Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Managing seasonality in tourism

Year 2023, Issue: 50, 353 - 369, 08.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1299610

Abstract

Seasonality is usually recognized as a problem of tourism that has many negative consequences for the private and public sectors. The widespread impact of seasonality on tourism has increased the importance of understanding how these sectors can sustainably respond to such a phenomenon. This paper aims to examine the industry and government responses to seasonality. It specifically seeks to discover what responses the literature on tourism addresses to managing the problem of seasonality. The review indicates that tourism businesses and governments mainly respond to seasonality by developing strategies to tackle it when seen as a substantial problem or otherwise adapting to it. The literature points to various strategies for tackling seasonality in tourism. Common strategies include reducing demand in the peak season, increasing demand outside the peak season, reducing supply, increasing supply in the peak season, redistributing demand and supply, extending the main season, establishing additional seasons, diversification of the product mix and the markets, applying marketing campaigns and targeted advertising, using differential pricing, public sector incentives, development of urban, cultural, business, congress, religious, sports and winter tourism, and other alternatives, developing special-interest tourism, encouraging domestic tourism in the off-season, staggering the main school and industrial holidays over a longer period, and two-center holidays.

References

  • Adler, P. A., & Adler, P. (2003). Seasonality and flexible labor in resorts: Organizations, employees, and local labor markets. Sociological Spectrum, 23(1), 59-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732170309208
  • Allcock, J. B. (1995). Seasonality. In S. F. Witt & L. Moutinho (Eds.), Tourism marketing and management handbook (pp. 92-104). Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall.
  • Amelung, B., Nicholls, S., & Viner, D. (2007). Implications of global climate change for tourism flows and seasonality. Journal of Travel Research, 45(3), 285-296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287506295937
  • Andriotis, K. (2005). Seasonality in Crete: Problem or a way of life. Tourism Economics, 11(2), 207-224. https://doi.org/10.5367/0000000054183478
  • Ashworth, J., & Thomas, B. (1999). Patterns of seasonality in employment in tourism in the UK. Applied Economics Letters, 6(11), 735-739. https://doi.org/10.1080/135048599352312
  • Ball, R. (1989). Some aspects of tourism, seasonality and local labour markets. Area, 21(1), 35-45.
  • Bar-On, R. R. (1999). The measurement of seasonality and its economic impacts. Tourism Economics, 5(4), 437-458. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/135481669900500409
  • Baum, T., & Hagen, L. (1999). Responses to seasonality: The experiences of peripheral destinations. International Journal of Tourism Research, 1(5), 299-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522- 1970(199909/10)1:5%3C299::AID-JTR198%3E3.0.CO;2-L
  • Baum, T., & Lundtorp, S. (2001). Seasonality in tourism: An introduction. In T. Baum & S. Lundtorp (Eds.), Seasonality in tourism (pp. 1-4). The Netherlands: Pergamon.
  • Bender, O., Schumacher, K. P., & Stein, D. (2005). Measuring seasonality in Central Europe’s tourism: How and for what 10th International Conference on Information & Communication Technologies (ICT) in Urban Planning and Spatial Development and Impacts of ICT on Physical Space, Wien, Austria.
  • Bigovic, M. (2011). Quantifying seasonality in tourism: A case study of Montenegro. Academica Turistica: Tourism & Innovation Journal, 4(2), 15-32.
  • Bischoff, E. E., & Koenig‐Lewis, N. (2007). VFR tourism: The importance of university students as hosts. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(6), 465-484. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.618
  • Boffa, F., & Succurro, M. (2012). The impact of search cost reduction on seasonality. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 1176-1198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.01.006
  • Butler, R. (1998). Seasonality in tourism: Issues and implications. The Tourist Review, 53(3), 18-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb058278
  • Butler, R. (2001). Seasonality in tourism: Issues and implications. In T. Baum & S. Lundtorp (Eds.), Seasonality in tourism (pp. 5-21). The Netherlands: Pergamon.
  • Calantone, R. J., & Johar, J. S. (1984). Seasonal segmentation of the tourism market using a benefit segmentation framework. Journal of Travel Research, 23(2), 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728758402300203
  • Cannas, R. (2012). An overview of Tourism Seasonality: Key concepts and policy. AlmaTourism, 3(5), 40-58. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2036-5195/3120
  • Chiriko, A. Y. (2021). How hotels suffer from and deal with the economic effects of tourism seasonality: A case study of Aksum, Ethiopia. Research in Hospitality Management, 11(2), 137-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/22243534.2021.1917751
  • Chung, J. Y. (2009). Seasonality in tourism: A review. E-review of Tourism Research, 7(5), 82-96.
  • Cisneros-Martinez, J. D., McCabe, S., & Fernández-Morales, A. (2018). The contribution of social tourism to sustainable tourism: A case study of seasonally adjusted programmes in Spain. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(1), 85-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1319844
  • Commons, J., & Page, S. (2001). Managing seasonality in peripheral tourism regions: The case of Northland, New Zealand. In T. Baum & S. Lundtorp (Eds.), Seasonality in tourism (pp. 153-172). The Netherlands: Pergamon.
  • Commons, J. S. (1999). An exploration of tourism, seasonality, and market development in Northland, New Zealand [Master's thesis, Massey University]. Albany, New Zealand.
  • Connell, J., Page, S. J., & Meyer, D. (2015). Visitor attractions and events: Responding to seasonality. Tourism Management, 46, 283-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.06.013
  • Cook, R. A., Hsu, C. H. C., & Taylor, L. L. (2018). Tourism: The business of hospitality and travel. Malaysia: Pearson.
  • Cooper, C., Fletcher, J., Gilbert, D., Fyall, A., & Wanhill, S. (2005). Tourism: Principles and practice. Milan: Pearson.
  • Corluka, G. (2019). Tourism seasonality: An overview. Journal of Business Paradigms, 4(1), 21-43.
  • Coshall, J., Charlesworth, R., & Page, S. J. (2015). Seasonality of overseas tourism demand in Scotland: A regional analysis. Regional Studies, 49(10), 1603-1620. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.859666
  • Cuccia, T., & Rizzo, I. (2011). Tourism seasonality in cultural destinations: Empirical evidence from Sicily. Tourism Management, 32, 589-595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.05.008
  • Duro, J. A. (2016). Seasonality of hotel demand in the main Spanish provinces: Measurements and decomposition exercises. Tourism Management, 52, 52-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.06.013
  • Duro, J. A., & Turrion-Prats, J. (2019). Tourism seasonality worldwide. Tourism Management Perspectives, 31, 38-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.03.010
  • Duro, J. A., & Turrion-Prats, J. (2022). Seasonality and the contribution of markets: Comparing methods. Tourism Management Perspectives, 43, 100987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2022.100987
  • Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., & Dwyer, W. (2020). Tourism economics and policy. United Kingdom: Channel View Publications.
  • Edgell, D. L., Allen, M. D., Smith, G., & Swanson, J. (2011). Tourism policy and planning: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. New York: Routledge.
  • Esteve-Perez, J., & Garcia-Sanchez, A. (2017). Characteristics and consequences of the cruise traffic seasonality on ports: The Spanish Mediterranean case. Maritime Policy & Management, 44(3), 358-372. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2017.1295326
  • Fernandez-Morales, A. (2003). Decomposing seasonal concentration. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(4), 942-956. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00090-2
  • Ferrante, M., Magno, G. L. L., & De Cantis, S. (2018). Measuring tourism seasonality across European countries. Tourism Management, 68, 220-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.03.015
  • Figini, P., & Vici, L. (2012). Off-season tourists and the cultural offer of a mass-tourism destination: The case of Rimini. Tourism Management, 33(4), 825-839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.09.005
  • Fitzpatrick Associates. (1993). All-season tourism: Analysis of experience, suitable products, and clientele. Luxembourg: Directorate-General XXIII—Tourism Unit, Commission of the European Communities.
  • Fletcher, J., Fyall, A., Gilbert, D., & Wanhill, S. (2018). Tourism: Principles and practice. Slovakia: Pearson.
  • Flognfeldt, T. (2001). Long-term positive adjustments to seasonality: Consequences of summer tourism in the Jotunheimen area, Norway. In T. Baum & S. Lundtorp (Eds.), Seasonality in tourism (pp. 109-117). The Netherlands: Pergamon.
  • Frechtling, D. C. (1996). Practical tourism forecasting. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.
  • Garau‐Vadell, J. B., & de Borja‐Sole, L. (2008). Golf in mass tourism destinations facing seasonality: A longitudinal study. Tourism Review, 63(2), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/16605370810883914
  • Getz, D., & Nilsson, P. A. (2004). Responses of family businesses to extreme seasonality in demand: The case of Bornholm, Denmark. Tourism Management, 25(1), 17-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00067-0
  • Goeldner, C. R., Brent Ritchie, J. R., & McIntosh, R. W. (2000). Tourism principles, practices, philosophies. United States of America: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Goulding, P. (2005). Seasonality: The perennial challenge for visitor attractions. In A. Fyall, B. Garrod, & A. Leask (Eds.), Managing Visitor Attractions: New directions (pp. 140-158). Oxford: Elsevier Butterworh- Heinemann.
  • Goulding, P. J., Baum, T. G., & Morrison, A. J. (2005). Seasonal trading and lifestyle motivation: Experiences of small tourism businesses in Scotland. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 5(2-4), 209-238. https://doi.org/10.1300/J162v05n02_11
  • Grossi, L., & Mussini, M. (2021). Seasonality in tourist flows: Decomposing and testing changes in seasonal concentration. Tourism Management, 84, 104289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104289
  • Halpern, N. (2012). Measurement and decomposition of seasonal demand for tourism in Norway. 11th Global Forum on Tourism Statistics, Reykjavík, Iceland.
  • Hinch, T. D., & Jackson, E. L. (2000). Leisure constraints research: Its value as a framework for understanding tourism seasonability. Current Issues in Tourism, 3(2), 87-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500008667868
  • Holloway, J. C., Humphreys, C., & Davidson, R. (2009). The business of tourism. Italy: FT Prentice Hall.
  • Hudson, S., & Cross, P. (2005). Sports destinations: Dealing with seasonality. In J. Higham (Ed.), Sport tourism destinations: Issues, opportunities, and analysis (pp. 188-204). Great Britain: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Jang, S. S. (2004). Mitigating tourism seasonality: A quantitative approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(4), 819-836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.02.007
  • Jeffrey, D., & Barden, R. R. (2001). An analysis of the nature, causes, and marketing implications of seasonality in the occupancy performance of English hotels. In T. Baum & S. Lundtorp (Eds.), Seasonality in Tourism (pp. 119-140). The Netherlands: Pergamon.
  • Jeffrey, D., & Barden, R. R. D. (2000). An analysis of daily occupancy performance: A basis for effective hotel marketing. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 12(3), 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110010320715
  • Jolliffe, L., & Farnsworth, R. (2003). Seasonality in tourism employment: Human resource challenges. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 15(6), 312-316. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110310488140
  • Karamustafa, K., & Ulama, S. (2010). Measuring the seasonality in tourism with the comparison of different methods. EuroMed Journal of Business, 5(2), 191-214. https://doi.org/10.1108/14502191011065509
  • Kastenholz, E., & Lopes de Almeida, A. (2008). Seasonality in rural tourism: The case of North Portugal. Tourism review, 63(2), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1108/16605370810883905
  • Kastenholz, E., & Lopes de Almeida, A. (2013). Analyzing seasonal differences in a destination’s tourist market: The case of Minho. 5th Advances in Tourism Marketing Conference Proceedings, Algarve, Portugal.
  • Kennedy, E., & Deegan, J. (2001). Seasonality in Irish tourism: 1973-1995. In T. Baum & S. Lundtorp (Eds.), Seasonality in Tourism (pp. 51-74). The Netherlands: Pergamon.
  • Koc, E., & Altinay, G. (2007). An analysis of seasonality in monthly per person tourist spending in Turkish inbound tourism from a market segmentation perspective. Tourism Management, 28(1), 227-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.01.003
  • Koenig-Lewis, N., & Bischoff, E. E. (2010). Developing effective strategies for tackling seasonality in the tourism industry. Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development, 7(4), 395-413. https://doi.org/10.1080/1479053X.2010.520466
  • Koenig‐Lewis, N., & Bischoff, E. E. (2005). Seasonality research: The state of the art. International Journal of Tourism Research, 7(4‐5), 201-219. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.531
  • Koenig, N. (2004). Analysing seasonal tourism demand variations in Wales. [Doctoral dissertation, Swansea University]. United Kingdom. Retrieved from http://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa43054
  • Krakover, S. (2000). Partitioning seasonal employment in the hospitality industry. Tourism Management, 21, 461-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00101-6
  • Lee-Ross, D., & Pryce, J. (2010). Human resources and tourism: Skills, culture and industry. Great Britain: Channel View Publications.
  • Lee, C., Bergin-Seers, S., Galloway, G., O'Mahony, B., & McMurray, A. (2008). Seasonality in the tourism industry: Impacts and strategies. Australia: CRC for Sustainable Tourism.
  • Lim, C., & McAleer, M. (2001). Monthly seasonal variations: Asian tourism to Australia. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(1), 68-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00002-5
  • Lim, C., & McAleer, M. (2008). Analysing seasonal changes in New Zealand's largest inbound market. Tourism Recreation Research, 33(1), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2008.11081292
  • Lopes de Almeida, A., & Kastenholz, E. (2019). Towards a theoretical model of seasonal tourist consumption behaviour. Tourism Planning & Development, 16(5), 533-555. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2018.1528564
  • Lozano, J., Rey-Maquieira, J., & Sastre, F. (2021). An integrated analysis of tourism seasonality in prices and quantities, with an application to the Spanish hotel industry. Journal of Travel Research, 60(7), 1581-1597. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520947807
  • Lundtorp, S., Rassing, C. R., & Wanhill, S. (1999). The off-season is no season: The case of the Danish island of Bornholm. Tourism Economics, 5(1), 49-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/135481669900500104
  • Lundtorp, S., Rassing, C. R., & Wanhill, S. (2001). Off-season is no season: The case of Bornholm. In T. Baum & S. Lundtorp (Eds.), Seasonality in tourism (pp. 89-108). The Netherlands: Pergamon.
  • Manning, R. E., & Powers, L. A. (1984). Peak and off-peak use: Redistributing the outdoor recreation/tourism load. Journal of Travel Research, 23(2), 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728758402300204
  • Martin, J. M. M., Aguilera, J. D. D. J., & Moreno, V. M. (2014). Impacts of seasonality on environmental sustainability in the tourism sector based on destination type: An application to Spain's Andalusia region. Tourism Economics, 20(1), 123-142. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2013.0256
  • Martinez, J. M. G., Martin, J. M. M., & Rey, M. d. S. O. (2020). An analysis of the changes in the seasonal patterns of tourist behavior during a process of economic recovery. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 161, 120280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120280
  • Mitchell, R. D., & Hall, C. M. (2003). Seasonality in New Zealand winery visitation: An issue of demand and supply. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 14(3-4), 155-173. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v14n03_09
  • Moller, C., Weiermair, K., & Wintersberger, E. (2007). The changing travel behaviour of Austria’s ageing population and its impact on tourism. Tourism Review, 62(3/4), 15-20. https://doi.org/10.1108/16605370780000316
  • Nadal, J. R., Font, A. R., & Rossello, A. S. (2004). The economic determinants of seasonal patterns. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 697-711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.02.001
  • Parrilla, J. C., Font, A. R., & Nadal, J. R. (2007). Accommodation determinants of seasonal patterns. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(2), 422-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.10.002
  • Pegg, S., Patterson, I., & Gariddo, P. V. (2012). The impact of seasonality on tourism and hospitality operations in the alpine region of New South Wales, Australia. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(3), 659-666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.09.001
  • Petrevska, B. (2013). A simple test for the presence of seasonality in tourism in Macedonia 1st International Conference Regional Economic Cooperation in the process of Globalization, Tetovo, Macedonia.
  • Radlinska, K., & Gardziejewska, B. (2022). The seasonal labor hoarding in tourist enterprises: Choice or necessity. Sustainability, 14(12), 6995. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14126995
  • Ramos, L. M., & Sol Murta, F. (2022). Tourism seasonality management strategies: What can we learn from payment data. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-12-2021-0337
  • Rodrigue, J. P., & Notteboom, T. (2012). The cruise industry: Itineraries, not destinations. Port Technology International, 54, 13-16. Retrieved from https://wpassets.porttechnology.org/wp- content/uploads/2019/05/25181950/013-016.pdf
  • Rodrigue, J. P., & Notteboom, T. (2013). The geography of cruises: Itineraries, not destinations. Applied Geography, 38, 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.11.011
  • Rossello, J., & Sanso, A. (2017). Yearly, monthly and weekly seasonality of tourism demand: A decomposition analysis. Tourism Management, 60, 379-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.12.019
  • Rowley, J., & Slack, F. (2004). Conducting a literature review Management Research News, 27(6), 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409170410784185
  • Sasser, W. E. (1976). Match supply and demand in service industries. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/1976/11/match-supply-and-demand-in-service-industries
  • Seaton, A. V. (1995). Promotional strategies. In S. F. Witt & L. Moutinho (Eds.), Tourism marketing and management handbook (pp. 376-387). Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall.
  • Senyao, S., Wei, H., & Ma, N. (2021). How off-season tourism promotion affects seasonal destinations: A multi- stakeholder perspective in Tibet. Tourism Review, 76(1), 229-240. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-04-2019-0123
  • Smith, K. (1993). The influence of weather and climate on recreation and tourism. Weather, 48(12), 398-404. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1993.tb05828.x
  • Stojcic, N., Mikulic, J., & Vizek, M. (2022). High season, low growth: The impact of tourism seasonality and vulnerability to tourism on the emergence of high-growth firms. Tourism Management, 89, 104455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104455
  • Sutcliffe, C. M. S., & Sinclair, M. T. (1980). The measurement of seasonality within the tourist industry: an application to tourist arrivals in Spain. Applied Economics, 12(4), 429-441. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036848000000004
  • Swarbrooke, J., & Horner, S. (2001). Business travel and tourism. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Turrion-Prats, J., & Duro, J. A. (2017). Tourist seasonality in Catalonia: The relevance of demand factors. Tourism Economics, 23(4), 846-853. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2016.0543
  • Turrion-Prats, J., & Duro, J. A. (2018). Tourist seasonality and the role of markets. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8, 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.11.004
  • Turrion‐Prats, J., & Duro, J. A. (2019). Seasonality determinants for the main markets in Spain. International Journal of Tourism Research, 21(4), 462-477. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2275
  • Vergori, A. S. (2017). Patterns of seasonality and tourism demand forecasting. Tourism Economics, 23(5), 1011- 1027. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816616656418
  • Wall, G., & Mathieson, A. (2006). Tourism: change, impacts, and opportunities. Harlow: Pearson.
  • Weaver, D. B., & Lawton, L. (2010). Tourism management. Australia: Wiey.
  • World Tourism Organization. (2023a). News Release. Retrieved from https://webunwto.s3.eu-west- 1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2023-05/230509-unwto-barometer-en.pdf? VersionId=qnXbkRl9aKghFCaBed_QKciTe68XKsGQ
  • World Tourism Organization. (2023b). UNWTO 2022: A Year in Review. Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/unwto-2022-a-year-review
  • Xie, J. (2020). The economic determinants of tourism seasonality: A case study of the Norwegian tourism industry. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 1732111. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1732111
  • Zvaigzne, A., Litavniece, L., & Dembovska, I. (2022). Tourism seasonality: The causes and effects. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 14(5), 421-430. https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-07-2022-0080

Turizmde mevsimselliğin yönetimi

Year 2023, Issue: 50, 353 - 369, 08.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1299610

Abstract

Mevsimsellik, turizmde genellikle özel ve kamu sektörleri için pek çok olumsuz sonucu olan bir sorun olarak kabul edilmektedir. Mevsimselliğin turizm üzerindeki yaygın etkisi, bu sektörlerin böyle bir olguya sürdürülebilir bir şekilde nasıl yanıt verebileceğini anlamanın önemini artırmıştır. Bu makale, endüstrinin ve hükümetlerin mevsimselliğe verdiği tepkileri incelemektedir. Özellikle, turizm literatürünün mevsimsellik sorununun yönetimine yönelik hangi tepkilere işaret ettiğini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Literatür incelemesi, turizm işletmeleri ve hükümetlerin, mevsimselliği önemli bir sorun olarak gördüğünde onunla başa çıkmak için stratejiler geliştirerek veya bunun dışında ona uyum sağlayarak yanıt verdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Literatür, turizmde mevsimsellikle mücadele için çeşitli stratejilere işaret etmektedir. Yaygın stratejiler, yoğun sezonda talebi azaltmak, yoğun sezon dışında talebi artırmak, arzı azaltmak, yoğun sezonda arzı artırmak, talep ve arzı yeniden dağıtmak, ana sezonu uzatmak, ek sezonlar oluşturmak, ürün karmasını ve pazarları çeşitlendirmek, pazarlama kampanyaları ve hedefli reklamlar uygulamak, farklılaştırılmış fiyatlandırma, kamu teşvikleri kullanmak, şehir, kültür, iş, kongre, dini, spor ve kış turizmini ve diğer alternatifleri geliştirmek, özel ilgi turizmini geliştirmek, sezon dışı iç turizmi teşvik etmek, okul ve sanayi tatillerini daha uzun bir döneme yaymak ve iki merkezli tatiller geliştirmektir.

References

  • Adler, P. A., & Adler, P. (2003). Seasonality and flexible labor in resorts: Organizations, employees, and local labor markets. Sociological Spectrum, 23(1), 59-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732170309208
  • Allcock, J. B. (1995). Seasonality. In S. F. Witt & L. Moutinho (Eds.), Tourism marketing and management handbook (pp. 92-104). Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall.
  • Amelung, B., Nicholls, S., & Viner, D. (2007). Implications of global climate change for tourism flows and seasonality. Journal of Travel Research, 45(3), 285-296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287506295937
  • Andriotis, K. (2005). Seasonality in Crete: Problem or a way of life. Tourism Economics, 11(2), 207-224. https://doi.org/10.5367/0000000054183478
  • Ashworth, J., & Thomas, B. (1999). Patterns of seasonality in employment in tourism in the UK. Applied Economics Letters, 6(11), 735-739. https://doi.org/10.1080/135048599352312
  • Ball, R. (1989). Some aspects of tourism, seasonality and local labour markets. Area, 21(1), 35-45.
  • Bar-On, R. R. (1999). The measurement of seasonality and its economic impacts. Tourism Economics, 5(4), 437-458. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/135481669900500409
  • Baum, T., & Hagen, L. (1999). Responses to seasonality: The experiences of peripheral destinations. International Journal of Tourism Research, 1(5), 299-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522- 1970(199909/10)1:5%3C299::AID-JTR198%3E3.0.CO;2-L
  • Baum, T., & Lundtorp, S. (2001). Seasonality in tourism: An introduction. In T. Baum & S. Lundtorp (Eds.), Seasonality in tourism (pp. 1-4). The Netherlands: Pergamon.
  • Bender, O., Schumacher, K. P., & Stein, D. (2005). Measuring seasonality in Central Europe’s tourism: How and for what 10th International Conference on Information & Communication Technologies (ICT) in Urban Planning and Spatial Development and Impacts of ICT on Physical Space, Wien, Austria.
  • Bigovic, M. (2011). Quantifying seasonality in tourism: A case study of Montenegro. Academica Turistica: Tourism & Innovation Journal, 4(2), 15-32.
  • Bischoff, E. E., & Koenig‐Lewis, N. (2007). VFR tourism: The importance of university students as hosts. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(6), 465-484. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.618
  • Boffa, F., & Succurro, M. (2012). The impact of search cost reduction on seasonality. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 1176-1198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.01.006
  • Butler, R. (1998). Seasonality in tourism: Issues and implications. The Tourist Review, 53(3), 18-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb058278
  • Butler, R. (2001). Seasonality in tourism: Issues and implications. In T. Baum & S. Lundtorp (Eds.), Seasonality in tourism (pp. 5-21). The Netherlands: Pergamon.
  • Calantone, R. J., & Johar, J. S. (1984). Seasonal segmentation of the tourism market using a benefit segmentation framework. Journal of Travel Research, 23(2), 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728758402300203
  • Cannas, R. (2012). An overview of Tourism Seasonality: Key concepts and policy. AlmaTourism, 3(5), 40-58. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2036-5195/3120
  • Chiriko, A. Y. (2021). How hotels suffer from and deal with the economic effects of tourism seasonality: A case study of Aksum, Ethiopia. Research in Hospitality Management, 11(2), 137-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/22243534.2021.1917751
  • Chung, J. Y. (2009). Seasonality in tourism: A review. E-review of Tourism Research, 7(5), 82-96.
  • Cisneros-Martinez, J. D., McCabe, S., & Fernández-Morales, A. (2018). The contribution of social tourism to sustainable tourism: A case study of seasonally adjusted programmes in Spain. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(1), 85-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1319844
  • Commons, J., & Page, S. (2001). Managing seasonality in peripheral tourism regions: The case of Northland, New Zealand. In T. Baum & S. Lundtorp (Eds.), Seasonality in tourism (pp. 153-172). The Netherlands: Pergamon.
  • Commons, J. S. (1999). An exploration of tourism, seasonality, and market development in Northland, New Zealand [Master's thesis, Massey University]. Albany, New Zealand.
  • Connell, J., Page, S. J., & Meyer, D. (2015). Visitor attractions and events: Responding to seasonality. Tourism Management, 46, 283-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.06.013
  • Cook, R. A., Hsu, C. H. C., & Taylor, L. L. (2018). Tourism: The business of hospitality and travel. Malaysia: Pearson.
  • Cooper, C., Fletcher, J., Gilbert, D., Fyall, A., & Wanhill, S. (2005). Tourism: Principles and practice. Milan: Pearson.
  • Corluka, G. (2019). Tourism seasonality: An overview. Journal of Business Paradigms, 4(1), 21-43.
  • Coshall, J., Charlesworth, R., & Page, S. J. (2015). Seasonality of overseas tourism demand in Scotland: A regional analysis. Regional Studies, 49(10), 1603-1620. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.859666
  • Cuccia, T., & Rizzo, I. (2011). Tourism seasonality in cultural destinations: Empirical evidence from Sicily. Tourism Management, 32, 589-595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.05.008
  • Duro, J. A. (2016). Seasonality of hotel demand in the main Spanish provinces: Measurements and decomposition exercises. Tourism Management, 52, 52-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.06.013
  • Duro, J. A., & Turrion-Prats, J. (2019). Tourism seasonality worldwide. Tourism Management Perspectives, 31, 38-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.03.010
  • Duro, J. A., & Turrion-Prats, J. (2022). Seasonality and the contribution of markets: Comparing methods. Tourism Management Perspectives, 43, 100987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2022.100987
  • Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., & Dwyer, W. (2020). Tourism economics and policy. United Kingdom: Channel View Publications.
  • Edgell, D. L., Allen, M. D., Smith, G., & Swanson, J. (2011). Tourism policy and planning: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. New York: Routledge.
  • Esteve-Perez, J., & Garcia-Sanchez, A. (2017). Characteristics and consequences of the cruise traffic seasonality on ports: The Spanish Mediterranean case. Maritime Policy & Management, 44(3), 358-372. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2017.1295326
  • Fernandez-Morales, A. (2003). Decomposing seasonal concentration. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(4), 942-956. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00090-2
  • Ferrante, M., Magno, G. L. L., & De Cantis, S. (2018). Measuring tourism seasonality across European countries. Tourism Management, 68, 220-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.03.015
  • Figini, P., & Vici, L. (2012). Off-season tourists and the cultural offer of a mass-tourism destination: The case of Rimini. Tourism Management, 33(4), 825-839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.09.005
  • Fitzpatrick Associates. (1993). All-season tourism: Analysis of experience, suitable products, and clientele. Luxembourg: Directorate-General XXIII—Tourism Unit, Commission of the European Communities.
  • Fletcher, J., Fyall, A., Gilbert, D., & Wanhill, S. (2018). Tourism: Principles and practice. Slovakia: Pearson.
  • Flognfeldt, T. (2001). Long-term positive adjustments to seasonality: Consequences of summer tourism in the Jotunheimen area, Norway. In T. Baum & S. Lundtorp (Eds.), Seasonality in tourism (pp. 109-117). The Netherlands: Pergamon.
  • Frechtling, D. C. (1996). Practical tourism forecasting. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.
  • Garau‐Vadell, J. B., & de Borja‐Sole, L. (2008). Golf in mass tourism destinations facing seasonality: A longitudinal study. Tourism Review, 63(2), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/16605370810883914
  • Getz, D., & Nilsson, P. A. (2004). Responses of family businesses to extreme seasonality in demand: The case of Bornholm, Denmark. Tourism Management, 25(1), 17-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00067-0
  • Goeldner, C. R., Brent Ritchie, J. R., & McIntosh, R. W. (2000). Tourism principles, practices, philosophies. United States of America: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Goulding, P. (2005). Seasonality: The perennial challenge for visitor attractions. In A. Fyall, B. Garrod, & A. Leask (Eds.), Managing Visitor Attractions: New directions (pp. 140-158). Oxford: Elsevier Butterworh- Heinemann.
  • Goulding, P. J., Baum, T. G., & Morrison, A. J. (2005). Seasonal trading and lifestyle motivation: Experiences of small tourism businesses in Scotland. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 5(2-4), 209-238. https://doi.org/10.1300/J162v05n02_11
  • Grossi, L., & Mussini, M. (2021). Seasonality in tourist flows: Decomposing and testing changes in seasonal concentration. Tourism Management, 84, 104289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104289
  • Halpern, N. (2012). Measurement and decomposition of seasonal demand for tourism in Norway. 11th Global Forum on Tourism Statistics, Reykjavík, Iceland.
  • Hinch, T. D., & Jackson, E. L. (2000). Leisure constraints research: Its value as a framework for understanding tourism seasonability. Current Issues in Tourism, 3(2), 87-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500008667868
  • Holloway, J. C., Humphreys, C., & Davidson, R. (2009). The business of tourism. Italy: FT Prentice Hall.
  • Hudson, S., & Cross, P. (2005). Sports destinations: Dealing with seasonality. In J. Higham (Ed.), Sport tourism destinations: Issues, opportunities, and analysis (pp. 188-204). Great Britain: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Jang, S. S. (2004). Mitigating tourism seasonality: A quantitative approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(4), 819-836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.02.007
  • Jeffrey, D., & Barden, R. R. (2001). An analysis of the nature, causes, and marketing implications of seasonality in the occupancy performance of English hotels. In T. Baum & S. Lundtorp (Eds.), Seasonality in Tourism (pp. 119-140). The Netherlands: Pergamon.
  • Jeffrey, D., & Barden, R. R. D. (2000). An analysis of daily occupancy performance: A basis for effective hotel marketing. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 12(3), 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110010320715
  • Jolliffe, L., & Farnsworth, R. (2003). Seasonality in tourism employment: Human resource challenges. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 15(6), 312-316. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110310488140
  • Karamustafa, K., & Ulama, S. (2010). Measuring the seasonality in tourism with the comparison of different methods. EuroMed Journal of Business, 5(2), 191-214. https://doi.org/10.1108/14502191011065509
  • Kastenholz, E., & Lopes de Almeida, A. (2008). Seasonality in rural tourism: The case of North Portugal. Tourism review, 63(2), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1108/16605370810883905
  • Kastenholz, E., & Lopes de Almeida, A. (2013). Analyzing seasonal differences in a destination’s tourist market: The case of Minho. 5th Advances in Tourism Marketing Conference Proceedings, Algarve, Portugal.
  • Kennedy, E., & Deegan, J. (2001). Seasonality in Irish tourism: 1973-1995. In T. Baum & S. Lundtorp (Eds.), Seasonality in Tourism (pp. 51-74). The Netherlands: Pergamon.
  • Koc, E., & Altinay, G. (2007). An analysis of seasonality in monthly per person tourist spending in Turkish inbound tourism from a market segmentation perspective. Tourism Management, 28(1), 227-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.01.003
  • Koenig-Lewis, N., & Bischoff, E. E. (2010). Developing effective strategies for tackling seasonality in the tourism industry. Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development, 7(4), 395-413. https://doi.org/10.1080/1479053X.2010.520466
  • Koenig‐Lewis, N., & Bischoff, E. E. (2005). Seasonality research: The state of the art. International Journal of Tourism Research, 7(4‐5), 201-219. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.531
  • Koenig, N. (2004). Analysing seasonal tourism demand variations in Wales. [Doctoral dissertation, Swansea University]. United Kingdom. Retrieved from http://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa43054
  • Krakover, S. (2000). Partitioning seasonal employment in the hospitality industry. Tourism Management, 21, 461-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00101-6
  • Lee-Ross, D., & Pryce, J. (2010). Human resources and tourism: Skills, culture and industry. Great Britain: Channel View Publications.
  • Lee, C., Bergin-Seers, S., Galloway, G., O'Mahony, B., & McMurray, A. (2008). Seasonality in the tourism industry: Impacts and strategies. Australia: CRC for Sustainable Tourism.
  • Lim, C., & McAleer, M. (2001). Monthly seasonal variations: Asian tourism to Australia. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(1), 68-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00002-5
  • Lim, C., & McAleer, M. (2008). Analysing seasonal changes in New Zealand's largest inbound market. Tourism Recreation Research, 33(1), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2008.11081292
  • Lopes de Almeida, A., & Kastenholz, E. (2019). Towards a theoretical model of seasonal tourist consumption behaviour. Tourism Planning & Development, 16(5), 533-555. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2018.1528564
  • Lozano, J., Rey-Maquieira, J., & Sastre, F. (2021). An integrated analysis of tourism seasonality in prices and quantities, with an application to the Spanish hotel industry. Journal of Travel Research, 60(7), 1581-1597. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520947807
  • Lundtorp, S., Rassing, C. R., & Wanhill, S. (1999). The off-season is no season: The case of the Danish island of Bornholm. Tourism Economics, 5(1), 49-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/135481669900500104
  • Lundtorp, S., Rassing, C. R., & Wanhill, S. (2001). Off-season is no season: The case of Bornholm. In T. Baum & S. Lundtorp (Eds.), Seasonality in tourism (pp. 89-108). The Netherlands: Pergamon.
  • Manning, R. E., & Powers, L. A. (1984). Peak and off-peak use: Redistributing the outdoor recreation/tourism load. Journal of Travel Research, 23(2), 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728758402300204
  • Martin, J. M. M., Aguilera, J. D. D. J., & Moreno, V. M. (2014). Impacts of seasonality on environmental sustainability in the tourism sector based on destination type: An application to Spain's Andalusia region. Tourism Economics, 20(1), 123-142. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2013.0256
  • Martinez, J. M. G., Martin, J. M. M., & Rey, M. d. S. O. (2020). An analysis of the changes in the seasonal patterns of tourist behavior during a process of economic recovery. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 161, 120280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120280
  • Mitchell, R. D., & Hall, C. M. (2003). Seasonality in New Zealand winery visitation: An issue of demand and supply. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 14(3-4), 155-173. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v14n03_09
  • Moller, C., Weiermair, K., & Wintersberger, E. (2007). The changing travel behaviour of Austria’s ageing population and its impact on tourism. Tourism Review, 62(3/4), 15-20. https://doi.org/10.1108/16605370780000316
  • Nadal, J. R., Font, A. R., & Rossello, A. S. (2004). The economic determinants of seasonal patterns. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 697-711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.02.001
  • Parrilla, J. C., Font, A. R., & Nadal, J. R. (2007). Accommodation determinants of seasonal patterns. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(2), 422-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.10.002
  • Pegg, S., Patterson, I., & Gariddo, P. V. (2012). The impact of seasonality on tourism and hospitality operations in the alpine region of New South Wales, Australia. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(3), 659-666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.09.001
  • Petrevska, B. (2013). A simple test for the presence of seasonality in tourism in Macedonia 1st International Conference Regional Economic Cooperation in the process of Globalization, Tetovo, Macedonia.
  • Radlinska, K., & Gardziejewska, B. (2022). The seasonal labor hoarding in tourist enterprises: Choice or necessity. Sustainability, 14(12), 6995. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14126995
  • Ramos, L. M., & Sol Murta, F. (2022). Tourism seasonality management strategies: What can we learn from payment data. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-12-2021-0337
  • Rodrigue, J. P., & Notteboom, T. (2012). The cruise industry: Itineraries, not destinations. Port Technology International, 54, 13-16. Retrieved from https://wpassets.porttechnology.org/wp- content/uploads/2019/05/25181950/013-016.pdf
  • Rodrigue, J. P., & Notteboom, T. (2013). The geography of cruises: Itineraries, not destinations. Applied Geography, 38, 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.11.011
  • Rossello, J., & Sanso, A. (2017). Yearly, monthly and weekly seasonality of tourism demand: A decomposition analysis. Tourism Management, 60, 379-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.12.019
  • Rowley, J., & Slack, F. (2004). Conducting a literature review Management Research News, 27(6), 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409170410784185
  • Sasser, W. E. (1976). Match supply and demand in service industries. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/1976/11/match-supply-and-demand-in-service-industries
  • Seaton, A. V. (1995). Promotional strategies. In S. F. Witt & L. Moutinho (Eds.), Tourism marketing and management handbook (pp. 376-387). Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall.
  • Senyao, S., Wei, H., & Ma, N. (2021). How off-season tourism promotion affects seasonal destinations: A multi- stakeholder perspective in Tibet. Tourism Review, 76(1), 229-240. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-04-2019-0123
  • Smith, K. (1993). The influence of weather and climate on recreation and tourism. Weather, 48(12), 398-404. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1993.tb05828.x
  • Stojcic, N., Mikulic, J., & Vizek, M. (2022). High season, low growth: The impact of tourism seasonality and vulnerability to tourism on the emergence of high-growth firms. Tourism Management, 89, 104455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104455
  • Sutcliffe, C. M. S., & Sinclair, M. T. (1980). The measurement of seasonality within the tourist industry: an application to tourist arrivals in Spain. Applied Economics, 12(4), 429-441. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036848000000004
  • Swarbrooke, J., & Horner, S. (2001). Business travel and tourism. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Turrion-Prats, J., & Duro, J. A. (2017). Tourist seasonality in Catalonia: The relevance of demand factors. Tourism Economics, 23(4), 846-853. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2016.0543
  • Turrion-Prats, J., & Duro, J. A. (2018). Tourist seasonality and the role of markets. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8, 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.11.004
  • Turrion‐Prats, J., & Duro, J. A. (2019). Seasonality determinants for the main markets in Spain. International Journal of Tourism Research, 21(4), 462-477. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2275
  • Vergori, A. S. (2017). Patterns of seasonality and tourism demand forecasting. Tourism Economics, 23(5), 1011- 1027. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816616656418
  • Wall, G., & Mathieson, A. (2006). Tourism: change, impacts, and opportunities. Harlow: Pearson.
  • Weaver, D. B., & Lawton, L. (2010). Tourism management. Australia: Wiey.
  • World Tourism Organization. (2023a). News Release. Retrieved from https://webunwto.s3.eu-west- 1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2023-05/230509-unwto-barometer-en.pdf? VersionId=qnXbkRl9aKghFCaBed_QKciTe68XKsGQ
  • World Tourism Organization. (2023b). UNWTO 2022: A Year in Review. Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/unwto-2022-a-year-review
  • Xie, J. (2020). The economic determinants of tourism seasonality: A case study of the Norwegian tourism industry. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 1732111. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1732111
  • Zvaigzne, A., Litavniece, L., & Dembovska, I. (2022). Tourism seasonality: The causes and effects. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 14(5), 421-430. https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-07-2022-0080
There are 104 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Human Geography
Journal Section REVIEW
Authors

Orhan Yabancı 0000-0001-5079-5030

Publication Date October 8, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 50

Cite

APA Yabancı, O. (2023). Managing seasonality in tourism. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education(50), 353-369. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1299610
AMA Yabancı O. Managing seasonality in tourism. IGGE. October 2023;(50):353-369. doi:10.32003/igge.1299610
Chicago Yabancı, Orhan. “Managing Seasonality in Tourism”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, no. 50 (October 2023): 353-69. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1299610.
EndNote Yabancı O (October 1, 2023) Managing seasonality in tourism. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 50 353–369.
IEEE O. Yabancı, “Managing seasonality in tourism”, IGGE, no. 50, pp. 353–369, October 2023, doi: 10.32003/igge.1299610.
ISNAD Yabancı, Orhan. “Managing Seasonality in Tourism”. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 50 (October 2023), 353-369. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1299610.
JAMA Yabancı O. Managing seasonality in tourism. IGGE. 2023;:353–369.
MLA Yabancı, Orhan. “Managing Seasonality in Tourism”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, no. 50, 2023, pp. 353-69, doi:10.32003/igge.1299610.
Vancouver Yabancı O. Managing seasonality in tourism. IGGE. 2023(50):353-69.