BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Role of Intelligence in Defence Against Terrorism: The Concept of Cultural Intelligence

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 51 - 80, 28.04.2015
https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.08228

Öz

Terrorism has become a major security problem for many countries over the time. Terrorist groups, having many different motives, have caused the death of thousands of people by performing attacks that affect the interests of the countries. Therefore, active, timely and correctly gathered intelligence is needed to prevent or at least minimize the impact of terrorist attacks.  On the other hand, being aware of the cultural sensitivities play a key role in preventing the support given to terrorism. In this study, cultural intelligence, which is needed to provide a cultural awareness is discussed.

The purpose of this study is to examine intelligence, which is argued after every terrorist event or every unsuccessful operation against terrorism, in terms of cultural factors and stress the role of cultural intelligence in defence against terrorism. Firstly, the ideas of terror, defence against terrorism, intelligence and culture are defined. Secondly, the role of cultural intelligence indefence against terrorism is argued. Finally, a model about the gains related to cultural intelligence has been proposed.

Kaynakça

  • Kitaplar
  • GÖKALP, Ziya, Hars ve Medeniyet, (der. Yalçın Toker), Toker Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1995.
  • GÜVENÇ, Bozkurt, İnsan ve Kültür, Boyut Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2011.
  • HAVILAND, William A. vd., Kültürel Antropoloji, (çev. İnan Deniz Ergüvan Sarıoğlu), Kaknüs Yayınları, İstanbul, 2008.
  • HOFSTEDE, Geert vd. Cultures and Organizations, Software of The Mind, Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance For Survival, McGraw-Hill., 2010.
  • KARAŞAHAN, Mesut, Terörün Efendileri, Pınar Yayınları, İstanbul, 2003.
  • LAWRENCE, Thomas Edward Seven Pillars of Wishdom, University of Adelaide, 2006, http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/l/lawrence/te/seven/ complete.html
  • NYE, Joseph, Yumuşak Güç, Dünya Siyasetinde Başarının Yolu (çev. Rayhan İnan Aydın), Elips Kitap, Ankara 2005.
  • ÖZDAĞ, Ümit, İstihbarat Teorisi, (5.bs), Kripto Yayınları, Ankara, 2011.
  • PATTON, Kerry, Sociocultural Intelligence: A New Discipline in Intelligence Studies. The Continuum International Publishing Group, London, 2010.
  • RICHELSON Jeffrey T., The US Intelligence Community, Westviews Press, Philadelphia, 2012.
  • SALMONI, Barak A., HOLMES-EBER Paula, Operational Culture for the Warfighter, Marine Corps University, Virginia, 2008, p. 29-30.
  • SAYDAM, Ali, İletişimin Akıl ve Gönül Penceresi Algılama Yönetimi, Rota Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • SOYDAŞ, Ayda Uzunçarşılı, Kültürlerarası İletişim, Farklı Kültürel Ortamlarda Çalışma ve İletişim, Parşömen Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2010.
  • TING-TOOMEY, Stella, Communicating Across Cultures, The Guilford Press, New York, 1999.
  • TZU, Sun, Savaş Sanatı, (Çev. Adil Demir) Kastaş Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2004.
  • WUNDERLE, William, Through the Lens of Cultural Awareness:A Premier for US Armed Forces Deploying to Arab and Middle Eastern Countries, Combat Studies Institute Press, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 2007.
  • Makaleler
  • BAHARÇİÇEK, Abdulkadir ve Gökhan TUNCEL, “Terörle Mücadelenin Zorlukları ve Bu Zorlukları Aşmada Farklı Bir Yaklaşım : Demokratik Mücadele Yöntemi”, Uluslararası Güvenlik ve Terörizm Dergisi, c. 2 (2), 2011, s. 1-16.
  • BAŞEREN, Sertaç Hami, “Terrorism with Its Differentiating Aspects”, Defence Against Terrosim Review, Vol.1, No.1, 2008, p. 1-11.
  • BEAN, Hamilton, “Rhetorical and Critical/Cultural Intelligence Studies”, Intelligence and National Security, 28:4, p. 495-519.
  • BEDELL Zoe, United States Marine Corps Female Engagement Team, Presentation, 2011, http://www.nato.int/issues/women_nato/meeting-records/2011/pdf/BEDELL_FETPresentation.pdf
  • BEŞE, Ertan ve Merve SEREN, “Stratejik İstihbarat Olgusunun Teorik Çerçevesi, Unsurları ve Terörle Mücadele Politikaları Açısından Rolü ve Önemi”, Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 2011, Cilt: 13 (3), s.123-145.
  • BLACK, Matthew R., “Cultural IPB, The Doctrinel Gap”, Marine Corps Gazette, http://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/article/cultural-ipb
  • CLINE, Lawrence E.. “Intelligence and Combatting Terrorism”, Paul Shemella (Ed.), Fighting Back, What Goverments Can Do About Terrorism, Standford University Press, Standford, 2011.
  • COLL, Anna C., “Evaluating Female Engagement Team Effectiveness in Afghanistan, Honors Thesis Collection, Paper 2, 2012, http://repository.wellesley.edu/thesiscollection/2
  • DUYVESTEYN, Isabelle, “Hearts and Minds, Cultural Awareness and Good Intelligence: The Blueprint for Successful Counter-Insurgency”, Intelligence and National Security, 26: 4, 2011, p. 445-459.
  • GAVRIEL, Alexei, “Red, White , or Pink SA? Understanding the Need for a Holistic Approach to Culture in Military Intelligence”, The Canadian Army Journal, Volume 13.1, 2010, p. 72.
  • GEZGİN, Suat, “Haber ve Terör”, Orhan Gökçe ve Uğur Demiray (der.), Terörün Görüntüleri, Görüntülerin Terörü, Çizgi Kitapevi, Konya, 2004, s. 9-18.
  • GÜZEL, Cemal, “Korkunun Korkusu: Terörizm”, Cemal Güzel (Der.), Silinen Yüzler Karşısında Terör, Ayraç Yayınevi, Ankara, 2012, ss. 7-19
  • HOFFMAN, Randall S., “The Way Ahead: Reclaiming the Pashtun Tribes through Joint Tribal Engagement in Applications in Operational Culture”, Paula Holmes-Eber, Patrice M. Scanlon, Andrea L. Hamlen (ed.), Applications in Operational Culture, Perspectives from the Field, Marine Corps University Press, Quantico, VA, 2009.
  • JENKINS, Brian M., “International Terrorism, The Other World War”, Charles W. Kegley (Ed.), The New Global Terrorism Characteristics, Causes, Controls, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, p. 15-26.
  • JOURNET, Nicolos “Kültür Nedir”, Nicolos Journet (Ed.), Evrenselden Özele Kültür, (çev. Yümni Sezen), İz Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2009.
  • KEGLEY, Charles W., “The Characteristic, Causes and Controls of the New Global Terrorism:An Introduction”, Charles W. Kegley (Ed.), The New Global Terrorism Characteristics, Causes, Controls, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River,2003, p. 1-14.
  • KIPP, Jacob vd, “The Human Terrain System: A CORDS for the 21 st Century”, Juliana Geran Patton (Ed.), Sociocultural Intelligence: A New Discipline in Intelligence Studies, The Institute of World Politics Press, Washington, 2009, p. 144-146.
  • KÖSELİ, Mutlu, “Terörle Mücadelede İstihbaratın Rolü”, Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 2009, Cilt:11 (2), s. 51-72.
  • LISTER, Charles R., “Cultural Awareness and Counterinsurgency in Afghanistan”, E-International Relations Students, 2011, http://www.e-ir.info/2011/03/11/cultural-awareness-and-counterinsurgency-in-afgha nistan/.
  • MASOOD, Talat, “Pakistan’s Fight Against Terrorism”, Defence Against Terrorism Review, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2012, p. 13-30.
  • MCCULLOUGH, Christopher, “Female Engagement Teams: Who They are and Why They do it”, 2012, http://www.army.mil/article/88366/
  • MOCKAITIS, Thomas R., “Terrorism, Insurgency, and Organized Crime”. Paul Shemella (Ed.), Fighting Back, What Goverments Can Do About Terrorism, Standford University Press, Standford, 2011, p. 17.
  • NORDLAND, Rod, “Culture Clash With Afghanistan on Display at Briefing”, The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/07/ world/asia/afghan-and-american-culture-clashes-at-center-stage.html?_ r=0
  • OKTAY, Emel Gülden, NATO’nun Dönüşümü ve Kamu Diplomasisi’nin Artan Rolü, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 9, Sayı 34, 2012, s.25-149.
  • PEARS, Jessica, “War on Terrorism Requires New Intelligence Techniques”, National Defence, 2007, http://www.nationaldefensemaga zine.org/archive/2007/August/Pages/SecurityBeat4882.aspx
  • TAYLOR, Stan A., “The Role of Intelligence in National Security”. Alan Collins (Ed.), Contemporary Security Studies, Oxford University Press, New York, 2007, s. 250.
  • UMUNÇ, Himmet, “Boş Hayal Peşinde: T. E. Lawrence ve Arap İsyanı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, 15. Türk Tarih Kongresi – Cilt: 6, 2006, http://www.cliohistory.org/fileadmin/files/clio-library/TE_Lawrence_ FutileFantasy Turkish.pdf
  • WARNER, Michael, “Wanted: A Definition of Intelligence”, Studies in Intelligence, Volume:46, No:3, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol46no3/ article02.html
  • YALÇINKAYA, Haldun and Dilaver Arıkan Açar, “NATO Peacekeeping in Afghanistan : Expanding the Role to Counterinsurgency or Limiting it to Security Assistance”, Defence Against Terrorism Review, Vol.2, No.2, 2009, p. 59-81.
  • İnternet Siteleri
  • FBI Resmi İnternet Sitesi, “Intelligence Defined”, http://www.fbi.gov /about-us/intelligence/defined
  • Milli İstihbarat Teşkilatı Resmi İnternet Sitesi, “İstihbarat Oluşumu”, http://www.mit.gov.tr/isth-olusum.html#
  • Raporlar
  • ANDERSON, Donald J., “Cultural Intelligence, Meeting Today’s Demands,” Final Report, Naval War College, 2004, p. 5-6.
  • Cross-Cultural Awareness, Multinational Experiment 6.0, Obj.4.3., NATO Concept, 2010, p. 3-99.
  • FRANZ, Peter, Cultural Intelligence For The Commander: A necessary ingredient, Final Report, Naval War College, Newport, 2005, p. 4-5.
  • HTS Report, AAA Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the Us Security and Intelligence Communities (CEAUSSIC), Final Report On The Army’s Human Terrain System Proof Of Concept Program, Submitted To The Executive Board Of The American Anthropological Association, 2009, p.4.
  • -
  • Doktrinler
  • İngiltere’nin Terörizmle Mücadele Stratejisi, çev: Uluslararası Terörizm ve Sınıraşan Suçlar Araştırma Merkezi (UTSAM), Polis Akademisi, Ankara, http://www.utsam.org/images/upload/attachment/%C4%B0zleme%20Koruma% 20%C3%96nleme%20Haz% C4%B1rl%C4%B1kl%C4%B 1%20Olma.pdf 2009, s.11.
  • Joint Doctrine Note (JDN),4/13, "Culture and Human Terrain", UK Ministry of Defence, The Development, Concept and Doctrine Centre, 2013.
  • Joint Publication 2-0 (JP 2-0), Joint Intelligence, 2013, p. I-1.
  • Joint Publication 3-07.2, “Antiterrorism”, 2010, p. I-1, http://www.bits .de/NRANEU/others/jp-doctrine/JP3_07.2(10).pdf

Terörizmle Mücadelede İstihbaratın Rolü: Kültürel İstihbarat Konsepti

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 51 - 80, 28.04.2015
https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.08228

Öz

Terörizm, geçmişten günümüze birçok ülke için önemli bir güvenlik sorunu haline gelmiştir. Çeşitli motivasyonlara sahip terörist gruplar, devletlerin çıkarlarını olumsuz etkileyen saldırılar gerçekleştirmiş, bu saldırılar binlerce insanın ölümüne neden olmuştur. Bu nedenle terörist saldırıların önlenmesi; önlenememesi durumunda etkisinin azaltılması için aktif, doğru ve eş zamanlı bir istihbarata ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bununla birlikte mücadelenin önemli bir aktörü olan halkın kültürel hassasiyetine ilişkin farkındalık, terörizme sağlanan desteğin önlenmesi adına ayrı bir önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada kültürel farkındalığın sağlanması için ihtiyaç duyulan kültürel istihbarat kavramı tartışılmıştır.

Çalışmanın amacı, her terör olayında veya her başarısız harekâtta, üzerinde yoğun tartışmaların yaşandığı “istihbarat” kavramını kültürel faktörler ışığında incelemek ve kültürel istihbaratın terörizmle mücadelede ne denli etkili olduğunu vurgulamaktır. Çalışmada öncelikli olarak, terör, terörizmle mücadele, istihbarat ve kültür kavramları irdelenmiş, klasik istihbarat yaklaşımından yola çıkarak tanımlanan kültürel istihbaratın terörizmle mücadeledeki rolü tartışılmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde ise kültürel istihbarat sayesinde elde edilecek kazanımlara ilişkin bir model önerisi ortaya konulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Kitaplar
  • GÖKALP, Ziya, Hars ve Medeniyet, (der. Yalçın Toker), Toker Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1995.
  • GÜVENÇ, Bozkurt, İnsan ve Kültür, Boyut Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2011.
  • HAVILAND, William A. vd., Kültürel Antropoloji, (çev. İnan Deniz Ergüvan Sarıoğlu), Kaknüs Yayınları, İstanbul, 2008.
  • HOFSTEDE, Geert vd. Cultures and Organizations, Software of The Mind, Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance For Survival, McGraw-Hill., 2010.
  • KARAŞAHAN, Mesut, Terörün Efendileri, Pınar Yayınları, İstanbul, 2003.
  • LAWRENCE, Thomas Edward Seven Pillars of Wishdom, University of Adelaide, 2006, http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/l/lawrence/te/seven/ complete.html
  • NYE, Joseph, Yumuşak Güç, Dünya Siyasetinde Başarının Yolu (çev. Rayhan İnan Aydın), Elips Kitap, Ankara 2005.
  • ÖZDAĞ, Ümit, İstihbarat Teorisi, (5.bs), Kripto Yayınları, Ankara, 2011.
  • PATTON, Kerry, Sociocultural Intelligence: A New Discipline in Intelligence Studies. The Continuum International Publishing Group, London, 2010.
  • RICHELSON Jeffrey T., The US Intelligence Community, Westviews Press, Philadelphia, 2012.
  • SALMONI, Barak A., HOLMES-EBER Paula, Operational Culture for the Warfighter, Marine Corps University, Virginia, 2008, p. 29-30.
  • SAYDAM, Ali, İletişimin Akıl ve Gönül Penceresi Algılama Yönetimi, Rota Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • SOYDAŞ, Ayda Uzunçarşılı, Kültürlerarası İletişim, Farklı Kültürel Ortamlarda Çalışma ve İletişim, Parşömen Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2010.
  • TING-TOOMEY, Stella, Communicating Across Cultures, The Guilford Press, New York, 1999.
  • TZU, Sun, Savaş Sanatı, (Çev. Adil Demir) Kastaş Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2004.
  • WUNDERLE, William, Through the Lens of Cultural Awareness:A Premier for US Armed Forces Deploying to Arab and Middle Eastern Countries, Combat Studies Institute Press, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 2007.
  • Makaleler
  • BAHARÇİÇEK, Abdulkadir ve Gökhan TUNCEL, “Terörle Mücadelenin Zorlukları ve Bu Zorlukları Aşmada Farklı Bir Yaklaşım : Demokratik Mücadele Yöntemi”, Uluslararası Güvenlik ve Terörizm Dergisi, c. 2 (2), 2011, s. 1-16.
  • BAŞEREN, Sertaç Hami, “Terrorism with Its Differentiating Aspects”, Defence Against Terrosim Review, Vol.1, No.1, 2008, p. 1-11.
  • BEAN, Hamilton, “Rhetorical and Critical/Cultural Intelligence Studies”, Intelligence and National Security, 28:4, p. 495-519.
  • BEDELL Zoe, United States Marine Corps Female Engagement Team, Presentation, 2011, http://www.nato.int/issues/women_nato/meeting-records/2011/pdf/BEDELL_FETPresentation.pdf
  • BEŞE, Ertan ve Merve SEREN, “Stratejik İstihbarat Olgusunun Teorik Çerçevesi, Unsurları ve Terörle Mücadele Politikaları Açısından Rolü ve Önemi”, Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 2011, Cilt: 13 (3), s.123-145.
  • BLACK, Matthew R., “Cultural IPB, The Doctrinel Gap”, Marine Corps Gazette, http://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/article/cultural-ipb
  • CLINE, Lawrence E.. “Intelligence and Combatting Terrorism”, Paul Shemella (Ed.), Fighting Back, What Goverments Can Do About Terrorism, Standford University Press, Standford, 2011.
  • COLL, Anna C., “Evaluating Female Engagement Team Effectiveness in Afghanistan, Honors Thesis Collection, Paper 2, 2012, http://repository.wellesley.edu/thesiscollection/2
  • DUYVESTEYN, Isabelle, “Hearts and Minds, Cultural Awareness and Good Intelligence: The Blueprint for Successful Counter-Insurgency”, Intelligence and National Security, 26: 4, 2011, p. 445-459.
  • GAVRIEL, Alexei, “Red, White , or Pink SA? Understanding the Need for a Holistic Approach to Culture in Military Intelligence”, The Canadian Army Journal, Volume 13.1, 2010, p. 72.
  • GEZGİN, Suat, “Haber ve Terör”, Orhan Gökçe ve Uğur Demiray (der.), Terörün Görüntüleri, Görüntülerin Terörü, Çizgi Kitapevi, Konya, 2004, s. 9-18.
  • GÜZEL, Cemal, “Korkunun Korkusu: Terörizm”, Cemal Güzel (Der.), Silinen Yüzler Karşısında Terör, Ayraç Yayınevi, Ankara, 2012, ss. 7-19
  • HOFFMAN, Randall S., “The Way Ahead: Reclaiming the Pashtun Tribes through Joint Tribal Engagement in Applications in Operational Culture”, Paula Holmes-Eber, Patrice M. Scanlon, Andrea L. Hamlen (ed.), Applications in Operational Culture, Perspectives from the Field, Marine Corps University Press, Quantico, VA, 2009.
  • JENKINS, Brian M., “International Terrorism, The Other World War”, Charles W. Kegley (Ed.), The New Global Terrorism Characteristics, Causes, Controls, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, p. 15-26.
  • JOURNET, Nicolos “Kültür Nedir”, Nicolos Journet (Ed.), Evrenselden Özele Kültür, (çev. Yümni Sezen), İz Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2009.
  • KEGLEY, Charles W., “The Characteristic, Causes and Controls of the New Global Terrorism:An Introduction”, Charles W. Kegley (Ed.), The New Global Terrorism Characteristics, Causes, Controls, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River,2003, p. 1-14.
  • KIPP, Jacob vd, “The Human Terrain System: A CORDS for the 21 st Century”, Juliana Geran Patton (Ed.), Sociocultural Intelligence: A New Discipline in Intelligence Studies, The Institute of World Politics Press, Washington, 2009, p. 144-146.
  • KÖSELİ, Mutlu, “Terörle Mücadelede İstihbaratın Rolü”, Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 2009, Cilt:11 (2), s. 51-72.
  • LISTER, Charles R., “Cultural Awareness and Counterinsurgency in Afghanistan”, E-International Relations Students, 2011, http://www.e-ir.info/2011/03/11/cultural-awareness-and-counterinsurgency-in-afgha nistan/.
  • MASOOD, Talat, “Pakistan’s Fight Against Terrorism”, Defence Against Terrorism Review, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2012, p. 13-30.
  • MCCULLOUGH, Christopher, “Female Engagement Teams: Who They are and Why They do it”, 2012, http://www.army.mil/article/88366/
  • MOCKAITIS, Thomas R., “Terrorism, Insurgency, and Organized Crime”. Paul Shemella (Ed.), Fighting Back, What Goverments Can Do About Terrorism, Standford University Press, Standford, 2011, p. 17.
  • NORDLAND, Rod, “Culture Clash With Afghanistan on Display at Briefing”, The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/07/ world/asia/afghan-and-american-culture-clashes-at-center-stage.html?_ r=0
  • OKTAY, Emel Gülden, NATO’nun Dönüşümü ve Kamu Diplomasisi’nin Artan Rolü, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 9, Sayı 34, 2012, s.25-149.
  • PEARS, Jessica, “War on Terrorism Requires New Intelligence Techniques”, National Defence, 2007, http://www.nationaldefensemaga zine.org/archive/2007/August/Pages/SecurityBeat4882.aspx
  • TAYLOR, Stan A., “The Role of Intelligence in National Security”. Alan Collins (Ed.), Contemporary Security Studies, Oxford University Press, New York, 2007, s. 250.
  • UMUNÇ, Himmet, “Boş Hayal Peşinde: T. E. Lawrence ve Arap İsyanı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, 15. Türk Tarih Kongresi – Cilt: 6, 2006, http://www.cliohistory.org/fileadmin/files/clio-library/TE_Lawrence_ FutileFantasy Turkish.pdf
  • WARNER, Michael, “Wanted: A Definition of Intelligence”, Studies in Intelligence, Volume:46, No:3, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol46no3/ article02.html
  • YALÇINKAYA, Haldun and Dilaver Arıkan Açar, “NATO Peacekeeping in Afghanistan : Expanding the Role to Counterinsurgency or Limiting it to Security Assistance”, Defence Against Terrorism Review, Vol.2, No.2, 2009, p. 59-81.
  • İnternet Siteleri
  • FBI Resmi İnternet Sitesi, “Intelligence Defined”, http://www.fbi.gov /about-us/intelligence/defined
  • Milli İstihbarat Teşkilatı Resmi İnternet Sitesi, “İstihbarat Oluşumu”, http://www.mit.gov.tr/isth-olusum.html#
  • Raporlar
  • ANDERSON, Donald J., “Cultural Intelligence, Meeting Today’s Demands,” Final Report, Naval War College, 2004, p. 5-6.
  • Cross-Cultural Awareness, Multinational Experiment 6.0, Obj.4.3., NATO Concept, 2010, p. 3-99.
  • FRANZ, Peter, Cultural Intelligence For The Commander: A necessary ingredient, Final Report, Naval War College, Newport, 2005, p. 4-5.
  • HTS Report, AAA Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the Us Security and Intelligence Communities (CEAUSSIC), Final Report On The Army’s Human Terrain System Proof Of Concept Program, Submitted To The Executive Board Of The American Anthropological Association, 2009, p.4.
  • -
  • Doktrinler
  • İngiltere’nin Terörizmle Mücadele Stratejisi, çev: Uluslararası Terörizm ve Sınıraşan Suçlar Araştırma Merkezi (UTSAM), Polis Akademisi, Ankara, http://www.utsam.org/images/upload/attachment/%C4%B0zleme%20Koruma% 20%C3%96nleme%20Haz% C4%B1rl%C4%B1kl%C4%B 1%20Olma.pdf 2009, s.11.
  • Joint Doctrine Note (JDN),4/13, "Culture and Human Terrain", UK Ministry of Defence, The Development, Concept and Doctrine Centre, 2013.
  • Joint Publication 2-0 (JP 2-0), Joint Intelligence, 2013, p. I-1.
  • Joint Publication 3-07.2, “Antiterrorism”, 2010, p. I-1, http://www.bits .de/NRANEU/others/jp-doctrine/JP3_07.2(10).pdf
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yusuf Özer

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Nisan 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Özer, Y. (2015). Terörizmle Mücadelede İstihbaratın Rolü: Kültürel İstihbarat Konsepti. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 51-80. https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.08228

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