Dijital Sağlık Teknolojilerinin Sürdürülebilir Sağlık Sistemlerine Katkısı: Türkiye Odaklı Bir İnceleme

Abstract

Bu çalışma, dijital sağlık teknolojilerinin sürdürülebilir sağlık sistemlerine entegrasyonunu Türkiye odaklı analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Nitel ve literatür temelli olan araştırma, 2015-2025 yılları arasında yayımlanan ulusal ve uluslararası bilimsel çalışmalar, raporlar ve politika belgeleri incelenerek yürütülmüştür. Veri toplama için Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus ve Web of Science gibi veri tabanları kullanılarak toplam 175 kayıt taranmış ve başlık-özet ve tam metin değerlendirmesi sonrası 65 çalışma nihai olarak dahil edilmiştir. Bulgular, Türkiye’nin dijital sağlık altyapısında e-Nabız ve e-Reçete gibi uygulamalarla önemli ilerlemeler kaydettiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Dijital sağlık teknolojileri, sağlık hizmetlerinin erişilebilirliğini artırmakta, ekonomik verimliliği desteklemekte ve çevresel etkilerin azaltılmasına katkı sunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, dijital okuryazarlık düzeyi, düzenleyici yapıların gelişmişliği ve paydaş katılımı gibi alanlarda iyileştirme gereksinimi sürmektedir. Araştırma, dijital sağlık politikalarının etkinliğini artırmak amacıyla birlikte çalışabilirlik, veri güvenliği ve profesyonel kapasite gelişimi gibi stratejik öneriler sunmakta; ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde iş birliklerinin önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Keywords

• Dijital Sağlık Teknolojileri
• Sürdürülebilir Sağlık Sistemi
• Türkiye
• e-Nabız
• Tele-sağlık

The Contribution of Digital Health Technologies to Sustainable Health Systems: A Case Study Focused on Turkey

Abstract

This study aims to examine the integration of digital health technologies into sustainable healthcare systems, with a specific focus on Turkey. Employing a qualitative and literature-based approach, the research is grounded in the analysis of national and international scholarly publications, policy documents, and official reports published between 2015 and 2025. For data collection, a total of 175 records were searched using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, and 65 studies were finally included after title-abstract and full text evaluation. The findings reveal that Turkey has made notable progress in digital health infrastructure, particularly through initiatives such as e-Nabız and e-Prescription. Digital health technologies are found to enhance access to healthcare services, promote economic efficiency, and contribute to environmental sustainability. However, challenges remain in areas such as digital literacy, regulatory frameworks, and stakeholder engagement. The study highlights the need for strategic actions to improve interoperability, ensure data security, and strengthen professional capacities. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of fostering both national and international collaborations to support the effective implementation of digital health policies.

Keywords

• Digital Health Technologies
• Sustainable Health System
• Turkey
• e-Nabız
• Telehealth

References

1. AIFORIA TECHNOLOGIES PLC. (2024). Memorial Hospitals Group in Turkey selects Aiforia as the partner for AI-assisted clinical diagnostics in pathology [Press release]. https://www.aiforia.com/press-releases/memorial-hospitals-group-in-turkey-selects-aiforia-as-the-partner-for-ai-assisted-clinical-diagnostics-in-pathology Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2025.
2. AKIN ÖZDEMİR, N. (2025). E-sağlık uygulaması olan merkezi hekim randevu sisteminin eğitim ve araştırma hastanelerindeki performansının ölçülmesi: Türkiye düzey-1 örneği. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 23(55), 280-309.
3. ALAMI, H., RIVARD, L., LEHOUX, P., Ag AHMED, M. A., FORTIN, J. P., & FLEET, R. (2023). Integrating environmental considerations in digital health technology assessment and procurement: Stakeholders’ perspectives. Digital health, 9, 20552076231219113.
4. ALAMI, H., LEHOUX, P., SHAW, S. E., NIANG, M., MALAS, K., & FORTIN, J. P. (2024). To what extent can digital health technologies comply with the principles of responsible innovation? Practice-and policy-oriented research insights regarding an organisational and systemic issue. International journal of health policy and management, 13, 8061.
5. AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. (2025). Case studies: Digitally enabled care in action. https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/digital/case-studies-digitally-enabled-care-action Erişim Tarihi: 27.03.2025.
6. ATASEVER, M., & BAĞCI, H. (2020). Türkiye sağlık sistemi. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi, 1.
7. BARTLETT, S., & KEIR, S. (2022). Calculating the carbon footprint of a Geriatric Medicine clinic before and after COVID-19. Age and Ageing, 51(2), afab275.
8. BHARADWAJ, P., NICOLA, L., BREAU-BRUNEL, M., SENSINI, F., TANOVA-YOTOVA, N., ATANASOY, P., LOBIG, F., & BLANKENBURG, M. (2024). Unlocking the value: quantifying the return on investment of hospital artificial intelligence. Journal of the American College of Radiology, 21(10), 1677-1685.

9. BİRİNCİ, Ş. (2023). A digital opportunity for patients to manage their health: Turkey National Personal Health Record System (The e-Nabız). Balkan medical journal, 40(3), 215.
10. BOCEAN, C. G., & VĂRZARU, A. A. (2025). Health status in the era of digital transformation and sustainable economic development. BMC Health Services Research, 25(1), 1-15.
11. CLINICAL DATA INTERCHANGE STANDARDS CONSORTIUM (CDISC). (2025). Digital health technologies. https://www.cdisc.org/standards/in-development/digital-health-technologies Erişim Tarihi: 27.03.2025.
12. ÇAKMAK, R. (2024). Yeni bir hastane modeli: İnternet hastanesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 33(2), 610-620.
13. DIGITALDEFYND. (2025). Digital transformation in healthcare: 10 case studies. https://digitaldefynd.com/IQ/digital-transformation-in-healthcare-case-studies/ Erişim Tarihi: 27.03.2025.
14. EUROPEAN COMMISSION. (2020). Digital health and care: Transforming health and care in the Digital Single Market. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ehealth Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2025.
15. EUROPEAN COMMISSION. (2023). Case study on the digitalisation of health (eHealth). https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/652a3175-d410-4608-8f0e-642049433c35_en?filename=case-study-on-the-digitalisation-of-health-ehealth.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2025.
16. THE EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES AND ASSOCIATIONS. (2020). Digital Health. https://www.efpia.eu/about-medicines/development-of-medicines/digital-health/ Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2025.
17. FRIEDEN, T. R. (2017). Evidence for health decision making—beyond randomized, controlled trials. New England Journal of Medicine, 377(5), 465-475.
18. GENTILI, A., FAILLA, G., MELNYK, A., PULEO, V., TANNA, G. L. D., RICCIARDI, W., & CASCINI, F. (2022). The cost-effectiveness of digital health interventions: a systematic review of the literature. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 787135.
19. GRAND VIEW RESEARCH. (2024). Turkey digital health market size, share & trends analysis report by technology, by component, by end-use, and segment forecasts, 2024 - 2030. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/turkey-digital-health-market-report Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2025.
20. HAINES, N. (2024). Sustainable translation of digital health technologies. Wellcome Open Res, 9(19), 19.
21. HATEF, E., HUDSON SCHOLLE, S., BUCKLEY, B., WEINER, J. P., & AUSTIN, J. M. (2024). Development of an evidence-and consensus-based Digital Healthcare Equity Framework. JAMIA open, 7(4), ooae136.
22. HEALTHCARE INFORMATION AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS SOCIETY. (2020). HIMSS launches new definition of digital health. from https://www.mobihealthnews.com/news/himss-launches-new-definition-digital-health Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2025.
23. HERA DIGITAL HEALTH. (2024). HERA Dijital Sağlık. Retrieved April 6, 2025, from https://heradigitalhealth.org/tr/
24. HOŞGÖR, H., & GÜNGÖRDÜ, H. (2022). Sağlıkta yapay Zekanın kullanım alanları üzerine nitel bir araştırma. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (35), 395-407.
25. KAMBUR, E. S., & YILDIRIM, H. H. (2024). Future health technology trends, policy, and governance perspective: the Turkish case. Health Research Policy and Systems, 22(1), 147.
26. KASOJU, N., REMYA, N. S., SASI, R., SUJESH, S., SOMAN, B., KESAVADAS, C., MURALEEDHARAN, C. V., HARIKRISHNA VARMA, P. R., & BEHARI, S. (2023). Digital health: trends, opportunities and challenges in medical devices, pharma and bio-technology. CSI Transactions on ICT, 11(1), 11-30.
27. KHALIFA, M., & ALBADAWY, M. (2024). Artificial intelligence for clinical prediction: exploring key domains and essential functions. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine Update, 100148.
28. KHAN, R., KHAN, S., ALMOHAIMEED, H. M., ALMARS, A. I., & PARI, B. (2025). Utilization, Challenges, and Training Needs of Digital Health Technologies: Perspectives from Healthcare Professionals. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 105833.
29. KHILNANI, A., SCHULZ, J., & ROBINSON, L. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: new concerns and connections between eHealth and digital inequalities. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 18(3), 393-403.
30. KNUDSEN, J. E., GHAFFAR, U., MA, R., & HUNG, A. J. (2024). Clinical applications of artificial intelligence in robotic surgery. Journal of robotic surgery, 18(1), 102.
31. KOSE, I., RAYNER, J., BİRİNCİ, S., ULGU, M.M., YILMAZ, I., GUNER, S.; HIMSS Analytics Team; MoH Team. (2020). Adoption rates of electronic health records in Turkish Hospitals and the relation with hospital sizes. BMC Health Services Research, 20, 1-16.
32. KOWALKOWSKI, M., EATON, T., REEVES, K. W., KRAMER, J., MURPHY, S., HOLE, C., CHOU, S., ANERALLA, A., & McWILLIAMS, A. (2024). Incorporating patient, caregiver, and provider perspectives in the co-design of an app to guide Hospital at Home admission decisions: a qualitative analysis. JAMIA open, 7(3), ooae079.
33. KYAW, T. L., Ng, N., THEOCHARAKI, M., WENNBERG, P., & SAHLEN, K. G. (2023). Cost-effectiveness of digital tools for behavior change interventions among people with chronic diseases: systematic review. Interactive Journal of Medical Research, 12(1), e42396.
34. LEVINE, B. J., CLOSE, K. L., & GABBAY, R. A. (2020). Reviewing US connected diabetes care: the newest member of the team. Diabetes technology & therapeutics, 22(1), 1-9.
35. LONG, L. A., PARIYO, G., & KALLANDER, K. (2018). Digital technologies for health workforce development in low-and middle-income countries: a scoping review. Global Health: Science and Practice, 6(Supplement 1), S41-S48.
36. MAN, L. C., LIN, Y., PANG, G., SANDERSON, J., & DUAN, K. (2024). Digitalization to achieve greener healthcare supply chain. Journal of Cleaner Production, 463, 142802.
37. MONDAL, H., & MONDAL, S. (2024). Ethical and social issues related to AI in healthcare. Methods in Microbiology, 55, 247-281.
38. OLU, O., MUNEENE, D., BATARINGAYA, J. E., NAHIMANA, M. R., BA, H., TURGEON, Y., KARAMAGI, H. C., & DOVLO, D. (2019). How can digital health technologies contribute to sustainable attainment of universal health coverage in Africa? A perspective. Frontiers in public health, 7, 341.
39. ONDOKUZ MAYIS ÜNİVERSİTESİ. (2025). OMU and industry partners develop Türkiye’s first AI-powered healthcare model. https://www.omu.edu.tr/en/icerik/news/omu-and-industry-partners-develop-turkiyes-first-ai-powered-healthcare-model Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2025.
40. OSORIO-GONZÁLEZ, C. S., HEDGE, K., BRAR, S. K., AVALOS-RAMIREZ, A., & SURAMPALLI, R. Y. (2020). Sustainable healthcare systems. In R. Y. Surampalli, T. Zhang, M. K. Goyal, S. K. Brar, & R. D. Tyagi (Eds.), Sustainability: Fundamentals and applications (Chapter 18). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119434016.ch18
41. OR, Z., & SEPPÄNEN, A. V. (2024). The role of the health sector in tackling climate change: A narrative review. Health Policy, 128(5), 345–356.
42. ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD). (2019). Health in the 21st century: Putting data to work for stronger health systems, OECD Health Policy Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/e3b23f8e-en.
43. ÖZEN, F., KAYNAR, A. H., KORKUT, A. K., TEKER AÇIKEL, M. E., KAYNAR, Z. D., & KAYNAR, A. M. (2024). The role of telemedicine towards improved sustainability in healthcare and societal productivity in Turkey. PloS one, 19(12), e0314986.
44. PACIFICO SILVA, H., LEHOUX, P., MILLER, F. A., & DENIS, J. L. (2018). Introducing responsible innovation in health: a policy-oriented framework. Health research policy and systems, 16, 1-13.
45. PUROHIT, A., SMITH, J., & HIBBLE, A. (2021). Does telemedicine reduce the carbon footprint of healthcare? A systematic review. Future healthcare journal, 8(1), e85–e91. https://doi.org/10.7861/fhj.2020-0080
46. RAUWERDINK, A., SPINAZZE, P., GIJSBERS, H., MOLENDIJK, J., ZWOLSMAN, S., SCHIJYEN, M. P., CHAVANNES, N. H., & KASTELEYN, M. J. (2024). Approaches to Evaluating Digital Health Technologies: Scoping Review. Journal of medical Internet research, 26, e50251.
47. ROY, I., SALLES, J., NEVEU, E., LARIVIÉRE-BASTIEN, D., BLONDIN, A., LEVAC, D., & BEAUCHAMP, M. H. (2024). Exploring the perspectives of health care professionals on digital health technologies in pediatric care and rehabilitation. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 21(1), 156.
48. SEZGİN, E., ÖZKAN-YİLDİRİM, S., & YİLDİRİM, S. (2017). Investigation of physicians' awareness and use of mHealth apps: a mixed method study. Health Policy and Technology, 6(3), 251-267.
49. SEZGİN, E., ÖZKAN-YİLDİRİM, S., & YİLDİRİM, S. (2018). Understanding the perception towards using mHealth applications in practice: physicians’ perspective. Information Development, 34(2), 182-200.
50. SCHOFIELD, P., SHAW, T., & PASCOE, M. (2019). Toward comprehensive patient-centric care by integrating digital health technology with direct clinical contact in Australia. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(6), e12382.
51. SCHRAMM, L., & CARBON, C. C. (2024). Critical success factors for creating sustainable digital health applications: A systematic review of the German case. Digital health, 10, 20552076241249604.
52. SOYSAL, A., & YALÇIN, T. (2019). Bazı demografik değişkenlere göre e-Nabız sisteminin kullanımı: öğrenciler üzerinde bir araştırma. Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi, 6(3), 228–237.
53. STATPEARLS. (2023). Digital health. In StatPearls. NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470260/ Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2025
54. ŞİMŞİR, İ., & METE, B. (2021). The future of healthcare services: digital health technologies. Journal of Innovative Healthcare Practices, 2(1), 33-39.
55. T.C. CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI STRATEJİ VE BÜTÇE BAŞKANLIĞI. (2019). On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019–2023). https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/On_Birinci_Kalkinma_Plani-2019-2023.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 03.05.2025.
56. T.C. SAĞLIK BAKANLIĞI. (2014). M-Sağlık (Mobil Sağlık). Dijital Hastane. https://dijitalhastane.saglik.gov.tr/TR-4895/m-saglik-mobil-saglik.html Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2025.
57. T.C. SAĞLIK BAKANLIĞI TÜRKİYE İLAÇ VE TIBBİ CİHAZ KURUMU. (2025). İlaç Takip Sistemi (İTS) nedir? https://www.its.gov.tr/its/ilac_takip_sistemi_nedir Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2025.
58. ULUC, C. İ., & FERMAN, M. (2016). A comparative analysis of user insights for e-health development challenges in Turkey, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Egypt and United Arab Emirates. Journal of Management Marketing and Logistics, 3(2), 176-189.
59. U.S. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION. (2020). What is digital health? U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/digital-health-center-excellence/what-digital-health Erişim Tarihi: 27.03.2025
60. VAN GIERSBERGEN, M. Y., & ÖZPINAR, E. P. (2025). Sağlığın Dijitalleştirilmesi: Küresel E-Sağlık Gelişmeleri için Öneriler. Akdeniz Hemşirelik Dergisi, 3(3), 109-117.
61. WERNHART, A., GAHBAUER, S., & HALUZA, D. (2019). eHealth and telemedicine: Practices and beliefs among healthcare professionals and medical students at a medical university. PloS one, 14(2), e0213067.
62. WORLD BANK. (2023). Digital-in-Health: Unlocking the Value for Everyone. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/health/publication/digital-in-health-unlocking-the-value-for-everyone Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2025
63. WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM. (2025). Proactive digital engagement to boost healthcare systems.https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/03/digital-patient-engagement-improve-healthcare-systems/ Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2025
64. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, REGIONAL OFFICE FOR EUROPE. (2017). Environmentally sustainable health systems: A strategic document. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2017-2241-41996-57723 Erişim Tarihi: 11.05.2025
65. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. (2019). Global strategy on digital health 2020–2025. https://www.who.int/docs/defaultsource/documents/gs4dhdaa2a9f352b0445bafbc79ca799dce4d.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2025
66. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. (2021). Global strategy on digital health 2020–2025. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240020924 Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2025
67. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, REGIONAL OFFICE FOR EUROPE. (2025). WHO operational review of Türkiye's approach to noncommunicable diseases during the emergency response to the 2023 earthquakes. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/380054/WHO-EURO-2025-10439-50211-75653-eng.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 26.02.2025
68. YILMAZ, D., ÖZKOÇ, E. E., & ÖĞÜTÇÜ, G. (2021). Elektronik sağlık kayıtlarında farkındalık. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 24(4), 777-792.
69. ZANOBINI, P., DEL RICCIO, M., LORINI, C., & BONACCORSI, G. (2024). Empowering Sustainable Healthcare: The Role of Health Literacy. Sustainability, 16(10), 3964. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16103964
70. ZURYNSKI, Y., HERKES-DEANE, J., HOLT, J., McPHERSON, E., LAMPRELL, G., DAMMERY, G., ... & BRAITHWAITE, J. (2022). How can the healthcare system deliver sustainable performance? A scoping review. BMJ open, 12(5), e059207. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059207.