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FIFA Transfer Sisteminde Çocuk Haklarının Korunması

Year 2019, Volume: 77 Issue: 2, 747 - 771, 31.12.2019

Abstract

Çocukların korunması hem hukuki hem de sosyal yönden büyük önem taşımakta ve toplumdaki her aktörü yakından ilgilendirmektedir. Son yıllarda tüm spor dallarında ancak özellikle futbolda çocuk sporcuların yüksek hareketliliğe sahip olmaları, onların haklarının yeterince korunup korunmadığı yönünde kaygıların ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Bu durum, başta Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) ve Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) olmak üzere uluslararası, bölgesel ve ulusal futbol otoritelerini çocuk korumasına yönelik gerekli hukuki düzenlemeleri yapmaya yöneltmiştir. Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuk Hakları Sözleşmesi (BMÇHS) gibi çocuk haklarını koruyan uluslararası sözleşmeler ve bu sözleşmelere taraf olan devletlerin kendi ulusal düzenlemeleri, çocuk sporcuların futbol üzerinden duygusal ve fiziksel zarara, ekonomik istismara ve insan kaçakçılığına maruz kalmaları gibi sorunlarla başa çıkmakta yetersiz kalmıştır. Bu uygulamaların çocuklar üzerinde yarattığı zararlı etkiyi bertaraf etmeyi amaçlayan FIFA, futboldaki diğer ilgililerle birlikte, uluslararası futbolcu transferlerine yönelik katı kurallar geliştirmiş ve uygulamaya koymuştur. İlk olarak 2001 yılında yürürlüğe giren FIFA Futbolcuların Statü ve Transferleri Talimatı (FSTT) 2005, 2009 ve 2015 yıllarında genç oyuncuların koruma kapsamının genişletilmesi amacıyla değişikliğe uğramıştır. Bu çalışmada, çocuk futbolcuların korunmasına ilişkin FIFA uluslararası transfer yasağının ve bu yasağa getirilen istisnaların gelişimi ve nasıl uygulandığı örnek Court of Arbitration for Sports (CAS) kararları ışığında değerlendirilecektir. Bunun nedeni CAS’ın sadece bu hukuki düzenlemelerin ilgililer tarafından ihlal edilmesi ile ortaya çıkan uyuşmazlıkların çözümünü sağlayan en yüksek tahkim otoritesi olmakla kalmayıp aynı zamanda belirli hükümleri inceleyerek ve yorumlayarak aldığı kararlar ile uygulamaya yön veriyor olmasıdır. Bu anlamda CAS, FIFA’nın ortaya koyduğu hukuki çerçevenin ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır.

Supporting Institution

Yazar bu çalışma için finansal destek almamıştır.

References

  • Armstrong, G, ‘The Migration of the Black Panther: An Interview with Eusebio of Mozambique and Portugal’ in Armstrong G. ve Giulianotti R. (eds), Football in Africa: Conflict, conciliation and community (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2004).
  • Barnard T, ‘Legal and regulatory considerations of minors in sport’ (2015) lawinsport.com <https:// www.lawinsport.com/topics/item/legal-and-regulatory-considerations-of-minors-in-sport> Erişim Tarihi 15 Aralık 2019.
  • Başar F, ‘Avrupa Birliği Hukuku ve Uluslararası Hukukta Çocukların Göç ve İlticaya İlişkin Hakları’ (2019) Türkiye İnsan Hakları ve Eşitlik Kurumu Akademik Dergisi 2 (2) 7-38.
  • Commission of the European Communities, White Paper on Sport, COM (2007) 391 final.
  • David P, Human Rights in Youth Sport (Routledge 2004).
  • Darby P, ‘Out of Africa: The Exodus of Elite African Football Talent to Europe’ (2007) 10, Working USA: The Journal of Labor and Society 56-75.
  • Donnelly P and Petherick L, ‘Workers’ Playtime? Child Labour at the Extremes of the Sporting Spectrum’ (2004) 7 (3) Sport in Society 49-57.
  • Eliasson I, ‘The Gap Between Formalised Children’s Rights and Children’s Real Lives in Sport’ (2015), International Review for the Sociology of Sport 52.
  • FIFA Circular No.1542, Amendments to the Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players. 1 June 2016, <https://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/02/79/97/47/ circularno.1542-amendmentstotheregulationsonthestatutsandtransferofplayers_neutral.pdf> Erişim Tarihi 18 Ekim 2019.
  • FIFA, Circular No. 769, 24th August 2001, https://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/ administration/ps_769_en_68.pdf (Son erişim tarihi, 05.08.19).
  • FIFA Minor Player Application Guide,23.02.2017 <https://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/ affederation/footballgovernance/02/86/35/28/protectionofminors%E2%80%93%E2%80%9Cm inorplayerapplicationguide%E2%80%9D_neutral.pdf> Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2019.
  • FIFA, Transfer Matching System, Global Transfer Market Report 2018, Men’s Football, A Review of All Football Transfers in 2018, s. 41 <https://www.fifatms.com/wp-content/uploads/dlm_ uploads/2019/01/fifa_tms_gtm_men_A4_online_f01.pdf> Erişim Tarihi 30.09.2019.
  • Gonzales E R, ‘The Transfer of minors and the need for legal certainty- Analysis of the Barcelona, Real Madrid & Atletico Madrid CAS Awards’ (2018) lawinsport.com, 5 <https://www. lawinsport.com/topics/item/the-transfer-of-minors-and-the-need-for-legal-certainty-analysisof-the-barcelona-real-madrid-atletico-madrid-cas-awards#references> Erişim Tarihi 15 Ekim 2019.
  • Mavroti D. and Cohen J, ‘International transfer of minors in football- key takeaways and procedural issues from Chelsea & the FA v. FIFA’ (2019) lawinsport.com, <https://www.lawinsport.com/ topics/item/international-transfer-of-minors-in-football-key-takeaways-and-procedural-issuesfrom-chelsea-the-fa-v-fifa> Erişim tarihi: 14 Ekim 2019.
  • Malkin, K., Johnston L. and Brackenridge, C. ‘A Critical Evaluation of Training Needs for Child Protection in UK Sport, Managing Leisure’ (2000), (5) 3 151-160 <https://www.tandfonline. com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13606710050084847?needAccess=true> Erişim tarihi 3 Mayıs 2019.
  • Minderhoud and Oosterom-Staples H, ‘Obstacles to free movement of young workers’, European network on free movement of workers’ (2011) 4, <https://www.ru.nl/publish/pages/714304/ obstacles_to_free_movement_of_young_workers.pdf > Erişim Tarihi 11 Ekim 2019.
  • Murray B. The World’s Game- A History of Soccer (University of Illinois Press 1998).
  • Simmons R. ‘Protection of Minors vs. European Law’ (2010) 1, European Sports Law and Policy Bulletin-The Bernard Case-Sports and Training Compensation, Sports Law and Policy Centre.
  • Turner M and McCrory P, ‘Child protection in sport’ (2004) British Journal of Sports Medicine <https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/bjsports/38/2/106.full.pdf> Erişim tarihi 15 Ekim 2019.
  • United Nations (UN), Human Rights Indicators: A Guide to Measurement and Implementation (2012)
  • United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, New York.
  • Yılmaz S. ‘Protection of Minors: Lessons About the FIFA RSTP from the recent Spanish Cases at the Court of Arbitration for Sport’ (2018), The International Sports Law Journal, https://doi. org/10.1007/s40318-018-0126-y Erişim Tarihi 11 Ağustos 2019.

The Protection of Child Rights Under the FIFA Transfer System

Year 2019, Volume: 77 Issue: 2, 747 - 771, 31.12.2019

Abstract

The protection of minors is an important legal and social issue which concerns all stakeholders. Recently, the high mobility level of minors within the football industry has raised questions about their welfare and rights. Particularly, the exposure of young players to emotional and physical harm, financial exploitation, and human trafficking through engaging with football are the most crucial subjects in this field. This fact has been motivated international, regional and national football authorities like the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) to develop a necessary legal framework for the protection of children. International agreements such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and the national legislations of the States that are parties to these agreements have not been adequate to provide child athletes with enough protection from emotional and physical harm, economical exploitation and human trafficking. With a view to protecting minors from the detrimental impacts of such practices, FIFA, together with other stakeholders in football, has developed and implemented strict regulations for international transfers. Originally adopted and introduced in 2001, the Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players (RSTP) that govern the international transfer of minors, went through modifications in 2005, 2009, and 2015 to expand its scope to improve the protection given to young players. In this paper the protection of child rights shall be considered and reviewed under the FIFA and UEFA rules and regulations in the light of the CAS decisions. This is because the CAS has been an integral part of this regulatory regime for not only being a supreme arbitral authority resolving disputes related to the violations of the framework by football stakeholders but for also clarifying its practical operation through its jurisprudence by examining and interpreting its specific provisions.

References

  • Armstrong, G, ‘The Migration of the Black Panther: An Interview with Eusebio of Mozambique and Portugal’ in Armstrong G. ve Giulianotti R. (eds), Football in Africa: Conflict, conciliation and community (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2004).
  • Barnard T, ‘Legal and regulatory considerations of minors in sport’ (2015) lawinsport.com <https:// www.lawinsport.com/topics/item/legal-and-regulatory-considerations-of-minors-in-sport> Erişim Tarihi 15 Aralık 2019.
  • Başar F, ‘Avrupa Birliği Hukuku ve Uluslararası Hukukta Çocukların Göç ve İlticaya İlişkin Hakları’ (2019) Türkiye İnsan Hakları ve Eşitlik Kurumu Akademik Dergisi 2 (2) 7-38.
  • Commission of the European Communities, White Paper on Sport, COM (2007) 391 final.
  • David P, Human Rights in Youth Sport (Routledge 2004).
  • Darby P, ‘Out of Africa: The Exodus of Elite African Football Talent to Europe’ (2007) 10, Working USA: The Journal of Labor and Society 56-75.
  • Donnelly P and Petherick L, ‘Workers’ Playtime? Child Labour at the Extremes of the Sporting Spectrum’ (2004) 7 (3) Sport in Society 49-57.
  • Eliasson I, ‘The Gap Between Formalised Children’s Rights and Children’s Real Lives in Sport’ (2015), International Review for the Sociology of Sport 52.
  • FIFA Circular No.1542, Amendments to the Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players. 1 June 2016, <https://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/02/79/97/47/ circularno.1542-amendmentstotheregulationsonthestatutsandtransferofplayers_neutral.pdf> Erişim Tarihi 18 Ekim 2019.
  • FIFA, Circular No. 769, 24th August 2001, https://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/ administration/ps_769_en_68.pdf (Son erişim tarihi, 05.08.19).
  • FIFA Minor Player Application Guide,23.02.2017 <https://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/ affederation/footballgovernance/02/86/35/28/protectionofminors%E2%80%93%E2%80%9Cm inorplayerapplicationguide%E2%80%9D_neutral.pdf> Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2019.
  • FIFA, Transfer Matching System, Global Transfer Market Report 2018, Men’s Football, A Review of All Football Transfers in 2018, s. 41 <https://www.fifatms.com/wp-content/uploads/dlm_ uploads/2019/01/fifa_tms_gtm_men_A4_online_f01.pdf> Erişim Tarihi 30.09.2019.
  • Gonzales E R, ‘The Transfer of minors and the need for legal certainty- Analysis of the Barcelona, Real Madrid & Atletico Madrid CAS Awards’ (2018) lawinsport.com, 5 <https://www. lawinsport.com/topics/item/the-transfer-of-minors-and-the-need-for-legal-certainty-analysisof-the-barcelona-real-madrid-atletico-madrid-cas-awards#references> Erişim Tarihi 15 Ekim 2019.
  • Mavroti D. and Cohen J, ‘International transfer of minors in football- key takeaways and procedural issues from Chelsea & the FA v. FIFA’ (2019) lawinsport.com, <https://www.lawinsport.com/ topics/item/international-transfer-of-minors-in-football-key-takeaways-and-procedural-issuesfrom-chelsea-the-fa-v-fifa> Erişim tarihi: 14 Ekim 2019.
  • Malkin, K., Johnston L. and Brackenridge, C. ‘A Critical Evaluation of Training Needs for Child Protection in UK Sport, Managing Leisure’ (2000), (5) 3 151-160 <https://www.tandfonline. com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13606710050084847?needAccess=true> Erişim tarihi 3 Mayıs 2019.
  • Minderhoud and Oosterom-Staples H, ‘Obstacles to free movement of young workers’, European network on free movement of workers’ (2011) 4, <https://www.ru.nl/publish/pages/714304/ obstacles_to_free_movement_of_young_workers.pdf > Erişim Tarihi 11 Ekim 2019.
  • Murray B. The World’s Game- A History of Soccer (University of Illinois Press 1998).
  • Simmons R. ‘Protection of Minors vs. European Law’ (2010) 1, European Sports Law and Policy Bulletin-The Bernard Case-Sports and Training Compensation, Sports Law and Policy Centre.
  • Turner M and McCrory P, ‘Child protection in sport’ (2004) British Journal of Sports Medicine <https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/bjsports/38/2/106.full.pdf> Erişim tarihi 15 Ekim 2019.
  • United Nations (UN), Human Rights Indicators: A Guide to Measurement and Implementation (2012)
  • United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, New York.
  • Yılmaz S. ‘Protection of Minors: Lessons About the FIFA RSTP from the recent Spanish Cases at the Court of Arbitration for Sport’ (2018), The International Sports Law Journal, https://doi. org/10.1007/s40318-018-0126-y Erişim Tarihi 11 Ağustos 2019.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Feyza Başar This is me 0000-0001-6641-1708

Publication Date December 31, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 77 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Başar, F. (2019). FIFA Transfer Sisteminde Çocuk Haklarının Korunması. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, 77(2), 747-771.
AMA Başar F. FIFA Transfer Sisteminde Çocuk Haklarının Korunması. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası. December 2019;77(2):747-771.
Chicago Başar, Feyza. “FIFA Transfer Sisteminde Çocuk Haklarının Korunması”. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası 77, no. 2 (December 2019): 747-71.
EndNote Başar F (December 1, 2019) FIFA Transfer Sisteminde Çocuk Haklarının Korunması. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası 77 2 747–771.
IEEE F. Başar, “FIFA Transfer Sisteminde Çocuk Haklarının Korunması”, İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 747–771, 2019.
ISNAD Başar, Feyza. “FIFA Transfer Sisteminde Çocuk Haklarının Korunması”. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası 77/2 (December 2019), 747-771.
JAMA Başar F. FIFA Transfer Sisteminde Çocuk Haklarının Korunması. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası. 2019;77:747–771.
MLA Başar, Feyza. “FIFA Transfer Sisteminde Çocuk Haklarının Korunması”. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, vol. 77, no. 2, 2019, pp. 747-71.
Vancouver Başar F. FIFA Transfer Sisteminde Çocuk Haklarının Korunması. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası. 2019;77(2):747-71.