ÖRTÜK LİDERLİK ÜZERİNE ÖLÇEK GELİŞTİRME VE GEÇERLİLİK ANALİZİ: MBA ÖĞRENCİLERİ İLE YAPILAN BİR ÇALIŞMA

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, MBA öğrencileri bağlamında örtük liderlik teorisi ile ilgili bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Çalışma iki kısımdan oluşmaktadır. Birinci kısımda, odak grubu çalışmaları ve mülakatlar sonucunda örtük liderlik teorileri ile ilgili ifadeler elde edilmiştir. İkinci kısım, bu ifadeleri içeren anketin, tam zamanlı çalışan MBA öğrencilerinden oluşan iki ayrı örneklem grubuna uygulanmasına yöneliktir. Çalışmanın sonuçları , üç ayrı faktör grubunun varlığına işaret etmektedir. Tartışma ve sonuç kısımlarında ilgili faktörler ve uygulamaları ele alınmaktadır

Keywords

• Ölçek Geliştirme, Örtük Liderlik Teorileri, Bilişsel Şemalar

PERCEIVERS AS COGNITIVE MISERS: SCALE DEVELOPMENT FOR IMPLICIT LEADERSHIP THEORIES IN THE CONTEXT OF MBA DEGREES FROM TURKEY

Abstract

This study is an attempt to develop and test a scale in Implicit Leadership Theories (ILTs) in the context of MBA students. The study is composed of two steps. The first steps involves two seperate focus groups where statements related to ILTs are developed. In the second step, these statements are tested with surveys to two different sample sets who are full time working MBA students. Results confirm the existence of three factors in ILTs. Further discussions and further suggestions are provided in the study

Keywords

• Scale Development, Implicit Leadership Theories, Cognitive Schemes

References

1. Bentler, P.M. & Bonett, D.G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin,
2. Boyacigiller, N.A. & Adler, N.J. (1991). The parochial dinosaur: Organizational science in a global context. Academy of Management Journal, 16, 262-290.
3. Brodbeck, F.C., Frese, M., Akerblom, S., Audia, G., Bakacsi, G., Bendova, H., et al. (2000). Cultural variation of leadership prototypes across 22 European countries. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 73(1), 1-29.
4. Brown, D.J., Scott, K.A. & Lewis, H. (2004). Information processing and leadership. In: J. Antonakis, A.T. Cianciolo & R.J. Sternberg (Eds.), The nature of leadership (pp. 125-147). London: Sage Publications.
5. Byrne, B.M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
6. Cabrera-Nguyen, P. (2010). Author Guidelines for Reporting Scale Development and Validation Results in the Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research. Journal for Social Work and Research, 1(2), 99-103.
7. Canino, G. & Bravo, M. (1994). The adaptation and testing of diagnostic and outcome measures forcross-cultural research. International Review of Psychiatry, 6(4), 281-286.
8. Cronbach, L.J. (1958). Proposals leading to analytic treatment of social perception scores. In: R. Tagiuri & L. Petrullo (Eds.), Person perception and interpersonal behavior (pp. 353-379). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

9. Den Hartog, D.N., House, R.J., Hanges, P.J., Ruiz-Quintanilla, A. & Dorfman, P.W. (1999). Culture specific and cross-cultural generalizable implicit leadership theories: Are attributes of charismatic/transformational leadership universally endorsed? Leadership Quarterly, 10, 219-256.
10. Eden, D. & Leviatan, U. (1975). Implicit leadership theory as a determinant of the factor structure underlying supervisory behavior scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 736-741.
11. Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14, 532-550.
12. Eisenhardt, K.M. & Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 23-32.
13. Ensaria, N. & Murphy, S.E. (2003). Cross-cultural variations in leadership perceptions and attribution of charisma to the leader. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 92, 52-66.
14. Engle, E.M. & Lord, R.G. (1997). Implicit theories, self-schemas, and leader–member exchange. The Academy of Management Journal,
15. Epitropaki, O. & Martin, R. (2004). Implicit leadership theories in applied settings: Factor structure, generalizability, and stability over time. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 293-310.
16. Fiske, S.T. & Taylor, S.E. (1984). Social cognition. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
17. Fiske, S.T. & Taylor, S.E. (2008). Social cognition: From brains to culture. New York: McGraw-Hill.
18. Gersterner, C.R. & Day, D.V. (1994). Cross-cultural comparison of leadership prototypes. Leadership Quarterly, 5, 121-134.
19. Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J. & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. Seventh Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
20. Hogan, R., Raskin, R. & Fazzini, D. (1990). The dark side of charisma. In: K.E. Craik & M.B. Clark (Eds.), Measures of leadership (pp. 343−354). West Orange, NJ: Leadership Library of America.
21. House, R.J., Hanges, P.J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P.W. & Gupta, V. (2004). Leadership, Culture, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Sage Publications.
22. Hu, L. & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Coventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.
23. Judge, T.A., Bono, J.E., Ilies, R. & Gerhardt, M.W. (2002). Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 765-780.
24. Judge, T.A., Colbert, A.E. & Ilies, R. (2004). Intelligence and leadership: A quantitative review and test of theoretical propositions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 542-552.
25. Kabasakal, H. & Bodur, M. (2007). Leadership and culture in Turkey: A multi-faceted phenomenon. In: J. Chhokar, F. Brodbeck & R. House (Eds.), Managerial Cultures of the World: A GLOBE Report of In-Depth Studies of the Cultures of 25 Countries. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
26. Kenney, R.A., Schwartz-Kenney, B.M. & Blascovich, J. (1996). Implicit leadership theories: Defining leaders described as worthy of influence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1128- 1143.
27. Lord, R.G., Foti, R.J. & Phillips, J.S. (1982). A theory of leadership categorization. In: J. G. Hunt, U. Sekaran, & C. Schriesheim (Eds.), Leadership: Beyond establishment views (pp. 104−121). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University.
28. Lord, R.G., Foti, R.J. & De Vader, C.L. (1984). A test of leadership categorization theory: Internal structure, information processing, and leadership perceptions. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 34, 343-378.
29. Lord, R.G., de Vader, C.L. & Alliger, G.M. (1986). A meta-analysis of the relation between personality traits and leadership perceptions: An application of validity generalization procedures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 402-410.
30. Lord, R.G. & Maher, K.J. (1991). Leadership and information processing: Linking perceptions and performance. Boston: Routledge.
31. Morgan, G. (1997). Images in organizations. 2nd Ed. Thousand Oaks, London: Sage Publications.
32. Morrow, I.J. & Stern, M. (1990). Stars, adversaries, producers, and phantoms at work: A new leadership typology. In: K.E. Clark & M.B. Clark (Eds.), Measures of leadership (pp. 419−440). Greensboro, NC: Center for Creative Leadership.
33. Neff, K.D. (2003). The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250.
34. Nye, J.L. & Forsyth, D.R. (1991). The effects of prototype-based biases on leadership appraisals: A test of leadership categorization theory. Small Group Research, 22(3), 360-379.
35. Offermann, L.R., Kennedy, J.K. & Wirtz, P.W. (1994). Implicit leadership theories: Content, structure, and generalizability. Leadership Quarterly, 5, 43-58.
36. Paşa, S. (2000). Turkiye ortamında liderlik özellikleri. İçinde: Z. Aycan (Ed.), Türkiye’de yönetim, liderlik ve insan kaynakları uygulamaları (pp. 225-241). Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları.
37. Phillips, J.S. & Lord, R.G. (1986). Notes on the practical and theoretical consequences of implicit leadership theories for the future of leadership measurement. Journal of Management, 12, 31-41.
38. Podsakoff, P.M. & Organ, D.W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531-544.
39. Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In: E. Rosch & B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization (pp. 27-48). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
40. Scandura, T. & Dorfman, P. (2004). Leadership research in an international and cross-cultural context. Leadersh. Q., 15(2), 277- 307.
41. Shamir, B. (1992). Attribution of influence and charisma to the leader: The Romance of leadership revisited. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 386-407.
42. Shamir, B. (2007). From passive recipients to active co-producers: Followers' roles in the leadership process. In: B. Shamir, R. Pillai, M. C. Bligh & M. Uhl-Bien (Eds.), Follower-centered perspectives on leadership (pp. ix−xxxix). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
43. Shondrick, S.J. & Lord, R.G. (2010). Implicit leadership and followership theories: Dynamic structures for leadership perceptions, memory, and leader-follower processes. In: G.P. Hodgkinson & J.K. Ford (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (pp. 1−33).
44. Smith, E.E. & Medin, D.L. (1981). Categories and concepts. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
45. Solano, A.C. (2006). Motivacion para liderar y efectividad del lider. Revista de Psicologia General y Aplicada, 59, 563-577.
46. Whetten, D. (1989). What constitutes a theoretical contribution? Academy of Management Review, 1989, 14(4), 490-495.
47. Worthington, R. & Whittaker, T. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. Counseling Psychologist, 34 , 806-838.
48. Yin, R. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publishing.