Acute Effect of Unilateral Muscle Training Supported with Visual Feedback on Contralateral Muscle Strength and Joint Position Sense

Year 2022, Issue: 18, 963 - 974, 31.12.2022

Hilal Denizoğlu Külli Kubra Alpay Elif Durgut Ayşenur Temizel

https://doi.org/10.38079/igusabder.1131359

Abstract

Aim: Unilateral exercise training is an effective and useful technique, especially in immobilization and neurological conditions, but the effect of unilateral muscle exercise training on muscle strength is modest. Therefore, the aim of this study is to detect the acute concomitant effect of mirror therapy and unilateral exercise training on muscle strength and joint position sense in healthy adults.

Method: Thirty-one participants were randomly enrolled in two groups the mirror (n=16) and control groups (n=15). Hand grip (HG), pinch grip (PG) strengths, and joint position sense (JPS) of the wrist were assessed in both hands before and after a single exercise session which include 300 repetitive ball squeezing exercises by right (exercised) hand for all groups. The participants in the mirror group were asked to watch the mirror to see the reflection of their exercised hands, the control group only watched their exercised and unexercised hands without any visual feedback support during the exercise session. Repeated Measure ANOVA and Mixed ANOVA tests were performed to analyze in- and between-group differences.

Results: The statistically significant differences were determined in unexercised hand HG and PG strength in the mirror group (F=10,105; p=0,006, ηp2=0,403; F=5,341; p=0,035; ηp2=0,263, respectively). However, any group×time interaction was found in JPS, HG, or PG tests (p<0;05). Additionally, no difference was shown in JPS in-group comparisons (p<0;05).

Conclusion: The result of the study suggested that unilateral exercise training should apply concomitant with visual feedback. Further studies are needed to compare the effect of different sensory feedbacks on unilateral exercise training.

Keywords

Exercise, muscle strength, feedback, Egzersiz, kas kuvveti, geribildirim

Görsel Geri Bildirim Destekli Tek Taraflı Kuvvet Eğitiminin Kontralateral Kuvvet ve Eklem Pozisyon Hissine Etkisi

Abstract

Amaç: Tek taraflı egzersiz eğitimi, immobilizasyon ve nörolojik durumlarda faydalı ve etkin bir yöntemdir. Ancak, unilateral egzersiz eğitiminin kas kuvveti üzerine etkisi azdır. Bu sebeple, çalışmanın amacı sağlıklı kişilerde ayna tedavisi ile birlikte uygulanan tek taraflı egzersiz eğitiminin kas kuvveti ve eklem pozisyon hissi üzerine etkisini belirlemektir.

Yöntem: Otuz bir katılımcı rastgele yöntemle ayna ve kontrol grubuna dahil edildi. Her iki elde, el kavrama (EK), çimdik kavrama (ÇK) kuvvetleri ve el bileğinin eklem pozisyon hissi (EPH) bir seanslık egzersiz eğitimi öncesi ve sonrasında değerlendirildi. Tüm gruplar için tek seanslık egzersiz eğitimi sağ elle yapılan 300 tekrarlı top sıkma egzersizini içeriyordu. Ayna grubundaki katılımcılardan egzersiz sırasında egzersiz yapan ellerinin aynadaki görüntüsünü izlemeleri istenirken, kontrol grubu egzersiz yapan ve yapmayan ellerini herhangi bir görsel geribildirim desteği olmadan izlediler. Repeated Measure Anova ve Mixed Anova testleri grup içi ve gruplar arası farklılıkların analizi için kullanıldı.

Bulgular: Ayna grubunun egzersiz yapmayan elinin EK ve ÇK kuvvetlerinde istatistiksel olarak değişiklik saptandı (sırasıyla F=10,105; p=0,006, ηp2=0,403; F=5,341; p=0,035; ηp2=0,263). Ancak, EPH, EK ve ÇK’da grup×zaman interaksiyonu bulunmadı (p>0,05). Ek olarak, EPH grup içi karşılaştırmalarda herhangi bir farklılık göstermedi (p<0,05).

Sonuç: Çalışmanın sonuçları, tek taraflı egzersiz eğitiminin görsel geri bildirimle birlikte uygulanmasını tavsiye etmektedir. Farklı duyusal geri bildirimlerin tek taraflı egzersiz eğitimi üzerindeki etkilerini karşılaştırmak için ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Keywords

Egzersiz, kas kuvveti, geribildirim

References

• Adamson M, Macquaide N, Helgerud J, Hoff J, Kemi OJ. Unilateral arm strength training improves contralateral peak force and rate of force development. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2008;103(5):553-559.
• Dragert K, Zehr EP. Bilateral neuromuscular plasticity from unilateral training of the ankle dorsiflexors. Experimental Brain Research. 2011;208(2):217-227.
• Kofotolis ND, Kellis E. Cross-training effects of a proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation exercise programme on knee musculature. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2007;8(3):109-116.
• Carroll TJ, Herbert RD, Munn J, Lee M, Gandevia SC. Contralateral effects of unilateral strength training: Evidence and possible mechanisms. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2006;101(5):1514-1522.
• Panzer S, Schinowski D, Kohle D. Cross-Education and contralateral irradiation. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2011;27:66-79.
• Munn J, Herbert RD, Gandevia SC. Contralateral effects of unilateral resistance training: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2004;96(5):1861-1866.
• Cattagni T, Lepers R, Maffiuletti NA. Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on contralateral quadriceps function. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2018;38:111-118.
• Veldman M, Zijdewind I, Solnik S, et al. Direct and crossed effects of somatosensory electrical stimulation on motor learning and neuronal plasticity in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2015;115(12):2505-2519.
• Veldman MP, Maurits NM, Zijdewind I, et al. Somatosensory electrical stimulation improves skill acquisition, consolidation, and transfer by increasing sensorimotor activity and connectivity. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2018;120(1):281-290.
• Carson RG, Ruddy KL. Vision modulates corticospinal suppression in a functionally specific manner during movement of the opposite limb. Journal of Neuroscience. 2012;32(2):646-652.
• Zult T, Goodall S, Thomas K, Solnik S, Hortobagyi T, Howatson G. Mirror training augments the cross-education of strength and affects inhibitory paths. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2016;48(6):1001-1013.
• Howatson G, Zult T, Farthing JP, Zijdewind I, Hortobagyi T. Mirror training to augment cross-education during resistance training: A hypothesis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2013;7:396.
• Najiha A, Alagesan J, Rathod VJ, Paranthaman P. Mirror therapy: A review of evidences. International Journal of Physiotherapy Research. 2015;3(3):1086-1090.
• Crossman A, Neary D. Neuroanatomy: An Illustrated Colour Text. 5th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2015.
• Chen Y, Wang P, Bai Y, Wang Y. Effects of mirror training on motor performance in healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine. 2019;5(1):e000590.
• Farthing JP, Chilibeck PD, Binsted G. Cross-education of arm muscular strength is unidirectional in right-handed individuals. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2005;37(9):1594-1600.
• Hortobágyi T, Richardson SP, Lomarev M, et al. Interhemispheric plasticity in humans. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2011;43(7):1188.
• Farthing JP, Krentz JR, Magnus CR, et al. Changes in functional magnetic resonance imaging cortical activation with cross education to an immobilized limb. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(8):1394-1405.
• MacDermid J, Solomon G, Valdes K. Clinical Assessment Recommendations. American Society of Hand Therapists; 2015.
• Dankel SJ, Kang M, Abe T, Loenneke JP. Resistance training induced changes in strength and specific force at the fiber and whole muscle level: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2019;119(1):265-278.
• Paillard T. Cross-education related to the ipsilateral limb activity on monopedal postural control of the contralateral limb: A review. Frontiers in Physiology. 2020;11:496.
• Coffey VG, Hawley JA. The molecular bases of training adaptation. Sports Medicine. 2007;37(9):737-763.
• Andrushko JW, Gould LA, Farthing JP. Contralateral effects of unilateral training: Sparing of muscle strength and size after immobilization. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2018;43(11):1131-1139.
• Frazer AK, Pearce AJ, Howatson G, Thomas K, Goodall S, Kidgell DJ. Determining the potential sites of neural adaptation to cross-education: Implications for the cross-education of muscle strength. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2018;118(9):1751-1772.
• Manca A, Dragone D, Dvir Z, Deriu F. Cross-education of muscular strength following unilateral resistance training: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2017;117(11):2335-2354.
• Hortobagyi T, Taylor JL, Petersen NT, Russell G, Gandevia SC. Changes in segmental and motor cortical output with contralateral muscle contractions and altered sensory inputs in humans. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2003;90(4):2451-2459.
• Zult T, Goodall S, Thomas K, Hortobagyi T, Howatson G. Mirror illusion reduces motor cortical inhibition in the ipsilateral primary motor cortex during forceful unilateral muscle contractions. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2015;113(7):2262-2270.
• Hendy AM, Kidgell DJ. Anodal-tDCS applied during unilateral strength training increases strength and corticospinal excitability in the untrained homologous muscle. Experimental Brain Research. 2014;232(10):3243-3252.
• Denizoglu Kulli H, Karabulut D, Saka T, Akan A, Arslan YZ. Force irradiation effect of kinesiotaping on contralateral muscle activation. Human Movement Science. 2019;66:310-317.
• Veldman MP, Zijdewind I, Solnik S, et al. Direct and crossed effects of somatosensory electrical stimulation on motor learning and neuronal plasticity in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2015;115(12):2505-2519.
• Reuter-Lorenz PA, Stanczak LJDn. Differential effects of aging on the functions of the corpus callosum. Dev Neuropsychol. 2000;18(1):113-137.
• Pi YL, Wu XH, Wang FJ, et al. Motor skill learning induces brain network plasticity: A diffusion-tensor imaging study. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0210015.
• Seidler RD, Bernard JA, Burutolu TB, et al. Motor control and aging: Links to age-related brain structural, functional, and biochemical effects. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2010;34(5):721-733.
• Wang J, Fritzsch C, Bernarding J, et al. A comparison of neural mechanisms in mirror therapy and movement observation therapy. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2013;45(4):410-413.
• Yarossi M, Manuweera T, Adamovich SV, Tunik E. The effects of mirror feedback during target directed Movements on Ipsilateral Corticospinal Excitability. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2017;11:242.
• Hendy AM, Spittle M, Kidgell DJ. Cross education and immobilisation: Mechanisms and implications for injury rehabilitation. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2012;15(2):94-101.
• Abreu R, Lopes AA, Sousa AS, Pereira S, Castro MP. Force irradiation effects during upper limb diagonal exercises on contralateral muscle activation. Journal of Electromyography And Kinesiology: Official Journal of The International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology. 2015;25(2):292-297.
• El-Gohary TM, Khaled OA, Ibrahim SR, Alshenqiti AM, Ibrahim MIJJoPTS. Effect of proprioception cross training on repositioning accuracy and balance among healthy individuals. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2016;28(11):3178-3182.
• Valdes O, Ramirez C, Perez F, Garcia-Vicencio S, Nosaka K, Penailillo L. Contralateral effects of eccentric resistance training on immobilized arm. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2021;31(1):76-90.
• Nuzzo JL, Barry BK, Gandevia SC, Taylor JL. Acute Strength Training Increases Responses to Stimulation of Corticospinal Axons. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2016;48(1):139-150.
• Aboodarda SJ, George J, Mokhtar AH, Thompson M. Muscle strength and damage following two modes of variable resistance training. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 2011;10(4):635-642.