From unmanned conservation to biocultural protection: paradigm shifts in nature conservation in the world during the last 150 years

Year 2024, Issue: 53, 298 - 317, 25.09.2024

Yilmaz Arı

https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1492106

Abstract

Natural areas on Earth are rapidly disappearing due to environmental harm caused by humans. However, a great deal of effort has been made to protect the environment over the last 150 years. Why, how, by whom, and with what priorities nature conservation should be done has always been discussed. This study investigates the fundamental paradigms, their eras, central concepts, shortcomings, and critics that have impacted conservation efforts from their inception. The study's foundation was provided by publications from international nature conservation organizations, application manuals, guidelines, and pertinent literature. While protecting wildlife and biodiversity was the primary objective of nature conservation at the beginning, other concepts like ecosystem integrity, social justice, human rights, sustainable development, ecosystem services and global warming, and preservation of cultural heritage have gained importance since the 1970s. Old beliefs and practices were either abandoned or drastically changed when new ideas were introduced. As a result, the idea of nature conservation has evolved from stressing biodiversity and completely ignoring human life in and around protected areas to placing a strong focus on preserving nature in all its forms, both natural and cultural, leading to a biocultural paradigm.

Keywords

Paradigm shifts in nature conservation, Conservation as social science, Nature conservation, Environmental protection, Human-environment geography.

İnsansız korumadan biyokültürel korumaya: son 150 yılda dünyada doğa koruma paradigmalarının değişimi

Abstract

İnsanın doğa üzerindeki tahripleri nedeniyle yeryüzünün doğal alanları hızla azalmaktadır. Buna karşılık doğayı koruma konusunda son 150 yıldır önemli çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmalar sırasında doğa korumanın neden, nasıl, kimler tarafından ve hangi önceliklerle yapılması gerektiği hep tartışılmıştır. Bu çalışma başlangıçtan beri doğa koruma çabalarına yön veren temel paradigmaları, bunların dönemleri, temel tezleri, eksiklikleri ile bunlara getirilen eleştirileri ele almaktadır. Çalışma uluslararası doğa koruma kuruluşlarının hazırladığı raporlar, uygulama el kitapları ve rehberler ile ilgili literatüre dayanmaktadır. Doğa koruma çabaları başlangıçta sadece yabani olanı ve biyoçeşitliliği korumaya odaklanmışken, 1970’lerden itibaren ekosistem bütünlüğü, sosyal adalet, insan hakları, sürdürülebilir kalkınma, ekosistem hizmetleri ve küresel ısınma ile kültürel mirasın korunması gibi kavramlar önem kazanmıştır. Yeni kavramların devreye girmesi ile eski perspektifler ya tamamen terk edilmiş ya da bu yeni kavramlarla değişikliğe uğramıştır. Sonuçta doğa koruma anlayışı doğa koruma alanları ve yakınlarında yaşayan insanları tamamen dışlayan ve sadece biyoçeşitliliği önceleyen bir anlayıştan doğanın tüm doğal ve kültürel unsurları ile korunmasını öngören biyokültürel koruma paradigmasına doğru evrilmiştir.

Keywords

Doğa korumada paradigma değişimi, Sosyal bilim olarak doğa koruma, Doğa koruma, Çevre koruma, insan-çevre coğrafyası

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