Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme Yöntemi ile Beyinde Yaşa Bağlı Hacim Değişikliklerinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Amaç: Normal beyin yaşlanmasına yaşa bağlı bilişsel kayıp eşlik eder. Beyinde yaşlanmaya bağlı değişimlerin tespiti sağlıklı yaşlanma sürecini anlamakta yardımcı olacaktır.  Amacımız beyinde yaşa bağlı hacim değişikliklerinin incelenmesiyle yaşlılıkta beyinde görülen patolojik değişimleri tespit ederek bu hacim değişikliklerinin cinsiyet ile ilişkili olarak farklılık gösterip göstermediğini tespit etmektir.

Yöntem: Çalışma, yaşları 20-80 arasında değişen, 13 erkek ve 16 kadın bireyden oluşan toplam 29 kişilik bir grubun manyetik rezonans (MR) görüntüleri ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. MR görüntülerinde sağ ve sol serebral yarıkürelerin, sağ ve sol frontal ve temporal lobların hacimleri Cavlieri yöntemi ile ölçülmüştür.

Bulgular: Volümlerdeki bu azalma oranının erkeklerde kadınlardan daha fazla olduğu saptandı. Erkeklerde sağ serebral yarıkürelerin volümü, sağ ve sol frontal ve temporal lobların hacimlerinde sol tarafta göre daha çok atrofi olduğu, kadınlarda ise sağ frontal lob hacminin, sol frontal lob hacminden daha çok azaldığı görüldü.

Sonuç: Sonuç olarak yaşlanma ile beyin volümünde her iki cinsde erkeklerde daha fazla olmak üzere azalma saptandı. Erkeklerde volüm kaybının daha fazla olmasında gonodal hormonların etkisi olabileceği düşünüldü.

Keywords

• Yaşlanma,beyin,MRG

Examination of Age Related Volume Changes in Brain by Magnetic Resonance Imaging Method

Abstract

Aim: Normal brain aging is accompanied by cognitive decline. Determination of age-related changes in the brain helps in understanding the healthy aging process. Our aim was to examine the volume changes occurring due to advanced age by investigating the age-related changes in brain during normal aging process.

Method: This study was carried out on the magnetic resonance (MR) images of 29 healthy subjects consisting of 13 males and 16 females between the ages of 20 to 80. Volumes of right and left cerebral hemispheres, right and left frontal lobes, and right and left temporal lobes were measured by Cavalieri sections method on MR images.

Findings: A significant age-related decline in the volumes of all investigated regions (p<0.05) was observed. The decline in volume is higher in males in comparison to females. Additionally, it has been observed that in male subjects, the volume of right hemisphere, right frontal lobe and right temporal lobe showed more signs of atrophy than left side; whereas in females, the volume of right frontal lobe showed a more prominent decline than its left frontal lobe.

Conclusion: An age-related decline in brain volume has been detected for both sexes; however male subjects suffered a more prominent decline than females. We believe that the reason behind this more significant decline might be the effect of gonodal hormones.

Keywords

• Aging,brain,MRI

References

1. Strehler B. Genetic instability as the primary cause of human aging. Experimental Gerontology. 1986;21(4-5):283-319.
2. Yu BP, Yang R. Critical evaluation of free radical theory of aging: A proposal for the oxidative stress hypothesis. Annals of New York Academy of Selence. 1996; 786:1-11.
3. Arking R. Biology of Aging: Observations and Principles. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hail;1991.
4. Arbuckle TY, Gold DP, Andres D, Schwartzman A, Chaikelson J. The role of psychosocial context, age and intelligence in memory performance of older men. Psychology of Aging. 1992;7(1):25-36.
5. McMenemey W, The Dementias and Progressive Diseases of the Basal Ganglia. In: Blackwood W, Greenfield JG, eds. Greenfield's Neuropathology. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Maryland: Williams and Wilkins Co; 1963: 520-580.
6. Dekaban AS, Sadowsky BSD. Changes in brain weights during the life span of human life: relation of brain weights to body heights and body weights. Annals of Neurology. 1978;4(4):345-356.doi: 10.1002/ana.410040410.
7. Ho KC, Roessmann U, Straumfjord JV, Monroe G. Analysis of brain weight. I. Adult brain weight in relation to sex, race and age. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. 1980;104(12):635-639.
8. Gomori JM, Steiner I, Melamed E, Cooper G. The assessment of changes in brain volume using combined linear measurements. A CT-scan study. Neuroradiology. 1984;26(1):21-24.

9. Double KL, Halliday GM, Kril JJ, et al. Topography of brain atrophy during normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging. 1996;17(4):513-521.
10. Hubbard BM, Anderson JM. A quantitative study of cerebral atrophy in old age and senile dementia. Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1981;50(1):135-145.
11. Creasey H, Rapoport SI. The aging human brain. Annals of Neurology. 1985;17(1):2-10.
12. Bird JM, Levy R, Jacoby RJ. Computed tomography in the elderly: changes over time in a normal population. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1986;148:80-85.
13. Murphy D, DeCarli C, Schapiro M, Rapoport S, Horwitz B. Age related differences in volumes of subcortical nuclei, brain matter and cerebrospinal fluid in healthy men as measured with magnetic resonance imaging. Archives of Neurology. 1992;49(8):839-845. doi:10.1001/archneur.1992.00530320063013.
14. Brody H. Organization of the cerebral cortex. III. A study of aging in the human cerebral cortex. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 1955;102:511-556. doi:10.1002/cne.901020206.
15. Brody H, Vijayashankar N. Anatomical changes in the nervous system. In: Finch G, Hayflick L, eds. The Handbook of the Biology of Aging. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1977.
16. Haug H, Barmwater U, Eggers R, Fischer D, Kuhl S, Sass N. Anatomical changes in the aging brain: Morphometric analysis of the human prosencephalon. In: Cervos-Navarro J, Sarkander H, eds. Neuropharmacology. New York: Raven Press; 1983.
17. Pakkenberg B, Gundersen HJ. Neocortical neuron number in humans: effect of sex and age. The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 1997;384(2):312-320.
18. Coffey CE, Wilkinson WE, Parashos IA, et al. Quantitative cerebral anatomy of the aging human brain: a cross-sectional study using magnetic resonance imaging. Neurology. 1992;42:527-536.
19. Schaie K, Labouvie G, Beuch B. Generational and cohort-specific differences in adult cognitive functioning: A fourteen year study of independent samples. Developmental Psychology. 1973;9(2):151-166. doi: 10.1037/h0035093.
20. Gur RC, Mozley PD, Resnick SM, et al. Gender differences in age effect on brain atrophy measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Selence USA. 1991;88(7):2845-2849.
21. Blatter DD, Bigler ED, Gale SD, et al. Quantitative volumetric analysis of brain MR: normative database spanning 5 decades of life. American Journal of Neuroradiography. 1995;16(2):241-251.
22. Raz N, Gunning FM, Head D, et al. Selective aging of the human cerebral cortex observed in vivo: differential vulnerability of the prefrontal gray matter. Cerebral Cortex. 1997;7(3):268-282.
23. Miller AK, Alston RL, Corsellis JA. Variation with age in the volumes of grey and vvhite matter in the cerebral hemispheres of man: measurements with an image analyser. Neuropathalogy and Applied Neurobiology. 1980;6(2):119-132.
24. Coffey CE, Lucke JF, Saxton JA, et al. Sex differences in brain aging: a guantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of Neurology. 1998;55(2):169-179.
25. Cowell PE, Turetsky BI, Gur RC, Grossman RI, Shtasel DL, Gur RE. Sex differences in aging of the human frontal and temporal lobes. The Journal of Neuroscience. 1994;14(8):4748-4755.
26. DeCarli C, Murphy DG, Gillette JA, et al. Lack of age related differences in temporal lobe volume of very healthy adults. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1994;15(4):689-696.
27. Xu J, Kobayashl S, Yamaguchi S, Lijima K, Okada K, Yamashita K. Gender effect on age-related changes in brain structure. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2000;21(1):112-118.
28. Bhatia S, Bookheimer SY, Galllard WD, Theodore WH. Measurement of whole temporal lobe and hippocampus for MR volumetry: Normative data. Neurology. 1993;43(10):2006-2010.
29. Pfefferbaum A, Mathalon DH, Sulllvan EV, Rawles JM, Zipursky RB, Lim KO. A quantltatlve magnetic resonance imaging study of changes in brain morphology from Infancy to late adulthood. Archives of Neurology. 1994;51(9):874-887.
30. Bartzokis G, Mintz J, Marx P, et al. Reliabillty of in vivo volume measures of hippocampus and other brain structures using MRI. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 1993;11(7):993-1006.