Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik için Yeşil Enerji Verimliliği: BRICS Ülkelerinden Kanıtlar

Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 959 - 973

Kumru Türköz

https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.1703146

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışma, çevresel sürdürülebilirlik ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki dengeyi esas alan yeşil büyüme çerçevesinde, BRICS ülkelerinde (Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, Çin, Güney Afrika) 1995–2023 dönemi boyunca yeşil enerji verimliliğinin gelişimini analiz etmektedir. Çalışmanın temel hedefi, bu ülkelerin enerji bileşiminde yaşanan dönüşümün çevresel ve ekonomik sonuçlarını değerlendirerek, yeşil enerji verimliliğindeki değişimin kaynaklarını teknik, yönetsel ve yapısal boyutlarıyla ortaya koymaktır.
Yöntem: Araştırmada, enerji girdisinin sermaye ve emekle ikame edilebilirliğini dikkate alan ve çevre üzerindeki baskıyı istenmeyen çıktı olarak modele entegre eden veri zarflama analizine (Data Envelopment Analysis - DEA) dayalı Malmquist toplam faktör verimliliği endeksi kullanılmıştır. Bu yöntem aracılığıyla yeşil enerji verimliliğinde zaman içinde meydana gelen değişim, teknik değişim ve verimlilik değişimi bileşenleri bazında ayrıştırılmıştır.
Bulgular: Ampirik bulgular, incelenen dönemde beş ülkenin ortalama yeşil enerji verimliliğinin %10,2 oranında arttığını ve bu artışın temel kaynağının teknik değişim olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Çin, %10,3’lük artışla yeşil enerji verimliliği artışında en yüksek performansı sergileyen ülke olurken, fosil yakıtlara yüksek bağımlılığı nedeniyle Rusya, %2,9 ile yeşil enerji verimliliğinde en düşük performansı göstermiştir.
Sonuç: BRICS ülkelerinin yeşil enerji verimliliğinin gelişimi; düşük karbonlu ekonomiye geçişin, yeşil teknolojilerin ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma politikalarının başarılı şekilde hayata geçirildiğine işaret etmektedir. Ancak bu sürecin sürdürülebilirliğinin sağlanması için sadece teknolojik gelişmeler yeterli değildir; aynı zamanda yönetimsel, finansal ve birtakım yapısal reformların da geliştirilmesi gerekir. Böylece yeşil enerji verimliliği, ekonomik büyümenin ekolojik temelde sürdürülmesinde kilit bir araç hâline gelebilir.

Keywords

Yeşil Büyüme , Enerji Verimliliği , Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik , BRICS , Malmquist Verimlilik Endeksi

Green Energy Efficiency for Environmental Sustainability: Evidence from BRICS Countries

Abstract

Aim: This study analyzes the development of green energy efficiency in BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) between 1995 and 2023 within the framework of green growth, which emphasizes the balance between environmental sustainability and economic growth. The primary objective is to evaluate the environmental and economic outcomes of the transformation in the energy mix of these countries and to identify the sources of change in green energy efficiency from technical, managerial, and structural perspectives.
Method: The study employs the Malmquist Total Factor Productivity Index based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), which accounts for the substitutability of energy inputs with capital and labor, and incorporates environmental pressure as an undesirable output. Through this method, changes in green energy efficiency over time are decomposed into components of technical change and efficiency change.
Results: Empirical findings reveal that the average green energy efficiency of the five countries increased by 10.2% during the period, with this improvement being primarily driven by technical change. China demonstrated the highest performance with a 10.3% increase in green energy efficiency, while Russia exhibited the lowest performance with a 2.9% increase, largely due to its continued dependence on fossil fuels.
Conclusion: The improvement in green energy efficiency across BRICS countries indicates successful implementation of low-carbon economy transitions, green technologies, and sustainable development policies. However, ensuring the sustainability of this progress requires more than technological advancements; it also necessitates the development of managerial, financial, and structural reforms. In this context, green energy efficiency can become a key instrument for maintaining economic growth on an ecological foundation.

Keywords

Green Growth , Energy Efficiency , Environmental Sustainability , BRICS , Malmquist Productivity Index

References

• AKRAM, R., MAJEED, M. T., FAREED, Z., KHALID, F., & YE, C. (2020). Asymmetric effects of energy efficiency and renewable energy on carbon emissions of BRICS economies: evidence from nonlinear panel autoregressive distributed lag model. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 18254-18268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08353-8
• BRICS Energy Report (2020). BRICS Energy Research Cooperation Platform.
• CAMIOTO, F. D. C., REBELATTO, D. A. D. N., & ROCHA, R. T. (2016). Energy efficiency analysis of BRICS countries: A study using Data Envelopment Analysis. Gestão & Produção, 23, 192-203. http://doi.org/10.1590/0104-530X1567-13
• CAVES, D. W., CHRISTENSEN, L. R., & DIEWERT, W. E. (1982). The economic theory of index numbers and the measurement of input, output, and productivity. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1393-1414. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913388
• CHEN, C., LAN, .Q, GAO, M., & SUN, Y. (2018). Green total factor productivity growth and its determinants in China’s industrial economy. Sustainability, 10(4), 1052. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041052
• COELLI, T, J., & RAO, D. P. (2003). Total factor productivity growth in agriculture: a Malmquist index analysis of 93 countries, 1980-2000. International Association of Agricultural Economics (IAAE) Conference in Durban, Working Paper Series No:02.
• COELLI, T.J. (1996). A Guide to DEAP Version 2,1: A Data Envelopment Analysis (Computer) Program. CEPA Working Papers, 96(08), 1-49.
• DONG, Y., & HAUSCHILD, M.Z. (2017). Indicators for environmental sustainability. Procedia Cirp, 61, 697-702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.11.173
• EMBER. (2023). Yearly Electricity Data. https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/
• ENERDATA (2024). World Energy & Climate Statistics- Yearbook 2024 https://yearbook.enerdata.net/
• ENERGY INSTITUTE (2024). Statistical Review of World Energy. https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/home
• FÄRE, R., GROSSKOPF, S., NORRIS, M., & ZHANG, Z. (1994). Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change in industrialized countries. The American Economic Review, 66-83.
• GILLINGHAM, K., NEWELL, R. G., & PALMER, K. (2009). Energy efficiency economics and policy. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 1(1), 597-620. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.resource.102308.124234
• GOODLAND, R. (1995). The concept of environmental sustainability. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 1-24.
• HAMID, S., WANG, Q., & WANG, K. (2025). The spatiotemporal dynamic evolution and influencing factors of agricultural green total factor productivity in Southeast Asia (ASEAN-6). Environment, Development and Sustainability, 27(1), 2469-2493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03975-7
• HE, Q., HAN, Y., & WANG, L. (2021). The impact of environmental regulation on green total factor productivity: An empirical analysis. Plos One, 16(11), e0259356. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259356
• HERRING, H. (2006). Energy efficiency-a critical view. Energy, 31(1), 10-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2004.04.055
• HU, J, L., & WANG, S. C. (2006). Total-factor energy efficiency of regions in China. Energy Policy, 34(17), 3206-3217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.06.015
• HUSSAIN, M., & DOGAN, E. (2021). The role of institutional quality and environment-related technologies in environmental degradation for BRICS. Journal of Cleaner Production, 304, 127059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127059
• INTERNATONAL INSTITUTE FOR SUSTANIABLE DEVELOMENT (2017). BRICS Countries Cooperate on Enerrgy Efficiency. https://sdg.iisd.org/
• LEE, C. & OGATA, S. (2025). Analysis of green total factor energy efficiency in OECD Countries based on a super-efficiency SBM-DEA model. International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment, 10(2), 31-45. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijeee.20251002.12
• LI, X., & MA, D. (2021). Financial agglomeration, technological innovation, and green total factor energy efficiency. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 60(4), 4085-4095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.03.001
• MA, D., GUO, Z., XIAO, Y., ZHANG, F., PENG, G., ZHANG, J., & AN, B. (2024). Is the green total factor of energy efficiency rising or falling? Evidence from the Belt and Road Initiative Countries. Energy Technology, 12(5), 2301163. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202301163
• MENG, M., & QU, D. (2022). Understanding the green energy efficiencies of provinces in China: A Super-SBM and GML analysis. Energy, 239, 121912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121912
• MIRANDA, I. T. P., MOLETTA, J., PEDROSO, B., PILATTI, L. A., & PICININ, C. T. (2021). A review on green technology practices at BRICS countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Sage Open, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211013780
• NEFFATI, M., & KHEMIRI, I. (2025). Examining the factors enhancing green growth in BRICS economies: Interplay between economic globalization, renewable energy use, and government efficiency. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 15(2), 735-745. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.18428
• OUR WORLD IN DATA. (2024). Russia: Energy Country Profile. https://ourworldindata.org/energy/country/russia
• PATTERSON, M. G. (1996). What is energy efficiency?: Concepts, indicators and methodological issues. Energy Policy, 24(5), 377-390. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(96)00017-1
• PODOBA, Z. & KRYSHNEVA, D. (2018). Green energy in BRICS. World Economy and International Relations, 62(2), 17-27. 10.20542/0131-2227-2018-62-2-17-27
• REN, Y. (2020). Research on the green total factor productivity and its influencing factors based on system GMM model. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 11(9), 3497-3508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-019-01472-2
• SADJADI, S, J., & OMRANI, H. (2008). Data envelopment analysis with uncertain data: An application for Iranian electricity distribution companies. Energy Policy, 36(11), 4247-4254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.08.004
• SCOONES, I. (2007). Sustainability. Development in Practice, 17(4-5), 589-596. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520701469609
• STATISTA (2025). Economy & Politics, Economy https://www.statista.com/
• SUN, X. (2022). Analysis of green total factor productivity in OECD and BRICS countries: based on the Super-SBM model. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 13(9), 3400-3415. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2022.149
• UNITED NATIONS (2015). Department of Economic and Social Affairs Sustainable Development. https://sdgs.un.org/goals
• WILKINSON, A,, HILL, M,, & GOLLAN, P. (2001). The sustainability debate. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 21(12), 1492-1502. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570110410865
• WORLD BANK (2025). World Development Indicators. Databank. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
• WU, H., HAO, Y., & REN. S. (2020). How do environmental regulation and environmental decentralization affect green total factor energy efficiency: Evidence from China. Energy Economics, 91, 104880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104880
• YADAV, A., GYAMFI, B. A., ASONGU, S. A., & BEHERA, D. K. (2024). The role of green finance and governance effectiveness in the impact of renewable energy investment on CO2 emissions in BRICS economies. Journal of Environmental Management, 358, 120906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120906
• ZAFAR, A. (2024). The role of artificial intelligence in environmental sustainability. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence Research, 1(02), 329-372.
• ZAKHAROV, V., E., & SIMONOVA, M. D. (2023). Green energy of the BRICS countries: The driver of inclusive development. in Current Problems of the Global Environmental Economy Under the Conditions of Climate Change and the Perspectives of Sustainable Development (pp. 323-336). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
• ZHANG, C., & WANG, Z. (2023). Analysis of spatiotemporal difference and driving factors of green total factor energy efficiency in RCEP members: Insights from SBM-GML and Tobit models. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(6), 15623-15640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23270-8
• ZHANG, C., ZHU, H., & LI, X. (2024). Which productivity can promote clean energy transition-total factor productivity or green total factor productivity?. Journal of Environmental Management, 366, 121899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121899
• ZHANG, J., & TAN, W. (2016). Study on the green total factor productivity in main cities of China. Zbornik Radova Ekonomskog Fakulteta U Rijeci: Časopis Za Ekonomsku Teoriju I Praksu, 34(1), 215-234. doi: 10.18045/zbefri.2016.1.215
• ZHANG, X, P., CHENG, X. M., YUAN, J. H., & GAO, X. J. (2011). Total-factor energy efficiency in developing countries. Energy Policy, 39(2), 644-650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.10.037
• ZHU, Z., & ZHENG, Y. (2020). Green total factor energy efficiency in China and its influencing factors. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 15(5), 781-787. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.150521
• ZHUANG, W., WANG, Y., LU, C. C., & CHEN, X. (2022). The green total factor productivity and convergence in China. Energy Science & Engineering, 10(8), 2794-2807. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.1168