İstanbul'da 6-15 Yaş Arası Çocuklarda Obezite Prevalansı

Abstract

Amaç: Bu araştırma, İstanbul'un bir ilçesinde 6-15 yaş arası çocuklarda obezite prevalansını ve beslenme alışkanlıklarını değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Yöntem: Bu araştırma, İstanbul'un Avcılar ilçesinde 19 ilköğretim okulunda 6-15 yaş arası 2452 öğrenci ile gerçekleştirilen kesitsel tipte bir araştırmadır. Çocukların beslenme alışkanlıkları ve besin tüketim sıklıkları hakkında yüz yüze anket uygulanmıştır. Çocukların boy uzunluğu, vücut ağırlığı, bel ve kalça çevresi ölçümleri alınmıştır. Çocuklar Z-skorlarına göre sınıflandırılmıştır. İstatistikler SPSS 21 programı kullanılarak yapılmıştır.
Bulgular: Öğrencilerin toplam %47.8'i erkek, %52.2'si kızdır. Öğrencilerin yaşlarının ortalaması 9.47±2.21, ortalama BKİ ise 18.7±3.73 kg/m2’dir. Fazla kiloluluk ve obezite prevalansı sırasıyla %20.3 ve %13.2 bulunmuştur. 9 yaşındakilerin obezite prevalansı en yüksek düzeydedir ve erkeklerde kızlara göre daha fazla obezite görülmüştür (p<0,001). Obez olan ve obez olmayan öğrenciler arasında ders çalışırken ve televizyon izlerken atıştırma ve bazı besinleri tüketme sıklığı açısından anlamlı fark bulunmuştur (p<0.05).
Sonuç: Her üç çocuktan birinin normalden fazla kilolu olduğu bulunmuştur. Ulusal ve uluslararası politikaların yanı sıra bölgesel ve yerel takipler ile gerekli önlemlerin alınması çocukluk çağı obezitesinin kontrolünde faydalı olabilir.

Keywords

• beslenme alışkanlıkları
• Çocuk
• obezite
• prevalans

Prevalence of Obesity Between 6-15 Years Children in Istanbul

Abstract

Aim: This research aims to evaluate the prevalence of obesity and nutritional habits in children aged 6-15 in a district of Istanbul.
Method: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 2452 students aged 6-15 in 19 primary schools in Avcılar district of Istanbul. A face-to-face questionnaire was applied about the children's nutrition habits and food consumption frequencies. Children's height, weight, waist and hip circumference measurements were taken. Children were categorized according to Z-scores. Statistics were made using the SPSS 21 program.
Results: A total of 47.8% of students were boys, 52.2% were girls. The mean age of the students was 9.47±2.21 years, average BMI was 18.7±3.73 kg/m2. Overweight and obesity prevalence was 20.3% and 13.2%, respectively. The obesity prevalence of 9-y-old was at the highest level, and males were more obese than females (p<0.001). A significant difference was found between obese and non-obese students in terms of snacking while studying and watching TV, and the frequency of some food consumption (p<0.05).
Conclusion: It was found that one out of every three children was overweight. In addition to national and international policies, regional and local follow-ups and taking necessary precautions may be beneficial in controlling childhood obesity.

Keywords

• Child
• obesity
• prevalence
• eating habits

Thanks

The author thanks E.Merve Kurtuluş for her opinions and Yasin Ünal for support on measuring devices. Also the author thanks the Nutrition and Dietetics students of Istanbul Gelişim University for their help in taking the questionnaires and anthropometric measurements.

References

1. World Health Organization, 2021. Obesity and Overweight. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight. Accessed date October 01, 2021.
2. Shah B, Tombeau Cost K, Fuller A, et al. Sex and gender differences in childhood obesity: Contributing to the research agenda. BMJ Nutr Prev Heal. 2020;3:387–390.
3. World Health Organization. Health, Global action plan on physical activity 2018-2030: More active people for a healthier world (2019). https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272722/9789241514187-eng.pdf
4. Kennedy Shriver E, S Kimm SY, Han JC, Lawlor DA. Childhood obesity. Lancet. 2010;375:1737–1785.
5. Alper Z, Ercan İ, Uncu Y. A meta-analysis and an evaluation of trends in obesity prevalence among children and adolescents in Turkey: 1990 through 2015. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2018;10:59–67.
6. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Hacettepe Üniversitesi. Türkiye Beslenme ve Sağlık Araştırması 2010: Beslenme Durumu ve Alışkanlıklarının Değerlendirilmesi Sonuç Raporu. Ankara, Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık Araştırmaları Genel Müdürlüğü. Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın, 2014, 931.
7. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü Avrupa Bölge Ofisi. (2017). Türkiye Çocukluk Çağı (İlkokul 2. Sınıf Öğrencileri) Şişmanlık Araştırması - COSI-TUR 2016. Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 1080, Ankara: Efe Matbaacılık.
8. İstanbul İl Milli Eğitim Müdürlüğü (2017). İstanbul İl Milli Eğitim İstatistikleri Istanbul Provincial National Education Statistics; 2016/2017. https://istanbul.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2017_04/12163411_2016-2017. Updated July 2021.

9. World Health Organization. World Health Organization. Growth Reference 5-19 years-Application tools: Anthroplus Software.
10. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. Türkiye Çocukluk Çağı (İlkokul 2. Sınıf Öğrencilerde) Şişmanlık Araştırması Sağlık Bakanlığı 2017.
11. Keane E, Kearney PM, Perry IJ, et al. Trends and prevalence of overweight and obesity in primary school aged children in the Republic of Ireland from 2002-2012: A systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):1-15.
12. Olds TS, Tomkinson GR, Ferrar KE, Maher CA. Trends in the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in Australia between 1985 and 2008. Int J Obes. 2010;34:57–66.
13. Song Y, Wang HJ, Dong B, et al. 25-year trends in gender disparity for obesity and overweight by using WHO and IOTF definitions among Chinese school-aged children: A multiple cross-sectional study. BMJ open. 2016;6(9): e011904.
14. Süzek H, Arı Z, Uyanık B. Muğla’da Yaşayan 6-15 Yaş Okul Çocuklarında Kilo Fazlalığı ve Obezite Prevalansı. Turkish J Biochem. 2005;30:290–295.
15. Inanç BB, Şahin DS, Oǧuzüncül AF, et al. Prevalence of obesity in elementary schools in Mardin, south-eastern of Turkey: A preliminary study. Balkan Med J. 2012;29:424–430.
16. Anderson PM, Butcher KF, Schanzenbach DW. Understanding recent trends in childhood obesity in the United States. Econ Hum Biol. 2019;34:16–25.
17. Agostoni C, Braegger C, Decsi T, et al. Role of dietary factors and food habits in the development of childhood obesity: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology And Nutrition. 2011;52(6):662-669.
18. Albataineh SR, Badran EF, Tayyem RF. Dietary factors and their association with childhood obesity in the Middle East: A systematic review. Nutr Health. 2019;25:53–60.
19. Kenney EL, Mozaffarian RS, Long, MW, et al. Limiting television to reduce childhood obesity: Cost-Effectiveness of five population strategies. Childhood Obesity. 2021;10:1-7.
20. Krebs NF, Jacobson MS. Prevention of Pediatric Overweight and Obesity. Pediatrics. 2003;112:424–430.
21. Gil JM, Takourabt S. Socio-economics, food habits and the prevalence of childhood obesity in Spain. Child Care Health Dev. 2017;43:250–258.
22. Aljassim H, Jradi H. Childhood overweight and obesity among the Saudi population: a case-control study among school children. J Heal Popul Nutr. 2021;40:1–9.
23. Ghobadi S, Hassanzadeh‐RostamiZ, Salehi‐Marzijarani M, et al. Association of eating while television viewing and overweight/obesity among children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies. Obesity Reviews. 2018;19(3):313-320.
24. Verduci E, Bronsky J, Embleton N, et al. Role of dietary factors, food habits, and lifestyle in childhood obesity development: A position paper from the European society for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition committee on nutrition. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2021;72(5):769-783.
25. Payab M, Kelishadi R, Qorbani M, et al. Association of junk food consumption with high blood pressure and obesity in Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-IV Study. Jornal de Pediatria. 2015;91:196-205.
26. Casarrubias-Jaimez AI, Legorreta-Soberanis J, Sánchez-Gervacio BM, et al. Body image and obesity in children from public primary schools in Acapulco, Mexico: A cross-sectional study. Boletín médico del Hospital Infantil de México. 2020;77(3):119-126.
27. Fonvig CE, Hamann SA, Nielsen TRH, et al. Subjective evaluation of psychosocial well-being in children and youths with overweight or obesity: the impact of multidisciplinary obesity treatment. Quality of Life Research. 2017;26(12):3279-3288.
28. Whiting S, Buoncristiano M, Gelius P, et al. Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Sleep Duration of Children Aged 6–9 Years in 25 Countries: An Analysis within the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) 2015–2017. Obesity facts. 2021;14(1):32-44.