Düşük veya Yüksek Karbonhidratlı Diyetlerin Beyin, Beyin-Bağırsak Aksı ve Bilişsel İşlevler Üzerine Etkisi

Year 2022, Issue: 18, 1070 - 1083, 31.12.2022

Ezgi Ertal Volkan Özkaya

https://doi.org/10.38079/igusabder.1140592

Abstract

İntestinal mikrobiyota sağlığın korunmasında anahtar bir rol oynamaktadır. Mikrobiyota üzerine önemli etkileri olan beslenme, beyin-bağırsak aksındaki bozuklukları hafifletmek, nöroinflamasyonu ve bilişsel bozulmayı iyileştirmek için büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bağırsak bakterileri, diyetle alınan besin ögelerini kullanarak çeşitli metabolitleri (örn., kısa zincirli yağ asitleri, amino asitler, vitaminler) üretebilme yeteneğine sahiptir. Üretilen bu metabolitler, periferik sinir sistemi, enteroendokrin hücreler ve merkezi sinir sistemine sinyal gönderen immün hücreler aracılığıyla beyin fonksiyonlarını ve bilişsel davranış değişikliğini etkilemektedir. Karbonhidratlar, çoğu durumda intestinal mikrobiyota tarafından substrat olarak kullanılmakta ve fermente edilmektedir. Karbonhidratların bu etkileri kimyasal yapılarına, sindirilmeden kolona ulaşıp ulaşamamalarına ve konağın karbonhidratı enerji kaynağı olarak kullanabilme yeteneğine bağlıdır. Karbonhidratın türü ve miktarı mikrobiyota, beyin bağırsak aksı ve bilişsel işlevlerdeki etkiyi belirleyen ana faktörlerden biridir. Bu derlemede, düşük veya yüksek karbonhidrat içeren diyetlerin beyin-bağırsak aksı ve bilişsel fonksiyonlara olan etkilerinin güncel literatür verileri ışığında değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

Diyet, karbonhidrat, bilişsel disfonksiyon, gastrointestinal mikrobiom, diyet posası

Effect of Low- or High-Carbohydrate Diets on Brain, Brain-Gut Axis, and Cognitive Functions

Abstract

The intestinal microbiota plays a key role in maintaining health. Nutrition is of great importance for alleviating disorders in the gut-brain axis, improving neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Intestinal bacteria have the ability to produce various metabolites (eg, short-chain fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins) using dietary nutrients. These metabolites produced affect brain functions and cognitive behavior through the peripheral nervous system, enteroendocrine cells and immune cells that send signals to the central nervous system. Carbohydrates are, in most cases, used as substrate and fermented by the intestinal microbiota. These effects of carbohydrates depend on their chemical structure, whether they can reach the colon without digested, and the host's ability to use carbohydrates as an energy source. The type and amount of carbohydrate is one of the main factors determining the effect on microbiota, brain-gut axis and cognitive functions. The aim of this review is to evaluate the effects of low or high carbohydrate diets on gut-brain axis and cognitive functions in the light of current literature.

Keywords

Diet, carbohydrates, cognitive dysfunction, gastrointestinal microbiome, dietary fiber, Diyet, karbonhidrat, bilişsel disfonksiyon, gastrointestinal mikrobiom, diyet posası

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