HISTORY OF GEOMORPHOLOGY 2: DEVELOPMENT PERIOD (1669-1850)

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 42, 567 - 588, 25.07.2020

Murat Karabulut

https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.681084

Öz

This article discusses the history of Geomorphology from the beginning of the Enlightenment to the middle of the 19th century. In this study, the developments and changes in the geomorphology in the age of enlightenment were evaluated by dividing them into various time periods. During this period, very distinct and even dramatic transformations and changes occurred in the thinking structure of Geomorphology. The first ideas about how the world was shaped came about in Egypt, China, and Mesopotamia. Later on, scientific thought emerged in the ancient Greek world, which interacted with these civilizations. The ignored scientific perspective in Europe throughout the Middle Ages continued to exist in the Islamic world. However, the question of how the surface of the Earth is shaped has become the center of attention of European thinkers since the 15th century. The process, which started especially with Copernicus, continued with Da Vinci and continued with Descartes. The Earth Sciences (Geology and geomorphology), as separate branches of science, had their own principles and theories for the first time in 1669 thanks to Nicolaus Steno. The philosophers of the period attempted to systematize, generalize and produce theories based on actual observations. In the early days, under the influence of the Bible, the idea that catastrophic events and processes shaped the surface of the earth was accepted. However, towards the end of the 18th century, a new perspective emerged with James Hutton. Uniformitarianism began to be adopted as an anti-catastrophic movement. Geomorphology, which developed slowly at first, made significant progress towards the mid-19th century with the contributions of Lyell.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Geomorphology, Age of Enlightenment, Catastrophism, Uniformitarianism, Hutton, Werner, Lyell

JEOMORFOLOJİ TARİHİ 2: GELİŞME DÖNEMİ (1669-1850)

Öz

Bu makale, Aydınlanma Çağı'nın başından 19. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar süreçte Jeomorfoloji tarihini tartışmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, aydınlanma çağında Jeomorfoloji biliminde meydana gelen gelişmeler ve değişimler çeşitli zaman dilimlerine bölünerek değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma periyodu boyunca Jeomorfoloji ‘nin düşünce yapısında çok belirgin ve hatta dramatik olarak düşünülebilecek dönüşümler ve değişiklikler meydana geldi. Dünya'nın nasıl şekillendirildiğine dair ilk düşünceler Mısır, Çin ve Mezopotamya'da ortaya çıktı. Daha sonraki dönemlerde, söz konusu medeniyetlerle etkileşime giren antik Yunan dünyasında bilimsel düşünce doğdu. Orta çağ boyunca Avrupa’da göz ardı edilen bilimsel bakış açısı İslam dünyasında varlığını devam ettirdi. Ancak yer yüzeyinin nasıl şekillendiği meselesi 15. Yy’ dan itibaren Avrupalı düşünürlerin ilgi odağı haline gelmeye başladı. Özellikle Kopernik’ le başlayan süreç, Da Vinci ile devam ederek Dekart’la birlikte önemli aşama kaydetti. Yer bilimleri (Jeoloji ve Jeomorfoloji) ayrı birer bilim dalı olarak kendi prensip ve teorilerine ilk defa 1669’da Nicolaus Steno sayesinde sahip oldu. Dönemin filozofları gerçek gözlemlere dayanarak yerküre ile ilgili bilgiyi sistematikleştirme, genelleştirme ve teorileriler üretme çabasına girdiler. İlk zamanlarda İncil’in etkisinden kurtulamayarak yer yüzeyini Katastrofik olaylar ve süreçlerin şekillendirdiği fikri kabul gördü. Ancak 18 yy. sonlarına doğru James Hutton’la birlikte yeni bakış açısı ortaya çıktı. Katastrofizmin karşıtı bir düşünce akımı olarak Üniformiteryanizm benimsenmeye başladı. İlk başlarda yavaş bir gelişim gösteren Jeomorfoloji ancak 19. Yüzyılın Ortalarına doğru Lyell’in de katkılarıyla önemli aşama kaydetti.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Jeomorfoloji, Aydınlanma Çağı, Katastrofizm, Üniformiteryanizm, Hutton, Werner, Lyell

Kaynakça

• Agassiz, L. (1937). Upon Glaciers, Moraines, and Erratic Blocks; being the Address delivered at the opening of the Helvetic Natural History Society, at Neuchatel, on the 24th of July 1837. The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 24, 364-383.
• Baker, V.R. (1998). Catastrophism and uniformitarianism: Logical Roots and Current Relevance in Geology. Geological Society Special Publications, 143(1), 171–182.
• Baulig, H. (1926). La notion de profil d’équilibre; histoire et critique. Congrès Internat. Géog, 3, 51–63.
• Beach, G.L. (1981). Geographical geomorphology: Historical developments, contemporary problems and future prospects. (Master Thesis, USA: Oregon State University).
• Biswas, A.K. 1970. History of Hydrology, Amsterdam: North‐Holland Publishing Company.
• Buffon, Comte de, (1749). The Natural History of Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, with the Theory of the Earth in General, Translated in 1776. London: Bell Yard.
• Buffon, Comte de, (2018). The Epochs of Nature. (Çev. Zalasiewicz, J, Milon, A-S & Zalasiewicz, M.), Chicago: University Press.
• Carney, J.E. (2001). Renaissance and Reformation, 1500-1620: A Biographical Dictionary. Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
• Chorley, R. J., Dunn A. J. & Beckinsale, R. P. (1964). The History of the Study of Landforms or the Development of Geomorphology. USA: Routledge.
• Craig, G.Y. (1987). James Hutton and his theory of the Earth, 1787-1987. Endoavour, 11(2), 88-93.
• Cuvier, G. (1817). Essay on the Theory of the Earth. (Çev. W. Blackwood). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Davies, G.L. (1969). The Earth in Decay: A History of British Geomorphology, 1578-1878. London: American Elsevier Publishing Company.
• Dean, D.R. (1985). The rise and fall of the deluge. Journal of Geological Education, 33(2), 84-93.
• Descartes, R. (2019). Metot Üzerine Konuşmalar. İstanbul: EZR Yayıncılık.
• Dodick, J. & Orion, N. (2003). Geology as an historical science: its perception within science and the education system. Science & Education, 12, 197–211.
• Du Buat, P.L.G. (1786). Principes d’Hydraulique, Paris.
• Encyclopedia of Historica, (2019a). Uniformiteryanism. 12 Eylül, 2019 tarihinde https://www.encyclopedia.com/adresinden alınmıştır.
• Encyclopedia of Historica, (2019b). Catastrophism. 18 Eylül, 2019 tarihinde https://www.encyclopedia.com/ adresinden alınmıştır.
• Erinç, S. (2012). Jeomorfoloji I. İstanbul: Der Yayıncılık.
• Feingold, M. (2003). The New Science and Jesuit Science: Seventeenth Century Perspectives. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Geikie, A. (1905). The Founders of Geology, London: Dover Edn.
• Gil, M. P. (2016). Collecting science in St Andrews: A history in context. (Master Thesis, School of Art History of the University of St Andrews. Retrived from https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk.
• Gillispie, C.G. (1951). Genesis and Geology. Boston: Harvard Pr.
• Goudie, A. (2014). Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. London: Routledge.
• Gregory, K. J. (2000). The Changing Nature of Physical Geography. London: Arnold.
• Hakim, J. (2005). The Story of Science: Newton at the Center. Washington: Smithsonian Books.
• Hansen, J. M. (2009). On the origin of natural history: Steno’s modern, but forgotten philosophy of science. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 57, 1–24.
• Hooykaas, R. (1970). Catastrophism in geology, its scientific character in relation to actualism and uniformitarianism. Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Loefenschappen, afd. Letterkunde, Med., 33(7), 271-316.
• Huggett, R.J. (2007). Fundementals of Geomorphology, London: Routledge.
• Hutton, J. (1788). Theory of the Earth. Royal Soc. Edin. Trans.,1, 209–304.
• Hutton, J. (1795). Theory of the Earth, 2 vols. Edinburgh.
• İzbırak, R. (1979). Jeomorfoloji: Analitik ve Umumi. Ankara: DTCF Basımevi.
• James, P. & Martin, G.J. (1981). All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas. New York: John Willey and Sons.
• Johnson, E. (2004). James Hutton and Plate Tectonics: Parallels in Time: Honors Thesis Paper. USA: Washington State University.
• Johnston, I. (2000). A Handbook on the History of Modern Science. Canada: Malaspina University-College, Nanaimo, BC.
• Karabulut, M. (2013). Fiziki Coğrafya Tarihi ve Felsefesi, Coğrafyacılar Derneği Yıllık Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 19-21 Haziran, İstanbul-Türkiye, 407-412.
• Karabulut, M. (2019), Jeomorfoloji Tarihi: Erken Dönem. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, 40 (2), 415-438.
• King, C.A.M. (1976). Landforms and Geomorphology, Concepts and History. Stroudsburg: Hutchinson and Ross.
• Langone, J., Stutz, B. & Gianopoulos, A. (2006). Theories for Everything: An Illustrated History of Science from the Invention of Numbers to String Theory. Washington, D.C: National Geographic.
• Laudan, R. (1987). From Mineralogy to Geology: The Foundatıons of a Science, 1650-1830. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Lyell, C. (1830–1833). Principles of Geology. London: John Murray.
• Macleod, N. (2005). Principles of stratigraphy, Encyclopedia of Geology. London: Elsevier Academic.
• Martin, G. J. (2005). All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas. London: Oxford University Press.
• McCallien, W.J. (1950). The origin of the earth. AÜ DTCF Dergisi, 8, 111-127.
• Mcintyre, D. B. (1999). James Hutton’s Edinburgh: a précis. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 150(1), 1-12.
• Miall, A.D. (2006). The Geology of fluvial Deposits Sedimentary Facies: Basin Analysis and Petroleum Geology. Newyork: Springer Pub.
• North, F.J. (1943). Centenary of the glacial theory. Proc. Geol. Assn., 54, 1–28.
• O'Hara, K.D. (2018). A Brief History of Geology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Oldroyd, D. (1996). Thinking About Earth: A History of Ideas in Geology. Boston: Harvard University Press.
• Orme, A. R. (2017). Dynamic geomorphology: Historical convergence towards modern practice. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 442(1), 141-154.
• Orme, A.R. (2013). The Scientific Roots of Geomorphology before 1830. Treatise on Geomorphology, London, 11–36.
• Palmer, T. (2003). Perilous Planet Earth: Catastrophes and Catastrophism through the Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Pidwirny, M. (2006). Concept of Uniformitarianism. British Columbia: Fundamentals of Physical Geography.
• Playfair, J. (1802). Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth. Edinburgh.
• Porter, R. & Teich M. (1992). The Scientific Revolution in National Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Primefacts, (2007). History of Geology, PRIMEFACT, 563, 1-6.
• Puche-Riart, O. (2005). Hıstory of Geology Up To 1780, Encyclopedia of Geology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press.
• Rappaport, R. (1964). Problems and sources in the history of geology, 1749–1810. History of Science, 3(1), 60–78.
• Rouse, H. & Ince, S. (1963). History of Hydraulics. New York: Dover Publications Inc.
• Rudwick, M.J.S. (1970). The strategy of Lyell's principles of geology. The History of Science Society Isis, 61, 4-33.
• Rudwick, M.J.S. (2005). Bursting the limits of Time. The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Revolution. Chicago: The University of Chicago.
• Şengör, A.M.C. (2016). What is the use of the history of geology to a practicing geologist? the propaedeutical case of stratigraphy. The Journal of Geology, 124, 643–698.
• Seylaz, L. (1962). Early discoverers. XV. A forgotten pioneer of the glacial theory: John Playfair (1748- 181 9). Journal of Glaciology, 4(31), 124- 26.
• Shapin, S. (1996). The Scientific Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Steno, N. (1669). De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus. Florence.
• Stokes, E. (1969). The six days and the deluge: some ideas on earth history. The Royal Society of London, Earth Science Journal, 3, 13-39.
• Thornbury, W. D. (1965). Regional Geornorphology of the United States. New York: Wiley and Sons Inc.
• Vaccari, E. (2006). The classification of mountains in eighteenth century Italy and the lithostratigraphic theory of Giovanni Arduino (1714–1795). Geological Society of America Special Paper 411, 157–177.
• Whewell, W. (1832). Principles of geology. Quarterly Review, 47, 103-132.
• Wikipedia, (2019). Robert Manning. 10 Eylül, 2019 tarihinde, www.wikipedia.org, adresinden edinilmiştir.
• Wool, D. (2001). Charles Lyell - the father of geology - as a forerunner of modern ecology. OIKOS, 94, 385-391.