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IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON EARLY LEARNERS’ VACCINATIONS IN A MOUNTAIN LEARNING ECOLOGY

Year 2022, Issue: 45, 105 - 113, 25.01.2022

Olugbenga Ige

https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.911409

Abstract

Mountainous regions in the world are vulnerable to seasonal movements of people from one region to another, which could make or mar the health care of young school children. When parents move from the mountainous regions in search of greener pastures in major cities, the children that are left behind could suffer exclusion from timely vaccinations that could protect them from stressful life events. This study presents the impacts of parental migration on the health care of school children in a mountain community in Nigeria. The sample of the study comprises 28 school-aged children purposefully selected in a mountain learning ecology in Nigeria. The study projects the need for a participatory health care system for school children in global mountain communities to eradicate diseases that are preventable by vaccines by the year 2021.

Keywords

Migration Early Learners Immunizations Health Care Mountain Learning Ecology Nigeria

References

  • Anekwe, T. D., Newell, M. L., Tanser, F., Pillay, D., & Bärnighausen, T. (2015). The causal effect of childhood measles vaccination on educational attainment: A mother fixed-effects study in rural South Africa. Vaccine, 33(38), 5020-5026.
  • Asis, M. M. B., & Ruiz Marave, C. (2013). Leaving a legacy: Parental migration and school outcomes among young children in the Philippines. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 22(3), 349-376.
  • Bardenheier, B., González, M. I., Washington, M. L., Bell B. P., Averhoff, F., Massoudi, M. S., Hyams, I., Simard, E. P., & Hussain, Y. (2003). Parental knowledge, attitudes and practices associated with not receiving hepatitis A vaccine in a demonstration project in Buttle County, California. PEDIATRICS, 112(4), 269-274. DOI: 10.1542/peds.112.4.e269.
  • Barlow, S. E., Bobra, S. R., Elliot, M. B., Brownson, R. C., & Haire Joshu, D. (2007). Recognition of childhood overweight during health supervision visits: Does BMI help paediatricians? Obesity, 15(1), 225-232. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.535
  • Barron, B. (2004). Learning ecologies for technological fluency: Gender and experience differences. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 31(1), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.2190/1N20-VV12-4RB5-33VA
  • Barron, B. (2006). Interest and self-sustained learning as catalysts of development: A learning ecology perspective. Human Development, 49, 193-224. https://doi.org 10.1159/000094368.
  • Bawah, A. A., Phillips, J. F., Adjuik, M., Vaughan Smith, M., Macleod, B., & Binka, F. N. (2010). The impact of immunization on the association between poverty and child survival: Evidence from Kassena-Nankana district of Northern Ghana. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 38(1), 95-103. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494809352532
  • Brodzinsky, D. M., Elias, M. J., Steiger, C., Simon, J., Gill, M., & Hitt, J. C. (1992). Coping scale for children and youth: Scale development and validation. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 13(2), 195- 214. https://doi.org/10.1016/0193-3973(92)90029-H
  • Brofenbrenner, U., & Evans, G. W. (2000). Developmental science in the 21st century: Emerging questions, theoretical models, research designs, and empirical findings. Social Development, 9(1), 115-125. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00114
  • Brooke, D., & Omeri, A. (1999). Beliefs about childhood immunization among Lebanese Muslim immigrants in Australia. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 10(3), 229-236. https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000314.
  • Cebotari, V., Mazzucato, V., & Siegel, M. (2017). Child development transnationalism: The health of children who stay behind in Ghana and Nigeria. The Journal of Development Studies, 53(3), 444- 459.https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1187723
  • Chen, Q., Sun, X., Xie, Q., Li, J., & Chan, K. L. (2016). The impacts of internal migration on child victimization in China: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 20(1), 40-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016683458.
  • Chen, X., Liang, N., & Ostertag Stephen, F. (2017). Victimization of children left behind in rural China. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 54(4), 515-543. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427816660145.
  • Chen, Z. (2009). The health status of the left-behind children in rural China. Chinese Journal of Population Science, 23(5), 95-102.
  • Folkman, S. (2011). Stress, health, and coping: An overview. In S. Folkman (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping (pp. 3–11). Oxford University Press.
  • Greyson, D., Vriesema Magnuson, C., & Bettinger, J. A. (2019). Impact of school vaccination mandates on pediatric vaccination coverage: A systematic review. CMAJ Open, 7(3), E524-E536. DOI:10.9778/cmajo.20180191.
  • Hlalele, D. (2013). Sustainable rural learning ecologies-a prolegomenon traversing transcendence of discursive notions of sustainability. Social Justice, Development and Food Sovereignty, 9(3), 561-580.
  • Hu, Y., Chen, E., Li, Q., Chen, Y. & Qi, X. (2015). Immunization coverage and its determinants among children born in 2008-2009 by questionnaire survey in Zhejiang, China. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 27(2), 132-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539511430995
  • Hu, Y., Xu, X., & Ling, L. (2006). Sampling survey of vaccination in children of floating population in Zhejiang province. Zhejiang J Prev med, 18(12), 3-5.
  • Hu, Yu, Xu, X., Ling, L., Han-qing, He. (2007). Utilization status and its impact factors of vaccination services for floating children. Dis Surveillance, 22(9), 614-615. doi: 10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2007.9.614.
  • Ige, O. A., & Hlalele, D. J. (2017). Effects of computer-aided and blended teaching strategies on students’ achievement in civic education concepts in mountain learning ecologies. Education and Information Technologies, 22(33), 2693-2709. https://doi.10.1007/s/0639-017-9598- x.
  • Ige, O. A. (2017). Rethinking students’ dispositions towards civic duties in urban learning ecologies. International Journal of Instruction, 10(4), 307-324.
  • Kaji, A., Parker, D. M., Chu, C. S., Thayatkawin, W., Suelaor, J., Charatrueangrongkun, R., Salathibuppha, K., Nosten, F. H., & McGready, R. (2016). Immunization coverage in migrant school children along the Thailand-Myanmar border. J Immigrant Minority Health, 18(5), 1038- 1045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-015-0294-x.
  • Letiche, H., & Mens, L. (2003). Dyslogistic information ecologies. Management Learning, 34(3), 329-347. https://doi.10.1177/13505076030343003
  • Lo, C. C., Cheng, T. C., Bohm, M., & Zhong, H. (2016). Rural-to-urban migration, strain, and juvenile delinquency: A study of eight-grade students in Guangzhou, China. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(2), 334-359. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X16650236.
  • Luman, E. T., Mc Cauley, M. M., Stokley, S., Chu, S. Y., & Pickering, L. K. (2002). Timelines of childhood immunizations. PEDIATRICS, 110(5), 935- 939.
  • Meng, X., & Yamauchi, C. (2017). Children of migrants: The cumulative impact of parental migration on children’s education and health outcomes in China. Demography, 54(5), 1677-1714. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-017-0613-z
  • Nardi, B., & O’Day, V. (1999). Information ecologies: Using technology with heart. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Nel, A., Joubert, I., & Hartell, C. (2017). Teachers’ perceptions on the design and use of an outdoor learning environment for sensory and motor stimulation. South Africa Journal of Childhood Education, 7(1), a 482, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v7il.482.
  • Olayinka, F. (2017). Nigeria: Next steps necessary for improving Nigeria’s low immunization rates. The Aspen Institute, retrieved 30 October 2017 from https://www.allafrica.com/stories/201710040432.html
  • Paul, S. P., Almashta, Z., & Wallace, A. (2012). The childhood immunization programme. InnoVAiT, 5(12), 740-749. https://doi.org/10.1093/innovait/ins015
  • Prasanna, M. P., Unnikrishnan, B., Rekha, T., Nithin, K., Pratik, K. C., & Ramesh, H. (2014). Immunization practices of paediatricians for children younger than five years in coastal South India. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 6(2), 116-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/2150131914554455.
  • Rogoff, B. (2003). The cultural nature of human development. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Rossi, A (2008). The impact of migration on children in developing countries, retrieved 30 October 2017 from https://www.globalnetwork.princeton.edu/bellagio.Rossi.pdf
  • Siemens, G. (2007). Connectivism: Creating a learning ecology in disturbed environments. In T. Hug (Ed), Didactics of microlearning: Concepts, discourses, and examples. Pp.53-68. Munster: Waxman.
  • Smeekens, C., Stroebe, M., & Abakoumkin, G. (2012). The impact of migratory separation from parents on the health of adolescents in the Philippines. Soc Sci Med, 75(12), 2250-2257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.08.025
  • The National Conference of State Legislatures, (NCSL) (2015). Immunizations policy issues overview, retrieved 31 October 2017 from http://www.ncsl.org/research/health /immunizations-policy-issues- overview.aspx
  • The United Nations Children Fund, (2005). Migration and children, retrieved 30 October 2017 from https://www.unicef-irc.org/knowledge- pages/migration-and-children.
  • URL1. (2019). Team debate format, retrieved from: http://www.jessamine.k12.ky.us/userfiles/339/Classes/2291/Team%20D ebate%20Format.d
  • University of Illinois at Urban-Champaign, (2017). E-learning ecologies: Innovative approaches to teaching and learning for the Digital age, retrieved 1 November 2017 from https://www.coursera.org/learn/elearning.
  • Wang, L., & Mesman, J. (2015). Child development in the face of rural- to-urban migration in China: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(6), 813-831. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615600145.
  • Whitehead, A., & Hashim Iman M. (2005). Children and migration: Background paper for DFID migration team. Department for International Development, United Kingdom, retrieved 30 October 2017 from http://www.migrationdrc.org/publications/working-papers/wp- T12.pdf
  • World Bank, (2011). Migration and remittances factbook. 2011. Washington, DC, retrieved 8 May 2018 from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLAC/Resources/Factbook2011- Ebook.pdf
  • World Health Organization, Nigeria. (2017). Nigeria launches Penta Vaccine, retrieved 30 October 2017 from http://www.afro.who.int/news/nigeria-lauches-penta-vaccines.
  • World Health Organization, (2013). Global vaccine action plan 2011- 2020. World Health Organization, retrieved from http://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/

IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON EARLY LEARNERS’ VACCINATIONS IN A MOUNTAIN LEARNING ECOLOGY

Year 2022, Issue: 45, 105 - 113, 25.01.2022

Olugbenga Ige

https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.911409

Abstract

Mountainous regions in the world are vulnerable to seasonal movements of people from one region to another, which could make or mar the health care of young school children. When parents move from the mountainous regions in search of greener pastures in major cities, the children that are left behind could suffer exclusion from timely vaccinations that could protect them from stressful life events. This study presents the impacts of parental migration on the health care of school children in a mountain community in Nigeria. The sample of the study comprises 28 school-aged children purposefully selected in a mountain learning ecology in Nigeria. The study projects the need for a participatory health care system for school children in global mountain communities to eradicate diseases that are preventable by vaccines by the year 2021.

Keywords

Migration Early Learners Immunizations Health Care Mountain Learning Ecology Nigeria

References

  • Anekwe, T. D., Newell, M. L., Tanser, F., Pillay, D., & Bärnighausen, T. (2015). The causal effect of childhood measles vaccination on educational attainment: A mother fixed-effects study in rural South Africa. Vaccine, 33(38), 5020-5026.
  • Asis, M. M. B., & Ruiz Marave, C. (2013). Leaving a legacy: Parental migration and school outcomes among young children in the Philippines. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 22(3), 349-376.
  • Bardenheier, B., González, M. I., Washington, M. L., Bell B. P., Averhoff, F., Massoudi, M. S., Hyams, I., Simard, E. P., & Hussain, Y. (2003). Parental knowledge, attitudes and practices associated with not receiving hepatitis A vaccine in a demonstration project in Buttle County, California. PEDIATRICS, 112(4), 269-274. DOI: 10.1542/peds.112.4.e269.
  • Barlow, S. E., Bobra, S. R., Elliot, M. B., Brownson, R. C., & Haire Joshu, D. (2007). Recognition of childhood overweight during health supervision visits: Does BMI help paediatricians? Obesity, 15(1), 225-232. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.535
  • Barron, B. (2004). Learning ecologies for technological fluency: Gender and experience differences. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 31(1), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.2190/1N20-VV12-4RB5-33VA
  • Barron, B. (2006). Interest and self-sustained learning as catalysts of development: A learning ecology perspective. Human Development, 49, 193-224. https://doi.org 10.1159/000094368.
  • Bawah, A. A., Phillips, J. F., Adjuik, M., Vaughan Smith, M., Macleod, B., & Binka, F. N. (2010). The impact of immunization on the association between poverty and child survival: Evidence from Kassena-Nankana district of Northern Ghana. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 38(1), 95-103. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494809352532
  • Brodzinsky, D. M., Elias, M. J., Steiger, C., Simon, J., Gill, M., & Hitt, J. C. (1992). Coping scale for children and youth: Scale development and validation. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 13(2), 195- 214. https://doi.org/10.1016/0193-3973(92)90029-H
  • Brofenbrenner, U., & Evans, G. W. (2000). Developmental science in the 21st century: Emerging questions, theoretical models, research designs, and empirical findings. Social Development, 9(1), 115-125. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00114
  • Brooke, D., & Omeri, A. (1999). Beliefs about childhood immunization among Lebanese Muslim immigrants in Australia. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 10(3), 229-236. https://doi.org/10.1177/104365969901000314.
  • Cebotari, V., Mazzucato, V., & Siegel, M. (2017). Child development transnationalism: The health of children who stay behind in Ghana and Nigeria. The Journal of Development Studies, 53(3), 444- 459.https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1187723
  • Chen, Q., Sun, X., Xie, Q., Li, J., & Chan, K. L. (2016). The impacts of internal migration on child victimization in China: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 20(1), 40-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016683458.
  • Chen, X., Liang, N., & Ostertag Stephen, F. (2017). Victimization of children left behind in rural China. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 54(4), 515-543. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427816660145.
  • Chen, Z. (2009). The health status of the left-behind children in rural China. Chinese Journal of Population Science, 23(5), 95-102.
  • Folkman, S. (2011). Stress, health, and coping: An overview. In S. Folkman (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping (pp. 3–11). Oxford University Press.
  • Greyson, D., Vriesema Magnuson, C., & Bettinger, J. A. (2019). Impact of school vaccination mandates on pediatric vaccination coverage: A systematic review. CMAJ Open, 7(3), E524-E536. DOI:10.9778/cmajo.20180191.
  • Hlalele, D. (2013). Sustainable rural learning ecologies-a prolegomenon traversing transcendence of discursive notions of sustainability. Social Justice, Development and Food Sovereignty, 9(3), 561-580.
  • Hu, Y., Chen, E., Li, Q., Chen, Y. & Qi, X. (2015). Immunization coverage and its determinants among children born in 2008-2009 by questionnaire survey in Zhejiang, China. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 27(2), 132-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539511430995
  • Hu, Y., Xu, X., & Ling, L. (2006). Sampling survey of vaccination in children of floating population in Zhejiang province. Zhejiang J Prev med, 18(12), 3-5.
  • Hu, Yu, Xu, X., Ling, L., Han-qing, He. (2007). Utilization status and its impact factors of vaccination services for floating children. Dis Surveillance, 22(9), 614-615. doi: 10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2007.9.614.
  • Ige, O. A., & Hlalele, D. J. (2017). Effects of computer-aided and blended teaching strategies on students’ achievement in civic education concepts in mountain learning ecologies. Education and Information Technologies, 22(33), 2693-2709. https://doi.10.1007/s/0639-017-9598- x.
  • Ige, O. A. (2017). Rethinking students’ dispositions towards civic duties in urban learning ecologies. International Journal of Instruction, 10(4), 307-324.
  • Kaji, A., Parker, D. M., Chu, C. S., Thayatkawin, W., Suelaor, J., Charatrueangrongkun, R., Salathibuppha, K., Nosten, F. H., & McGready, R. (2016). Immunization coverage in migrant school children along the Thailand-Myanmar border. J Immigrant Minority Health, 18(5), 1038- 1045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-015-0294-x.
  • Letiche, H., & Mens, L. (2003). Dyslogistic information ecologies. Management Learning, 34(3), 329-347. https://doi.10.1177/13505076030343003
  • Lo, C. C., Cheng, T. C., Bohm, M., & Zhong, H. (2016). Rural-to-urban migration, strain, and juvenile delinquency: A study of eight-grade students in Guangzhou, China. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(2), 334-359. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X16650236.
  • Luman, E. T., Mc Cauley, M. M., Stokley, S., Chu, S. Y., & Pickering, L. K. (2002). Timelines of childhood immunizations. PEDIATRICS, 110(5), 935- 939.
  • Meng, X., & Yamauchi, C. (2017). Children of migrants: The cumulative impact of parental migration on children’s education and health outcomes in China. Demography, 54(5), 1677-1714. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-017-0613-z
  • Nardi, B., & O’Day, V. (1999). Information ecologies: Using technology with heart. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Nel, A., Joubert, I., & Hartell, C. (2017). Teachers’ perceptions on the design and use of an outdoor learning environment for sensory and motor stimulation. South Africa Journal of Childhood Education, 7(1), a 482, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v7il.482.
  • Olayinka, F. (2017). Nigeria: Next steps necessary for improving Nigeria’s low immunization rates. The Aspen Institute, retrieved 30 October 2017 from https://www.allafrica.com/stories/201710040432.html
  • Paul, S. P., Almashta, Z., & Wallace, A. (2012). The childhood immunization programme. InnoVAiT, 5(12), 740-749. https://doi.org/10.1093/innovait/ins015
  • Prasanna, M. P., Unnikrishnan, B., Rekha, T., Nithin, K., Pratik, K. C., & Ramesh, H. (2014). Immunization practices of paediatricians for children younger than five years in coastal South India. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 6(2), 116-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/2150131914554455.
  • Rogoff, B. (2003). The cultural nature of human development. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Rossi, A (2008). The impact of migration on children in developing countries, retrieved 30 October 2017 from https://www.globalnetwork.princeton.edu/bellagio.Rossi.pdf
  • Siemens, G. (2007). Connectivism: Creating a learning ecology in disturbed environments. In T. Hug (Ed), Didactics of microlearning: Concepts, discourses, and examples. Pp.53-68. Munster: Waxman.
  • Smeekens, C., Stroebe, M., & Abakoumkin, G. (2012). The impact of migratory separation from parents on the health of adolescents in the Philippines. Soc Sci Med, 75(12), 2250-2257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.08.025
  • The National Conference of State Legislatures, (NCSL) (2015). Immunizations policy issues overview, retrieved 31 October 2017 from http://www.ncsl.org/research/health /immunizations-policy-issues- overview.aspx
  • The United Nations Children Fund, (2005). Migration and children, retrieved 30 October 2017 from https://www.unicef-irc.org/knowledge- pages/migration-and-children.
  • URL1. (2019). Team debate format, retrieved from: http://www.jessamine.k12.ky.us/userfiles/339/Classes/2291/Team%20D ebate%20Format.d
  • University of Illinois at Urban-Champaign, (2017). E-learning ecologies: Innovative approaches to teaching and learning for the Digital age, retrieved 1 November 2017 from https://www.coursera.org/learn/elearning.
  • Wang, L., & Mesman, J. (2015). Child development in the face of rural- to-urban migration in China: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(6), 813-831. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615600145.
  • Whitehead, A., & Hashim Iman M. (2005). Children and migration: Background paper for DFID migration team. Department for International Development, United Kingdom, retrieved 30 October 2017 from http://www.migrationdrc.org/publications/working-papers/wp- T12.pdf
  • World Bank, (2011). Migration and remittances factbook. 2011. Washington, DC, retrieved 8 May 2018 from https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLAC/Resources/Factbook2011- Ebook.pdf
  • World Health Organization, Nigeria. (2017). Nigeria launches Penta Vaccine, retrieved 30 October 2017 from http://www.afro.who.int/news/nigeria-lauches-penta-vaccines.
  • World Health Organization, (2013). Global vaccine action plan 2011- 2020. World Health Organization, retrieved from http://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Human Geography
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLE
Authors

Olugbenga Ige 0000-0002-6505-2114

Publication Date January 25, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 45

Cite

APA Ige, O. (2022). IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON EARLY LEARNERS’ VACCINATIONS IN A MOUNTAIN LEARNING ECOLOGY. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education(45), 105-113. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.911409
AMA Ige O. IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON EARLY LEARNERS’ VACCINATIONS IN A MOUNTAIN LEARNING ECOLOGY. IGGE. January 2022;(45):105-113. doi:10.32003/igge.911409
Chicago Ige, Olugbenga. “IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON EARLY LEARNERS’ VACCINATIONS IN A MOUNTAIN LEARNING ECOLOGY”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, no. 45 (January 2022): 105-13. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.911409.
EndNote Ige O (January 1, 2022) IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON EARLY LEARNERS’ VACCINATIONS IN A MOUNTAIN LEARNING ECOLOGY. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 45 105–113.
IEEE O. Ige, “IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON EARLY LEARNERS’ VACCINATIONS IN A MOUNTAIN LEARNING ECOLOGY”, IGGE, no. 45, pp. 105–113, January 2022, doi: 10.32003/igge.911409.
ISNAD Ige, Olugbenga. “IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON EARLY LEARNERS’ VACCINATIONS IN A MOUNTAIN LEARNING ECOLOGY”. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 45 (January 2022), 105-113. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.911409.
JAMA Ige O. IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON EARLY LEARNERS’ VACCINATIONS IN A MOUNTAIN LEARNING ECOLOGY. IGGE. 2022;:105–113.
MLA Ige, Olugbenga. “IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON EARLY LEARNERS’ VACCINATIONS IN A MOUNTAIN LEARNING ECOLOGY”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, no. 45, 2022, pp. 105-13, doi:10.32003/igge.911409.
Vancouver Ige O. IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON EARLY LEARNERS’ VACCINATIONS IN A MOUNTAIN LEARNING ECOLOGY. IGGE. 2022(45):105-13.