HISTORY OF GEOMORPHOLOGY 2: DEVELOPMENT PERIOD (1669-1850)

Öz

This article discusses the history of Geomorphology from the beginning of the Enlightenment to the middle of the 19th century. In this study, the developments and changes in the geomorphology in the age of enlightenment were evaluated by dividing them into various time periods. During this period, very distinct and even dramatic transformations and changes occurred in the thinking structure of Geomorphology. The first ideas about how the world was shaped came about in Egypt, China, and Mesopotamia. Later on, scientific thought emerged in the ancient Greek world, which interacted with these civilizations. The ignored scientific perspective in Europe throughout the Middle Ages continued to exist in the Islamic world. However, the question of how the surface of the Earth is shaped has become the center of attention of European thinkers since the 15th century. The process, which started especially with Copernicus, continued with Da Vinci and continued with Descartes. The Earth Sciences (Geology and geomorphology), as separate branches of science, had their own principles and theories for the first time in 1669 thanks to Nicolaus Steno. The philosophers of the period attempted to systematize, generalize and produce theories based on actual observations. In the early days, under the influence of the Bible, the idea that catastrophic events and processes shaped the surface of the earth was accepted. However, towards the end of the 18th century, a new perspective emerged with James Hutton. Uniformitarianism began to be adopted as an anti-catastrophic movement. Geomorphology, which developed slowly at first, made significant progress towards the mid-19th century with the contributions of Lyell.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Geomorphology
• Age of Enlightenment
• Catastrophism
• Uniformitarianism
• Hutton
• Werner
• Lyell

JEOMORFOLOJİ TARİHİ 2: GELİŞME DÖNEMİ (1669-1850)

Öz

Bu makale, Aydınlanma Çağı'nın başından 19. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar süreçte Jeomorfoloji tarihini tartışmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, aydınlanma çağında Jeomorfoloji biliminde meydana gelen gelişmeler ve değişimler çeşitli zaman dilimlerine bölünerek değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma periyodu boyunca Jeomorfoloji ‘nin düşünce yapısında çok belirgin ve hatta dramatik olarak düşünülebilecek dönüşümler ve değişiklikler meydana geldi. Dünya'nın nasıl şekillendirildiğine dair ilk düşünceler Mısır, Çin ve Mezopotamya'da ortaya çıktı. Daha sonraki dönemlerde, söz konusu medeniyetlerle etkileşime giren antik Yunan dünyasında bilimsel düşünce doğdu. Orta çağ boyunca Avrupa’da göz ardı edilen bilimsel bakış açısı İslam dünyasında varlığını devam ettirdi. Ancak yer yüzeyinin nasıl şekillendiği meselesi 15. Yy’ dan itibaren Avrupalı düşünürlerin ilgi odağı haline gelmeye başladı. Özellikle Kopernik’ le başlayan süreç, Da Vinci ile devam ederek Dekart’la birlikte önemli aşama kaydetti. Yer bilimleri (Jeoloji ve Jeomorfoloji) ayrı birer bilim dalı olarak kendi prensip ve teorilerine ilk defa 1669’da Nicolaus Steno sayesinde sahip oldu. Dönemin filozofları gerçek gözlemlere dayanarak yerküre ile ilgili bilgiyi sistematikleştirme, genelleştirme ve teorileriler üretme çabasına girdiler. İlk zamanlarda İncil’in etkisinden kurtulamayarak yer yüzeyini Katastrofik olaylar ve süreçlerin şekillendirdiği fikri kabul gördü. Ancak 18 yy. sonlarına doğru James Hutton’la birlikte yeni bakış açısı ortaya çıktı. Katastrofizmin karşıtı bir düşünce akımı olarak Üniformiteryanizm benimsenmeye başladı. İlk başlarda yavaş bir gelişim gösteren Jeomorfoloji ancak 19. Yüzyılın Ortalarına doğru Lyell’in de katkılarıyla önemli aşama kaydetti.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Jeomorfoloji
• Aydınlanma Çağı
• Katastrofizm
• Üniformiteryanizm
• Hutton
• Werner
• Lyell

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