Ekonomik Kalkınma Göstergelerinin Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği Üzerindeki Etkileri: Yüksek Gelirli Ülkelerden Kanıtlar

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, yüksek gelirli ülkelerden elde edilen verileri kullanarak ekonomik kalkınma göstergelerinin toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmaktır. Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği, eğitim, siyaset, sosyoekonomik gelişmeler, kültürel yapılar ve çeşitli sektörlerde kadınların yoğunlaşması gibi birçok karmaşık boyutu kapsar. Bu araştırmada, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği ekonomik büyüme, eğitim, siyasi katılım ve yaşam beklentisi gibi farklı boyutlarda ele alınmaktadır.
Yöntem: Bu amaçla, bu çalışmada cinsiyet eşitsizliği endeksi, kişi başına düşen GSYİH, kadınların doğumda beklenen yaşam süresi, ulusal parlamentolarda kadınların sahip olduğu koltuk oranı ve kadınlar için beklenen eğitim süresi verileri kullanılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, 2005-2021 yılları arasında, dinamik panel veri yöntemi kullanılarak, cinsiyet eşitsizliği ile kadınların parlamentoya katılımı, eğitim oranı, doğumda beklenen yaşam süresi ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki incelenmektedir. 
Bulgular: Analiz sonuçları, kadınların parlamentoya katılımının, kadınların eğitim oranlarının, doğumda beklenen yaşam süresinin ve ekonomik büyümenin daha yüksek seviyelerinin cinsiyet eşitsizliğinde bir azalma ile ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, cinsiyet eşitsizliği, kadınların parlamentodaki temsil düzeyi, kadınların eğitim düzeyi, doğumda beklenen yaşam süresi ve ekonomik büyüme arasında ikili yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğu ortaya konmuştur.
Sonuç: Yüksek gelirli ülkelerde, kadınların doğumda beklenen yaşam süresi, öngörülen eğitim yıl sayısı, ekonomik büyüme ve parlamentodaki kadınların oranı arttıkça cinsiyet eşitsizliği azalmaktadır. Cinsiyet eşitsizliği ile değişkenler arasında çift yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi ortaya konmuştur ve panel nedensellik testi ile de bu ilişki doğrulanmıştır.

Keywords

• Ekonomik Büyüme
• Eğitim
• Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği
• Yaşam Beklentisi
• Siyasi Katılım
• Panel Veri Analizi

Effects of Economic Development Indicators on Gender Inequality: Evidence from High-Income Countries

Abstract

Aim: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of economic development indicators on gender inequality by using data from high income countries. Gender inequality covers many complex dimensions such as education, politics, socioeconomic developments, cultural structures and the concentration of women in various sectors. In this research is investigated the gender inequality in different dimensions such as economic growth, education, political participation and life expectancy.
Method: For this purpose, this paper employs gender inequality index, GDP per capita, female life expectancy at birth, the proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments and expected years of schooling for females. We examine the correlation between gender inequality and women's involvement in parliament, as well as the education rate, life expectancy at birth, and economic growth from 2005 to 2021 applying the dynamic panel data methods. 
Results: The analysis results indicate that higher levels of women's involvement in parliament, women's education rates, life expectancy at birth, and economic growth are associated with a decrease in gender inequality. Finally, it has been demonstrated that there is a bilateral causal relationship between gender inequality, the level of women's representation in parliament, women's educational attainment, life expectancy at birth, and economic growth.
Conclusion: In high-income countries, gender inequality diminishes as female life expectancy at birth, predicted years of schooling, economic growth, and the share of women in parliaments increases. A bidirectional causality relationship between gender inequality and the variables is expected, and it is confirmed by the panel causality test conducted in this paper. 

Keywords

• Economic Growth
• Education
• Gender Inequality
• Life Expectancy
• Political Participation
• Panel Data Analysis

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