Ecological Imperialism: The Curse of Capitalism. Socialist Register, 40, 186-201.
  • Frame, M. L. (2023). Ecological Imperialism, Development, and the Capitalist World-System, Cases from Africa and Asia. Routledge.
  • Frank, A. G. (1966). The Development of Underdevelopment. Monthly Review, 4-17.
  • Gürcan, E. C. (2022). Imperialism after the neoliberal turn. Routledge.
  • Hardt, M. ve Negri, A. (2000). Empire. Harvard University Press.
  • Hardt, M. ve Negri, A. (2004). Multitude War and Democracy in the Age of Empire. Penguin Press.
  • Harvey, D. (2003). The New Imperialism. Oxford University Press.
  • Higginbottom, A. (2011). Gold Mining in South Africa Reconsidered: New Mode of Exploitation, Theories of Imperialism and Capital. Economies et Societes, 45(2), 261-88.
  • Jin, D. Y. (2016). The Construction of Platform Imperialism in the Globalisation Era. İçinde C. Fuchs ve V. Mosco (Der.), Marx in the Age of Digital Capitalism (s. 323-349). Brill.
  • Kautsky, K. (1914/1970) Ultra-imperialism. New Left Review, I(59), 41-6.
  • Kiely, R. (2010). Rethinking Imperialism. Palgrave.
  • Kurmuş, O. (2007). Emperyalizmin Türkiye’ye Girişi. Yordam.
  • Kwet, M. (2019). Digital colonialism: US empire and the new imperialism in the Global South. Race and Class, 60(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396818823172
  • Lenin, V. I. (1916/2008). Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism: A Popular Outline. International Publishers.
  • Luxemburg, R. (1913/2003). The Accumulation of Capital. Routledge.
  • Marini, R. M. (1972). Brazilian Subimperialism. Monthly Review, 23(9), 14-24.
  • Oxfam. (2023). Climate Equality: A Planet for the 99%. Oxfam International. https://policy-practice.oxfam.org/resources/climate-equality-a-planet-for-the-99-621551/.
  • Panitch, L. ve Gindin, S. (2003). Global Capitalism and American Empire. The Socialist Register. Merlin.
  • Patnaik, P. (1990). Whatever Happened to Imperialism. Monthly Review, 42, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.14452/MR-042-06-1990-10_1
  • Robinson, W. I. (2004). A Theory of Global Capitalism, Production, Class and State in a Transnational World. John Hopkins University Press.
  • Robinson, W. I. (2014). The Transnational State and BRICS: A Global Capitalism Perspective. Third World Quarterly. 36 (1), 1-21. http://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.976012
  • Savran, S. (2008). Kod Adı Küreselleşme: 21. Yüzyılda Emperyalizm. Yordam.
  • Sklair, L. (2001). The Transnationalist Capitalist Class. Blackwell.
  • Taylor, M. (2018). Climate Change and Development. İçinde H. Veltmeyer ve P. Bowles (Der.), The Essential Guide to Critical Development Studies (s. 351-359). Routledge.
  • Topal, A. (2009). Ulusal Kalkınmacılıktan Küresel Neoliberalizme Anti-Emperyalizm: Latin Amerika Deneyimi. İ. Ü. Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 41, 113-138.
  • Uysal, G. (2020). Türkiye’nin AKP Dönemi Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika’da İzlediği Alt-emperyalist Dış Politika. Praksis, 51, 141-159.
  • Wood, E. M. (2003). Empire of Capital. Verso.
  • Yıldız, A. (2016). The European Union’s Immigration Policy, Managing Migration in Turkey and Morocco. Palgrave.
  • Zibechi, R. (2018). Extractive Capitalism and Subterranean Resistances, İçinde H. Veltmeyer ve P. Bowles (Der.). The Essential Guide to Critical Development Studies (s. 360-370). Routledge.

KÜRESEL KRİZ KONJONKTÜRÜNDE EMPERYALİZM KAVRAMINI YENİDEN DÜŞÜNMEK

Year 2025, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 437 - 456, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.24889/ifede.1695637

Abstract

Bu çalışma 2008 krizinden sonra uluslararası sistemin girdiği çoklu kriz ve devletler-arası rekabet konjonktüründe emperyalizm kavramını tarihsel olarak ele almayı amaçlar. Emperyalizm tartışmalarındaki devamlılık ve değişimleri incelemeyi amaçlar. Emperyalizm kavramı İngiliz hegemonyasının genişlemesi ve Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na yol açan devletler arası rekabet konjonktüründe çokça tartışılmaya başlanmıştır. Ancak kavram tarihsel olarak farklılıklar göstermektedir. Makalede emperyalizmin temel unsurları ve araçları üç ayrı dönemde incelenmiştir: Klasik emperyalist dönem, Soğuk Savaş dönemi ve Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönem. Bu üç ayrı dönemde emperyalizm ne gibi araçlar ve stratejiler ile tartışılmaktadır? Emperyalizm kavramında tarihsel olarak ne gibi devamlılıklar ve değişim mevcuttur? Literatürde anti-emperyalist bir mücadele için ne gibi stratejiler önerilmektedir? Makalede özellikle neoliberal politikaların uygulanması ve Soğuk Savaş’ın sonlanmasının ardından uluslararası sistemde sermayenin yapısal gücünün çok daha etkin olduğu tartışılmıştır. Bu dönemde her ne kadar BRICS ülkeleri gibi yükselen pazarların gelişme makasını kapattığı iddia edilse de, gelişmiş ülkeler ile gelişmekte olan ülkeler arasındaki hiyerarşik ve eşitsiz değişim ilişkisi devam etmiştir. Ancak eşitsiz değişim ilişkisinin yeniden üretilmesindeki stratejiler tarihsel olarak farklılık göstermektedir. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerin borçlandırılarak ‘pazar baskısına’ göre yönetilmesi derinleşirken, emek maaliyetlerinin düşük tutulması, küresel üretim ağında katma değeri düşük üretimi sürdürmek ve göç politikaları aracılığıyla emek hareketinin gelişmiş ülkeler avantajına yönetilmesi gibi unsurlar ile gelişmekte olan ülkelerin ikincil durumu yeniden üretilmektedir. Ekoloji ve dijitalleşme gibi alanlarda ise sömürü mekanizmaları emperyalizmin görece yeni yüzü olarak kendini göstermektedir.

References

  • Albo, G. (2004). The Old and New Economics of Imperialism. Socialist Register, 40, 88-113.
  • Amin, S. (1976). Unequal Development. An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism. Monthly Review Press.
  • Amin, S. (1977) Imperialism and Unequal Development. Monthly Review Press.
  • Amin, S. (2015). Contemporary Imperialism. Monthly Review, 67(3).
  • Bieler, A. ve Morton, A. D. (2018). Global Capitalism, Global War, Global Crisis. Cambridge University Press.
  • Bond, S. (2014). Subimperialism as Lubricant of Neoliberalism: South African “Deputy Sheriff” Duty within BRICS. İçinde K. Gray ve C. N. Murphy (Der.), Rising Powers and the Future of Global Governance, (s. 69-88), Routledge.
  • Bond, P. (2016). BRICS Banking and the Debate over Sub-imperialism. Third World Quarterly, 37 (4), 611-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1128816
  • Boratav, K. (2010). Emperyalizm, Sosyalizm ve Türkiye. Yordam.
  • Brenner, R. (2006). What is, and What is Not, Imperialism?. Historical Materialism, 14(4), 79-105. http://doi.org/10.1163/156920606778982464
  • Brewer, A. (1980) Marxist Theories of Imperialism, A Critical Survey, Routledge.
  • Bukharin, N. (1917/1987). Imperialism and World Economy. Merlin Press.
  • BusinessEurope. (2019). Position Paper: The Future of EU Migration Policy. https://www.businesseurope.eu/sites/buseur/files/media/position_papers/social/2019-09-24_future_migration_policy.pdf
  • Callinicos, A. (2009). Imperialism and Global Political Economy. Polity.
  • Cox, R. W. (1981). Social Forces, State and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 10 (2), 126-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298810100020501
  • Crosby, A. W. (1986). Ecological Imperialism, The Biological Expansion of Europe 900-1900. Cambridge University Press.
  • Desai, R. (2013). Geopolitical Economy, After US Hegemony, Globalization and Empire. Pluto. Emmanuel, A. (1972). Unequal Exchange: A Study of the Imperialism of Trade. Monthly Review Press.
  • Erol, E. (2024). The decline of Turkey as a subimperialist power: political economy of the Turkish foreign policy under AKP rule. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 26(6), 920-935. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2024.2311953
  • Eurostat. (2022). What are the main destinations of EU export of waste?, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-eurostat-news/-/DDN-20220525-1.
  • Foster, J. B. (2020). Ecology Against Capitalism. Monthly Review Press.
  • Foster, J. B. ve Clark, B. (2004). Ecological Imperialism: The Curse of Capitalism. Socialist Register, 40, 186-201.
  • Frame, M. L. (2023). Ecological Imperialism, Development, and the Capitalist World-System, Cases from Africa and Asia. Routledge.
  • Frank, A. G. (1966). The Development of Underdevelopment. Monthly Review, 4-17.
  • Gürcan, E. C. (2022). Imperialism after the neoliberal turn. Routledge.
  • Hardt, M. ve Negri, A. (2000). Empire. Harvard University Press.
  • Hardt, M. ve Negri, A. (2004). Multitude War and Democracy in the Age of Empire. Penguin Press.
  • Harvey, D. (2003). The New Imperialism. Oxford University Press.
  • Higginbottom, A. (2011). Gold Mining in South Africa Reconsidered: New Mode of Exploitation, Theories of Imperialism and Capital. Economies et Societes, 45(2), 261-88.
  • Jin, D. Y. (2016). The Construction of Platform Imperialism in the Globalisation Era. İçinde C. Fuchs ve V. Mosco (Der.), Marx in the Age of Digital Capitalism (s. 323-349). Brill.
  • Kautsky, K. (1914/1970) Ultra-imperialism. New Left Review, I(59), 41-6.
  • Kiely, R. (2010). Rethinking Imperialism. Palgrave.
  • Kurmuş, O. (2007). Emperyalizmin Türkiye’ye Girişi. Yordam.
  • Kwet, M. (2019). Digital colonialism: US empire and the new imperialism in the Global South. Race and Class, 60(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396818823172
  • Lenin, V. I. (1916/2008). Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism: A Popular Outline. International Publishers.
  • Luxemburg, R. (1913/2003). The Accumulation of Capital. Routledge.
  • Marini, R. M. (1972). Brazilian Subimperialism. Monthly Review, 23(9), 14-24.
  • Oxfam. (2023). Climate Equality: A Planet for the 99%. Oxfam International. https://policy-practice.oxfam.org/resources/climate-equality-a-planet-for-the-99-621551/.
  • Panitch, L. ve Gindin, S. (2003). Global Capitalism and American Empire. The Socialist Register. Merlin.
  • Patnaik, P. (1990). Whatever Happened to Imperialism. Monthly Review, 42, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.14452/MR-042-06-1990-10_1
  • Robinson, W. I. (2004). A Theory of Global Capitalism, Production, Class and State in a Transnational World. John Hopkins University Press.
  • Robinson, W. I. (2014). The Transnational State and BRICS: A Global Capitalism Perspective. Third World Quarterly. 36 (1), 1-21. http://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.976012
  • Savran, S. (2008). Kod Adı Küreselleşme: 21. Yüzyılda Emperyalizm. Yordam.
  • Sklair, L. (2001). The Transnationalist Capitalist Class. Blackwell.
  • Taylor, M. (2018). Climate Change and Development. İçinde H. Veltmeyer ve P. Bowles (Der.), The Essential Guide to Critical Development Studies (s. 351-359). Routledge.
  • Topal, A. (2009). Ulusal Kalkınmacılıktan Küresel Neoliberalizme Anti-Emperyalizm: Latin Amerika Deneyimi. İ. Ü. Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 41, 113-138.
  • Uysal, G. (2020). Türkiye’nin AKP Dönemi Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika’da İzlediği Alt-emperyalist Dış Politika. Praksis, 51, 141-159.
  • Wood, E. M. (2003). Empire of Capital. Verso.
  • Yıldız, A. (2016). The European Union’s Immigration Policy, Managing Migration in Turkey and Morocco. Palgrave.
  • Zibechi, R. (2018). Extractive Capitalism and Subterranean Resistances, İçinde H. Veltmeyer ve P. Bowles (Der.). The Essential Guide to Critical Development Studies (s. 360-370). Routledge.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Globalisation, International Relations Theories
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Elif Uzgören 0000-0002-9297-5889

Submission Date May 8, 2025
Acceptance Date September 17, 2025
Publication Date December 31, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 26 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Uzgören, E. (2025). KÜRESEL KRİZ KONJONKTÜRÜNDE EMPERYALİZM KAVRAMINI YENİDEN DÜŞÜNMEK. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(2), 437-456. https://doi.org/10.24889/ifede.1695637
AMA Uzgören E. KÜRESEL KRİZ KONJONKTÜRÜNDE EMPERYALİZM KAVRAMINI YENİDEN DÜŞÜNMEK. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi. December 2025;26(2):437-456. doi:10.24889/ifede.1695637
Chicago Uzgören, Elif. “KÜRESEL KRİZ KONJONKTÜRÜNDE EMPERYALİZM KAVRAMINI YENİDEN DÜŞÜNMEK”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi 26, no. 2 (December 2025): 437-56. https://doi.org/10.24889/ifede.1695637.
EndNote Uzgören E (December 1, 2025) KÜRESEL KRİZ KONJONKTÜRÜNDE EMPERYALİZM KAVRAMINI YENİDEN DÜŞÜNMEK. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi 26 2 437–456.
IEEE E. Uzgören, “KÜRESEL KRİZ KONJONKTÜRÜNDE EMPERYALİZM KAVRAMINI YENİDEN DÜŞÜNMEK”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 437–456, 2025, doi: 10.24889/ifede.1695637.
ISNAD Uzgören, Elif. “KÜRESEL KRİZ KONJONKTÜRÜNDE EMPERYALİZM KAVRAMINI YENİDEN DÜŞÜNMEK”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi 26/2 (December2025), 437-456. https://doi.org/10.24889/ifede.1695637.
JAMA Uzgören E. KÜRESEL KRİZ KONJONKTÜRÜNDE EMPERYALİZM KAVRAMINI YENİDEN DÜŞÜNMEK. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi. 2025;26:437–456.
MLA Uzgören, Elif. “KÜRESEL KRİZ KONJONKTÜRÜNDE EMPERYALİZM KAVRAMINI YENİDEN DÜŞÜNMEK”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 26, no. 2, 2025, pp. 437-56, doi:10.24889/ifede.1695637.
Vancouver Uzgören E. KÜRESEL KRİZ KONJONKTÜRÜNDE EMPERYALİZM KAVRAMINI YENİDEN DÜŞÜNMEK. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi. 2025;26(2):437-56.

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