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ULUSLAR ARASI FRANCHISING BİÇİMİNİN SEÇİMİNDE İLİŞKİNİN VE STANDARTLAŞTIRMANIN ROLÜ

Year 2021, Volume: 22 Issue: 2, 165 - 187, 04.02.2022
https://doi.org/10.24889/ifede.906979

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı biçimlendirme ve ilişki seviyesine göre ne tür uluslararası franchising biçiminin seçildiğini ortaya koyabilmektir. Bu çalışma, Türk hızlı moda perakende sektöründeki iki firmanın uluslararası franchising deneyimleri üzerinden gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sorusu, bu iki firmanın 2005 ve 2015 yılları arasında İran, Rusya, Sudi Arabistan, Katar ve Dubai’deki uluslararası franchising stratejilerine odaklanılarak çözülmeye çalışılmıştır. Doküman incelemeleri ve 7 görüşme iki firmanın uluslararası franchising stratejileri arasındaki benzerlik ve farklılıkları ortaya çıkarmıştır. Çoklu vaka analizi biçimlendirme ve ilişki seviyesinin uluslararası franchising biçiminin seçiminde etkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Araştırma bulguları single franchising’de hem ilişki hem de biçimlendirme seviyesinin düşük olacağına, alan geliştirme franchising biçiminde ise, ilişki seviyesinin daha yüksek olacağına işaret etmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra, analizler, taraflar arasındaki ilişki ve biçimlendirme seviyesi yükseldikçe master franchising biçimini seçildiğini ortaya koymuştur.

References

  • Adler, P.S.& Borys, B. (1996). Two types of bureaucracy: Enabling and coercive. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 61-89.
  • Agarwal, S.& Ramaswami, S. (1992). Choice of foreign entry mode: impact of ownership, location and internationalization factors. Journal of International Business, 23(1) 1-16.
  • Akremi, A.E., Mignonac, K. & Perrigot, R. (2010). Opportunistic behaviors in franchise chains: the role of cohesion among franchisees. Strategic Management Journal, 32(9), 930-948.
  • Alon, I. (2006). Market Conditions Favoring Master International Franchising. The Multinational Business Review, 14(2), 67-82.
  • Alon, D.I., Toncar, D.M. & McKee, D.D. (2004). Evaluating Foreign-Market Environments for International Franchising Expansion. Foreign Trade Review, 39(1), 169–181.
  • Altinay, L. & Okumus, F. (2010). Franchise partner selection decision making. ServiceIndustries Journal, 30(6), 929–946.
  • Altinay, L. & Brookes, M. (2012). Factors influencing relationship development in franchise partnerships. Journal of Services Marketing, 26(4), 278–292.
  • Barringer, B. R.& Ireland, R.D. (2012). Entrepreneurship Successfully Launching New Ventures (4th Edition). New Jersey, USA: Pearson Education. Bronn, S.P. & Bronn, C. (2003). A reflective stakeholder approach: Co-orientation as a basis for communication and learning. Journal of Communication Management, 7(4), 291–303.
  • Brookes, M. & Altinay, L. (2017). Knowledge transfer and isomorphism in franchise networks. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 62, 33-42.
  • Byun, S-E. & Sternquist, B. (2008). The antecedents of in-store hoarding: Measurement and application in the fast fashion retail environment. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 18(2), 133-147.
  • Caro, F. & Marti’nez-de-Albe’niz, V. (2015). Fast Fashion: Business Model Overview and Research Opportunities. Retail Supply Chain Management, 223, 237-264.
  • Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Combs, J.G., Michael, S. C. & Castrogiovanni, G.J. (2004). Franchising A Review and Avenues to Greater Theoretical Diversity. Journal of Management, 30(6), 907-931.
  • Cox, J. & Mason, C. (2007). Standardisation versus Adaptation: Geographical Pressures to Deviate from Franchise Formats. The Service Industries Journal, 27(8), 1053-1072. Dant, R.P. & Nasr, N. (1998). Control techniques and upward flow of information in franchising in distant markets: Conceptualization and preliminary evidence. Journal of Business Venturing, 13, 3–28.
  • Davies, P.A.M., Lassar, W., Manolis, C., Prince, M.& Winsor, D. R. (2011). A model of trust and compliance in franchise relationships. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(3), 321-340.
  • Dev, C.S., Erramili, M.K. & Agarwal, S. (2002). Determining Factors in Choosing Franchising or Management Contracts for Entering International Markets. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, December 2002, 91-104.
  • Dinu, A. M. (2018). International Market Entry Strategies. Academic Journal of Economic Studies, 4(2), 20–25.
  • Doherty, A. M. (2007). The internationalization of retailing: Factors influencing the choice of franchising as a market entry strategy. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 18(2), 184-205.
  • Doherty, A. M. & Alexander, N. (2004). Power and control in international retail franchising. European Journal of Marketing, 40(11/12), 1292-1316.
  • Dubois, A. & Gadde, L-E. (2002). Systematic combining: an abductive approach to case research. Journal of Business Research, 55, 553-560.
  • Eisenhardt, K. M. & Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory Building From Cases: Opportunities and Challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 25-32.
  • Elango, B.& Fried, V. H. (1997). Franchising research: a literature review and synthesis. Journal of Small Business Management, 35(7), 68-81.
  • Garg, V.K., & Rasheed, A. A. (2003). International multi-unit franchising: an agency theoretic explanation. International Business Review, 12(3), 329–348.
  • Geringer, J. M. (1991). Strategic Determinants of Partner Selection Criteria in International Joint Venture. Journal of International Business Studies, 22, 41-62.
  • Geringer, J. M. & Hebert, L. (1989). Control and performance of international joint ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 20(2), 235-254.
  • Ghantous, N., Das, S.S. & Chameroy, F. (2018). Governance capabilities and relationship performance in international franchising. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 40, 19-30.
  • Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G. & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research: Notes on the Gioia Methodology. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), 15-31.
  • Goodrick, E. & Reay, T. (2011). Constellations of Institutional Logics: Changes in the Professional Work of Pharmacists. Work and Occupations, 38(3), 372-416.
  • Grewal, D., Iyer, G.R., Javalgi, R.R.G.& Radulovich, L. (2011). Franchise partnership and international expansion: a conceptual framework and research propositions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(3), 533–557.
  • Guercini, S. (2001). Relation between branding and growth of the firm in new quick fashion formulas: analysis of an Italian case. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 5(1), 69–79.
  • Hoy, W.K. & Sweetland, S.R. (2001). Designing Better Schools: The Meaning and Measure of Enabling School Structures. Educational Administration Quarterly, 37(3), 296-321.
  • Jindal, R. (2011). Reducing the Size of Internal Hierarchy: The Case of Multi-Unit Franchising. Journal of Retailing, 87(4), 549-562.
  • Kaufmann, P.J. & Dant, R.P. (1996). Multi-unit franchising: Growth and management issues. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(5), 343–358. Kaufmann, P.J.& Eroglu, S. (1998). Standardization and adaptation in business format franchising. Journal of Business Venturing, 14(1), 69-86.
  • Lu, Y., Karpova, E.E.& Fiore, A.M.(2011). Factors influencing international fashion retailers' entry mode choice.Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal,15, 58-75.
  • Luo, Y. (2001). Determinants of entry in an emerging economy: a multilevel approach. Journal of Management Studies, 38, 443-72.
  • Madanoglu, M., Alon, I. & Shoham, A. (2017). Push and pull factors in international franchising. International Marketing Review, 34(1), 29–45.
  • Michael, S.C. (2002). Can a franchise chain coordinate? Journal of Business Venturing, 17(4), 325-341.
  • Moore, C. M. & Burt, S. (2007). Developing a research agenda for the internationalization of fashion retailing, in Hines, T. and Bruce, M. (Eds), Fashion Marketing: Contemporary Issues, 2nd ed., 48-65, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
  • Moore, C. M. & Fernie, J. (2004). Retailing within an international context. In International retail marketing: a case study approach, 3–37. Oxford.
  • Moore, C. M., Fernie, J. & Burt, S. (2000). Brands without boundaries – the internationalization of the designer retailer’s brand. European Journal of Marketing, 34(8), 919-937.
  • Nas, T. İ., Okan, T., Düzgün, A. & Çam, H. (2020). Türkiye’den Dışarıya Yapılan DYY’ların Giriş Stratejilerinin Belirleyicileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Uluslararasılaşma Kuramları Bakış Açısı. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 11(3), 592-613.
  • Özgen, H. & Özseven M. (2012). İşletmelerin Uluslararası Pazarlara Giriş BiçimininSeçiminde Yerel Pazar Faktörlerinin Etkisi Üzerine Adana İlinde Bir Araştırma. Çukurova Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(1), 1-20.
  • Özseven, M. (2011). İşletmelerin Uluslararası Pazarlara Giriş BiçimininSeçiminde Yerel Pazar Faktörlerinin Etkisi Üzerine Adana İlinde Bir Araştırma. Master Thesis, Çukurova University, 2011.
  • Rasmussen, E., Mosey, S. & Wright, M. (2011). The Evolution of Entrepreneurial Competencies: A Longitudinal Study of University Spin-Off Venture Emergence. Journal of Management Studies, 48(6), 1314-1345.
  • Rosado-Serrano, A. & Paul, J. (2018). A new conceptual model for international franchising. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 75, 179–188.
  • Rosado-Serrano, A., Paul, J. & Dikova, D. (2018). International Franchising: A literature review and research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 85, 238-257.
  • Savaşçı, İ. (2007). Uluslararası Zincir Mağazaların Büyüme Stratejileri: Marks&Spencer Örneği. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari BilimlerFakültesi, 12(2), 319-337.
  • Sezgili, K. (2017). Türk İşletme Gruplarının Uluslararasılaşması: Kurumlar ve Kaynaklar. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), ISSN:1309-8039 (Online).
  • Taylor, C. R., Zou, S. & Osland, G.E. (2000). Foreign market entry strategies of Japanese MNCs. International Marketing Review, 17(2) 146-63.
  • Wright, O. & Grace, O. (2011). Trust and commitment within franchise systems: an Australian and New Zealand perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 23(4), 486-500.

THE ROLE OF RELATIONSHIP AND FORMALIZATION IN DECIDING THE INTERNATIONAL FRANCHISING MODE

Year 2021, Volume: 22 Issue: 2, 165 - 187, 04.02.2022
https://doi.org/10.24889/ifede.906979

Abstract

This study aims to find out which international franchising mode has been selected depending on the different formalization levels of franchising contracts as well as the level of relationship between the main company and the dealer. The study has been conducted on the international franchising experiences of two Turkish fast fashion retail companies. The research question has been tried to be solved by focusing on the international franchising strategies of these two companies in the Iran, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Dubai and Qatar between 2005 and 2015. Document examinations and 7 interviews revealed differences and similarities between the international franchising strategies of two companies. Multiple case analysis has shown that level of formalization and relationship are effective in deciding the international frachising mode. The research findings have indicated that both relationship and formalization could be low in the single unit franchising mode, however the area development franchising mode has required higher relationship level. Besides that analyses found out that when master franchising mode has been chosen, the partners would have higher level formalization and relationship levels.

References

  • Adler, P.S.& Borys, B. (1996). Two types of bureaucracy: Enabling and coercive. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 61-89.
  • Agarwal, S.& Ramaswami, S. (1992). Choice of foreign entry mode: impact of ownership, location and internationalization factors. Journal of International Business, 23(1) 1-16.
  • Akremi, A.E., Mignonac, K. & Perrigot, R. (2010). Opportunistic behaviors in franchise chains: the role of cohesion among franchisees. Strategic Management Journal, 32(9), 930-948.
  • Alon, I. (2006). Market Conditions Favoring Master International Franchising. The Multinational Business Review, 14(2), 67-82.
  • Alon, D.I., Toncar, D.M. & McKee, D.D. (2004). Evaluating Foreign-Market Environments for International Franchising Expansion. Foreign Trade Review, 39(1), 169–181.
  • Altinay, L. & Okumus, F. (2010). Franchise partner selection decision making. ServiceIndustries Journal, 30(6), 929–946.
  • Altinay, L. & Brookes, M. (2012). Factors influencing relationship development in franchise partnerships. Journal of Services Marketing, 26(4), 278–292.
  • Barringer, B. R.& Ireland, R.D. (2012). Entrepreneurship Successfully Launching New Ventures (4th Edition). New Jersey, USA: Pearson Education. Bronn, S.P. & Bronn, C. (2003). A reflective stakeholder approach: Co-orientation as a basis for communication and learning. Journal of Communication Management, 7(4), 291–303.
  • Brookes, M. & Altinay, L. (2017). Knowledge transfer and isomorphism in franchise networks. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 62, 33-42.
  • Byun, S-E. & Sternquist, B. (2008). The antecedents of in-store hoarding: Measurement and application in the fast fashion retail environment. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 18(2), 133-147.
  • Caro, F. & Marti’nez-de-Albe’niz, V. (2015). Fast Fashion: Business Model Overview and Research Opportunities. Retail Supply Chain Management, 223, 237-264.
  • Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Combs, J.G., Michael, S. C. & Castrogiovanni, G.J. (2004). Franchising A Review and Avenues to Greater Theoretical Diversity. Journal of Management, 30(6), 907-931.
  • Cox, J. & Mason, C. (2007). Standardisation versus Adaptation: Geographical Pressures to Deviate from Franchise Formats. The Service Industries Journal, 27(8), 1053-1072. Dant, R.P. & Nasr, N. (1998). Control techniques and upward flow of information in franchising in distant markets: Conceptualization and preliminary evidence. Journal of Business Venturing, 13, 3–28.
  • Davies, P.A.M., Lassar, W., Manolis, C., Prince, M.& Winsor, D. R. (2011). A model of trust and compliance in franchise relationships. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(3), 321-340.
  • Dev, C.S., Erramili, M.K. & Agarwal, S. (2002). Determining Factors in Choosing Franchising or Management Contracts for Entering International Markets. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, December 2002, 91-104.
  • Dinu, A. M. (2018). International Market Entry Strategies. Academic Journal of Economic Studies, 4(2), 20–25.
  • Doherty, A. M. (2007). The internationalization of retailing: Factors influencing the choice of franchising as a market entry strategy. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 18(2), 184-205.
  • Doherty, A. M. & Alexander, N. (2004). Power and control in international retail franchising. European Journal of Marketing, 40(11/12), 1292-1316.
  • Dubois, A. & Gadde, L-E. (2002). Systematic combining: an abductive approach to case research. Journal of Business Research, 55, 553-560.
  • Eisenhardt, K. M. & Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory Building From Cases: Opportunities and Challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 25-32.
  • Elango, B.& Fried, V. H. (1997). Franchising research: a literature review and synthesis. Journal of Small Business Management, 35(7), 68-81.
  • Garg, V.K., & Rasheed, A. A. (2003). International multi-unit franchising: an agency theoretic explanation. International Business Review, 12(3), 329–348.
  • Geringer, J. M. (1991). Strategic Determinants of Partner Selection Criteria in International Joint Venture. Journal of International Business Studies, 22, 41-62.
  • Geringer, J. M. & Hebert, L. (1989). Control and performance of international joint ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 20(2), 235-254.
  • Ghantous, N., Das, S.S. & Chameroy, F. (2018). Governance capabilities and relationship performance in international franchising. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 40, 19-30.
  • Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G. & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research: Notes on the Gioia Methodology. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), 15-31.
  • Goodrick, E. & Reay, T. (2011). Constellations of Institutional Logics: Changes in the Professional Work of Pharmacists. Work and Occupations, 38(3), 372-416.
  • Grewal, D., Iyer, G.R., Javalgi, R.R.G.& Radulovich, L. (2011). Franchise partnership and international expansion: a conceptual framework and research propositions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(3), 533–557.
  • Guercini, S. (2001). Relation between branding and growth of the firm in new quick fashion formulas: analysis of an Italian case. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 5(1), 69–79.
  • Hoy, W.K. & Sweetland, S.R. (2001). Designing Better Schools: The Meaning and Measure of Enabling School Structures. Educational Administration Quarterly, 37(3), 296-321.
  • Jindal, R. (2011). Reducing the Size of Internal Hierarchy: The Case of Multi-Unit Franchising. Journal of Retailing, 87(4), 549-562.
  • Kaufmann, P.J. & Dant, R.P. (1996). Multi-unit franchising: Growth and management issues. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(5), 343–358. Kaufmann, P.J.& Eroglu, S. (1998). Standardization and adaptation in business format franchising. Journal of Business Venturing, 14(1), 69-86.
  • Lu, Y., Karpova, E.E.& Fiore, A.M.(2011). Factors influencing international fashion retailers' entry mode choice.Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal,15, 58-75.
  • Luo, Y. (2001). Determinants of entry in an emerging economy: a multilevel approach. Journal of Management Studies, 38, 443-72.
  • Madanoglu, M., Alon, I. & Shoham, A. (2017). Push and pull factors in international franchising. International Marketing Review, 34(1), 29–45.
  • Michael, S.C. (2002). Can a franchise chain coordinate? Journal of Business Venturing, 17(4), 325-341.
  • Moore, C. M. & Burt, S. (2007). Developing a research agenda for the internationalization of fashion retailing, in Hines, T. and Bruce, M. (Eds), Fashion Marketing: Contemporary Issues, 2nd ed., 48-65, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
  • Moore, C. M. & Fernie, J. (2004). Retailing within an international context. In International retail marketing: a case study approach, 3–37. Oxford.
  • Moore, C. M., Fernie, J. & Burt, S. (2000). Brands without boundaries – the internationalization of the designer retailer’s brand. European Journal of Marketing, 34(8), 919-937.
  • Nas, T. İ., Okan, T., Düzgün, A. & Çam, H. (2020). Türkiye’den Dışarıya Yapılan DYY’ların Giriş Stratejilerinin Belirleyicileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Uluslararasılaşma Kuramları Bakış Açısı. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 11(3), 592-613.
  • Özgen, H. & Özseven M. (2012). İşletmelerin Uluslararası Pazarlara Giriş BiçimininSeçiminde Yerel Pazar Faktörlerinin Etkisi Üzerine Adana İlinde Bir Araştırma. Çukurova Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(1), 1-20.
  • Özseven, M. (2011). İşletmelerin Uluslararası Pazarlara Giriş BiçimininSeçiminde Yerel Pazar Faktörlerinin Etkisi Üzerine Adana İlinde Bir Araştırma. Master Thesis, Çukurova University, 2011.
  • Rasmussen, E., Mosey, S. & Wright, M. (2011). The Evolution of Entrepreneurial Competencies: A Longitudinal Study of University Spin-Off Venture Emergence. Journal of Management Studies, 48(6), 1314-1345.
  • Rosado-Serrano, A. & Paul, J. (2018). A new conceptual model for international franchising. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 75, 179–188.
  • Rosado-Serrano, A., Paul, J. & Dikova, D. (2018). International Franchising: A literature review and research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 85, 238-257.
  • Savaşçı, İ. (2007). Uluslararası Zincir Mağazaların Büyüme Stratejileri: Marks&Spencer Örneği. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari BilimlerFakültesi, 12(2), 319-337.
  • Sezgili, K. (2017). Türk İşletme Gruplarının Uluslararasılaşması: Kurumlar ve Kaynaklar. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), ISSN:1309-8039 (Online).
  • Taylor, C. R., Zou, S. & Osland, G.E. (2000). Foreign market entry strategies of Japanese MNCs. International Marketing Review, 17(2) 146-63.
  • Wright, O. & Grace, O. (2011). Trust and commitment within franchise systems: an Australian and New Zealand perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 23(4), 486-500.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yalçın Köklü This is me 0000-0003-4030-8774

Mustafa Özseven 0000-0003-3720-646X

Publication Date February 4, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 22 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Köklü, Y., & Özseven, M. (2022). THE ROLE OF RELATIONSHIP AND FORMALIZATION IN DECIDING THE INTERNATIONAL FRANCHISING MODE. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(2), 165-187. https://doi.org/10.24889/ifede.906979
AMA Köklü Y, Özseven M. THE ROLE OF RELATIONSHIP AND FORMALIZATION IN DECIDING THE INTERNATIONAL FRANCHISING MODE. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi. February 2022;22(2):165-187. doi:10.24889/ifede.906979
Chicago Köklü, Yalçın, and Mustafa Özseven. “THE ROLE OF RELATIONSHIP AND FORMALIZATION IN DECIDING THE INTERNATIONAL FRANCHISING MODE”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi 22, no. 2 (February 2022): 165-87. https://doi.org/10.24889/ifede.906979.
EndNote Köklü Y, Özseven M (February 1, 2022) THE ROLE OF RELATIONSHIP AND FORMALIZATION IN DECIDING THE INTERNATIONAL FRANCHISING MODE. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi 22 2 165–187.
IEEE Y. Köklü and M. Özseven, “THE ROLE OF RELATIONSHIP AND FORMALIZATION IN DECIDING THE INTERNATIONAL FRANCHISING MODE”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 165–187, 2022, doi: 10.24889/ifede.906979.
ISNAD Köklü, Yalçın - Özseven, Mustafa. “THE ROLE OF RELATIONSHIP AND FORMALIZATION IN DECIDING THE INTERNATIONAL FRANCHISING MODE”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi 22/2 (February 2022), 165-187. https://doi.org/10.24889/ifede.906979.
JAMA Köklü Y, Özseven M. THE ROLE OF RELATIONSHIP AND FORMALIZATION IN DECIDING THE INTERNATIONAL FRANCHISING MODE. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;22:165–187.
MLA Köklü, Yalçın and Mustafa Özseven. “THE ROLE OF RELATIONSHIP AND FORMALIZATION IN DECIDING THE INTERNATIONAL FRANCHISING MODE”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 22, no. 2, 2022, pp. 165-87, doi:10.24889/ifede.906979.
Vancouver Köklü Y, Özseven M. THE ROLE OF RELATIONSHIP AND FORMALIZATION IN DECIDING THE INTERNATIONAL FRANCHISING MODE. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;22(2):165-87.

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