Modern Çağın Ağrısı Metin Boyun Sendromu: Geleneksel Derleme

Abstract

Metin Boyun Sendromu (TNS), 21. yüzyılın sendromu olarak adlandırılan, başta çocuklar ve ergenler olmak üzere dünya çapında milyonlarca kişiyi etkileme potansiyeline sahip bir sağlık sorunudur. TNS, uzun süreli akıllı cihaz kullanımı ve boyun fleksiyonuna maruz kalmanın bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, TNS'nin mekanizmasını, değerlendirmesini ve tedavisinde kullanılan fizyoterapi ve rehabilitasyon yaklaşımlarını incelemektir. TNS'nin değerlendirilmesi ve tedavisi ile ilgili literatürde sınırlı sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. TNS' nin değerlendirilmesi, hastanın öyküsü, ağrı seviyesi, hareket açıklığı ve kas sertliği gibi bir dizi parametrenin değerlendirilmesini gerektirir. TNS tedavisi için fizyoterapi ve rehabilitasyon teknikleri, farmakolojik ajanlar, dinlenme ve hasta eğitimi dahil olmak üzere çeşitli konservatif tedavi yaklaşımları kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmaların sonuçları, boyun stabilizasyonu, düşük yoğunluklu endurans egzersizi, servikal hareket açıklığı egzersizleri, postür odaklı egzersizler ve germe teknikleri dahil olmak üzere fizyoterapi ve rehabilitasyon yaklaşımlarının TNS semptomlarını azaltmada etkili olduğunu göstermektedir. TNS'nin optimal tedavisini belirlemek için daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır.

Keywords

• Metin boyun sendromu
• ileri baş postürü
• boyun ağrısı
• postür
• fizyoterapi
• akıllı telefon kullanımı

Pain of Modern Age Text Neck Syndrome: A Traditional Review

Abstract

Text Neck Syndrome (TNS), referred to as the syndrome of the 21st century, is a health problem which has the potential to affect millions globally, particularly children and adolescents. TNS occurs as a result of exposure to neck flexion with prolonged use of smart devices. This review aims to examine the mechanism, assessment and physiotherapy, and rehabilitation approaches used in the treatment of TNS. There are a limited number of studies in the literature regarding the evaluation and treatment of TNS. The evaluation of TNS requires the assessment of several parameters, including the patient's history, pain level, range of motion, and muscle stiffness. A variety of conservative treatment approaches are used for TNS treatment, including physiotherapy, rehabilitation techniques, pharmacological intervention, rest, and patient education. The findings of the studies indicate that physiotherapy and rehabilitation approaches, including neck stabilization, low-load endurance, cervical range of motion, posture-oriented exercises, and stretching techniques, are effective in reducing TNS symptoms. Further studies are needed to establish the optimal treatment of TNS.

Keywords

• Text neck syndrome
• forward head posture
• neck pain
• posture
• physiotherapy
• smartphone use

References

1. 1. Kazeminasab S, Nejadghaderi SA, Amiri P, et al. Neck pain: Global epidemiology, trends and risk factors. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022;23(1):26. doi: 10.1186/s12891-021-04957-4.
2. 2. Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013. The Lancet. 2015;386(9995):743-800. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4.
3. 3. Dieleman JL, Cao J, Chapin A, et al. US health care spending by payer and health condition. 1996-2016. JAMA. 2020;323(9):863. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.0734.
4. 4. Hoy DG, Protani M, De R, Buchbinder R. The epidemiology of neck pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24(6):783-792. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2011.01.019.
5. 5. David D, Giannini C, Chiarelli F, Mohn A. Text Neck Syndrome in children and adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1565. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18041565.
6. 6. Singh S, Kaushal K, Jasrotia S. Prevalence of forward head posture and its impact on the activity of daily living among students of Adesh University – A cross-sectional study. Adesh University Journal of Medical Sciences & Research. 2020;2:99. doi: 10.25259/AUJMSR_18_2020.
7. 7. Moretti A, Menna F, Aulicino M, et al. Characterization of home working population during COVID-19 emergency: A cross-sectional analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(17):6284. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176284.
8. 8. Sunil N, Ifthikar A, Mathew A. Text neck syndrome - systematic review. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. 2017;3(7):141-148.

9. 9. Hestbaek L, Leboeuf-Yde C, Kyvik KO, Manniche C. The course of low back pain from adolescence to adulthood. Spine. 2006;31(4):468-472. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000199958.04073.d9.
10. 10. Hansraj KK. Assessment of stresses in the cervical spine caused by posture and position of the head. Surg Technol Int. 2014;25:277-279.
11. 11. Kumari S, Kumar R, Sharma D. Text Neck Syndrome: The pain of modern era. Int J Health Sci Res. 2021;11(11):161-165. doi: 10.52403/ijhsr.20211121.
12. 12. Vate-U-Lan P. Text neck epidemic: A growing problem for smart phone users in Thailand. International Journal of the Computer, the Internet and Management. 2015;23(3):27-32.
13. 13. Barrett JM, McKinnon C, Callaghan JP. Cervical spine joint loading with neck flexion. Ergonomics. 2020;63(1):101-108. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1677944.
14. 14. Fishman D. Text Neck: A Global Epidemic. The Text Neck Institute. https://www.text-neck.com/. Published 2015. Accessed date: 09.08.2024
15. 15. Lee KJ, Han HY, Cheon SH, et al. The effect of forward head posture on muscle activity during neck protraction and retraction. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(3):977-979. doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.977.
16. 16. Tsantili AR, Chrysikos D, Troupis T. Text neck syndrome: Disentangling a new epidemic. Acta Med Acad. 2022;51(2):123-127. doi: 10.5644/ama2006-124.380.
17. 17. Lee JH. Effects of forward head posture on static and dynamic balance control. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28(1):274-277. doi: 10.1589/jpts.28.274.
18. 18. Hwang KH, Yoo YS, Cho OH. Smartphone overuse and upper extremity pain, anxiety, depression, and interpersonal relationships among college students. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association. 2012;12(10):365-375. doi: 10.5392/JKCA.2012.12.10.365.
19. 19. Kokiwar PR, Shruthi C, Vaishnavi I, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of text neck syndrome among medical students. MRIMS Journal of Health Sciences. 2020;1:10-13.
20. 20. Al-Hadidi F, Bsisu I, Al Ryalat SA, et al. Association between mobile phone use and neck pain in university students: A cross-sectional study using numeric rating scale for evaluation of neck pain. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):e0217231. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217231.
21. 21. Lamberg EM, Muratori LM. Cell phones change the way we walk. Gait Posture. 2012;35(4):688-690. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.12.005.
22. 22. Gustafsson E, Johnson PW, Hagberg M. Thumb postures and physical loads during mobile phone use – A comparison of young adults with and without musculoskeletal symptoms. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2010;20(1):127-135. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.11.010.
23. 23. Gustafsson E, Johnson PW, Lindegård A, Hagberg M. Technique, muscle activity and kinematic differences in young adults texting on mobile phones. Ergonomics. 2011;54(5):477-487. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2011.568634.
24. 24. Briggs AM, Smith AJ, Straker LM, Bragge P. Thoracic spine pain in the general population: Prevalence, incidence and associated factors in children, adolescents and adults: A systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2009;10(1):77. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-10-77.
25. 25. Edmondston S, Björnsdóttir G, Pálsson T, et al. Endurance and fatigue characteristics of the neck flexor and extensor muscles during isometric tests in patients with postural neck pain. Man Ther. 2011;16(4):332-338. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2010.12.005.
26. 26. Torsheim T, Eriksson L, Schnohr CW, et al. Screen-based activities and physical complaints among adolescents from the Nordic countries. BMC Public Health. 2010;10(1):324. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-324.
27. 27. Saarni L, Nygård C, Rimpelä A, et al. The working postures among schoolchildren a controlled intervention study on the effects of newly designed workstations. Journal of School Health. 2007;77(5):240-247. doi: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2007.00199.x.
28. 28. Xie Y, Szeto G, Dai J. Prevalence and risk factors associated with musculoskeletal complaints among users of mobile handheld devices: A systematic review. Appl Ergon. 2017;59:132-142. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2016.08.020.
29. 29. Cruz I. Potential Negative Effects Toward Health and Well-Being in Relation to Smart Device Use. Posters. Book 18. Published online 2014. http://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/stdt_rsch_day_2013/18. Accessed date: 08.08.2024
30. 30. Turgay T, Yılbaş B. Üniversite öğrencilerinde akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ile kas-iskelet sistemi ağrısı, depresyon ve uyku kalitesi arasındaki ilişki. Bağımlılık Dergisi. 2022;23(2):153-161. doi: 10.51982/bagimli.992606.
31. 31. Loh K, Redd S. Understanding and preventing computer vision syndrome. Malays Fam Physician. 2008;3(3):128-130.
32. 32. Fares J, Fares M, Fares Y. Musculoskeletal neck pain in children and adolescents: Risk factors and complications. Surg Neurol Int. 2017;8(1):72. doi: 10.4103/sni.sni_445_16.
33. 33. Hossmann KA, Hermann DM. Effects of electromagnetic radiation of mobile phones on the central nervous system. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;24(1):49-62. doi: 10.1002/bem.10068.
34. 34. Emre M, Cetiner S, Zencir S, et al. Oxidative stress and apoptosis in relation to exposure to magnetic field. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2011;59(2):71-77.
35. 35. DeWitt D. How Does Text Neck Cause Pain? Spine- Healthy. https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/neck-pain/how-does-text-neck-cause-pain. Published date: October 2018. Accessed date: October 26, 2019.
36. 36. Özünlü Pekyavaş N, Bastug Yuruk O, Saygılı F. Artan mobil teknoloji kullanımının yol açtığı ağrı sendromu: “Text Neck.” Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020;4(3):251-257. doi: 10.46237/amusbfd.713569.
37. 37. Cuéllar JM, Lanman TH. “Text neck”: An epidemic of the modern era of cell phones? The Spine Journal. 2017;17(6):901-902. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.03.009.
38. 38. Vijayakumar M, Mujumdar S, Dehadrai A. Assessment of co-morbid factors associated with text-neck syndrome among mobile phone users. Int J Sci Res Sci Technol. 2018;4(9):38-46.
39. 39. Sarraf F, Abbasi S, Varmazyar S. Self-management exercises intervention on text neck syndrome among university students using smartphones. Pain Management Nursing. 2023;24(6):595-602. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2023.04.005.
40. 40. Damasceno GM, Ferreira AS, Nogueira LAC, et al. Text neck and neck pain in 18–21-year-old young adults. European Spine Journal. 2018;27(6):1249-1254.
41. 41. Shah J, Soni K. Effectiveness of pilates along with conventional exercise program and conventional exercise program alone in subjects with Text Neck Syndrome. International Journal of Science and Research. 2021;10(3);1322-1326.
42. 42. Nathani HR, Phansopkar P. Effectiveness of tailor-made physiotherapy protocol in smartphone-addicted individuals with Text Neck Syndrome and Short Message Service (SMS) Thumb. Cureus. 2024;16(4). doi: 10.7759/cureus.57453.
43. 43. Bharal S, Rizvi MR, Alajam RA, et al. Effectiveness of neck stabilization and contrology training in comparison to conventional therapy amongst individuals with text neck syndrome. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023;27(18):8340-8349.
44. 44. Farooq M, Bashir MS, Arif A, et al. Effects of elongation longitudinaux avec decoaption osteo-articulaire and post-facilitation stretching technique on pain and functional disability in mobile users with text neck syndrome during COVID-19 pandemic: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine. 2023;102(12):e33073. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000033073.
45. 45. Fares J, Saadeddin Z, Al Tabosh H, et al. Extracurricular activities associated with stress and burnout in preclinical medical students. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2015;6(3):177.
46. 46. Fares J, Fares Y. The role of yoga in relieving medical student anxiety and stress. N Am J Med Sci. 2016;8(4):202. doi: 10.4103/1947-2714.179963.
47. 47. Fares J, Al Tabosh H, Saadeddin Z, et al. Stress, burnout and coping strategies in preclinical medical students. N Am J Med Sci. 2016;8(2):75. doi: 10.4103/1947-2714.177299.
48. 48. Bozzola E, Spina G, Ruggiero M, et al. Media devices in pre-school children: The recommendations of the Italian pediatric society. Ital J Pediatr. 2018;44(1):69.
49. 49. Strasburger VC, Hogan MJ, Mulligan DA, et al. Children, adolescents, and the media. Pediatrics. 2013;132(5):958-961. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2656.
50. 50. Toh SH, Coenen P, Howie EK, Straker LM. The associations of mobile touch screen device use with musculoskeletal symptoms and exposures: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0181220. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181220.