Research Article
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Halkların Kendi Kaderini Tayin Hakkı: Politik Bir İdealden Sürekli Gelişen Hukukî Bir Hakka

Year 2021, Volume: 79 Issue: 1, 301 - 344, 27.04.2021

Abstract

“Eşit haklar ve halkların kendi kaderini tayin (self-determinasyon) ilkesi” Birleşmiş Milletler Şartı’nın kurucu amaçlarından biri olarak 1. maddesinde düzenlenmiştir. Uluslararası toplumun tamamı tarafından politik ve hukukî olarak onaylanmasına karşın, self-determinasyon tartışmalı bir hukukî yapı olarak varlığını sürdürmektedir. Bu çalışma self-determinasyon kavramının politik bir idealden hukukî bir ilkeye ve oradan da hukukî bir hakka evrilişini tarihsel süreç içerisinde sunmaktadır. Kavramın en doğru ele alınışının onun hem bir ilke hem bir hak olarak dinamik ve birleşik bir doğası olduğunu kabul etmekten geçtiğini savunmakta ve BM Genel Kurul Kararlarından UAD Danışma Görüşlerine uzanan geniş bir kapsamda uluslararası hukuk enstrümanlarını takip ederek uluslararası hukukta hangi halk kategorilerinin içsel veya dışsal anlamda self-determinasyon hakkına sahip olduğunu saptamayı amaçlamaktadır. Kosova’nın bağımsızlığı sorununun bu dinamiğin bir örneği olarak kullanıldığı çalışma, self-determinasyon ilkesi ve hakkının ele alınması ve eleştirel değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmasına yardımcı olmak için tarihsel ve analitik bir çerçeve sunmaktadır.

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References

  • Anaya SJ, ‘The Capacity of International Law to Advance Ethnic or Nationality Rights Claims’ in Will Kymlicka (ed), The Rights of Minority Cultures (OUP 1995)
  • Anderson B, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (Verso 1991)
  • Bauböck R, ‘Paradoxes of Self-Determination and the Right to Self-Government’ in Christopher L. Eisgruber and András Sajó (eds), Global Justice and The Bulwarks of Localism: Human Rights in Context (Martinus Nijhoff 2009)
  • Borgen CJ, ‘States and International Law: The Problems of Self-Determination, Secession, and Recognition’ in Başak Çalı (ed), International Law for International Relations (OUP 2010)
  • Brinkley D and Facey-Crowther DR (eds), The Atlantic Charter (Palgrave Macmillan 1994)
  • Cassese A, Self-Determination of Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal (CUP 1995)
  • Castellino J, ‘Order and Justice: National Minorities and the Right to Secession’ (1999) 6 Intl J on Minority & Group Rights 389-415
  • Castellino J and Gilbert J, ‘Self-Determination, Indigenous Peoples and Minorities’ (2003) 3 Macquire L J 155-178
  • Cheng B, General Principles of Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals (CUP 1987)
  • Cobban A, The Nation-State and National Self-Determination (Collins 1969)
  • Crawford J, The Creation of States in International Law (Clarendon 1979)
  • Dworkin R, Taking Rights Seriously (HUP 1978)
  • Franck TF, ‘The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance’ (1992) 86 (1) AJIL 46-91
  • Hazewinkel H, ‘Self-determination, territorial integrity and the OSCE’ (2007) 18 (4) Helsinki Monitor: Security and Human Rights 289-302
  • Higgins R, The Development of International Law Through the Political Organs of the United Nations (OUP 1963)
  • Jefferson T A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774) available at <https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/jeffsumm.asp
  • Kingsbury B, ‘Indigenous Peoples in International Law: A Constructivist Approach to the Asian Controversy’ (1998) 92 AJIL 414-457
  • Knop K, Diversity and Self-Determination in International Law (CUP 2002)
  • Lenin VI, Selected Works (Lawrence & Wishart 1969)
  • Luther M, ‘Disputation of Doctor Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences’ in Adolph Spaeth et al. (trs and eds), Works of Martin Luther, vol. 1 (A. J. Holman 1915), available at <http://www.projectwittenberg.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/web/ninetyfive.html>
  • Muharremi R, ‘Kosovo’s Declaration of Independence: Self-Determination and Sovereignty Revisited’ (2008) 33 Rev Central & East Eur L 401-435
  • Quane H, ‘The United Nations and The Evolving Right to Self-Determination’ (1998) 47 (3) Int’l & Comp L Q 537-572
  • Rosas A, ‘Internal Self Determination’ in Christian Tomuschat (ed), Modern Law of Self-Determination (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1993)
  • Ryan A, On Politics: A History of Political Thought from Herodotus to the Present (Penguin Books 2012)
  • Salmon J, ‘Internal Aspects of the Right to Self-Determination’ in Christian Tomuschat (ed), Modern Law of Self-Determination (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1993)
  • Sevastik P, ‘Secession, Self-determination of “Peoples” and Recognition –The Case of Kosovo’s Declaration of Independence and International Law’ in Ula Engdahl and Pål Wrange (eds), Law at War: The Law as It Was and the Law as It Should Be – Liber Amicorum Ove Bring (Martinus Nijhoff 2008)
  • Thornberry P, ‘The Democratic or Internal Aspect of Self-Determination’ in Christian Tomuschat (ed), Modern Law of Self-Determination (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1993)
  • Tomuschat C, ‘Self-Determination in a Post-Colonial World’ in Christian Tomuschat (ed), Modern Law of Self-Determination (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1993)
  • Vrdoljak AF, ‘Self-Determination and Cultural Rights’ in Francesco Francioni and Martin Scheinin (eds), Cultural Human Rights (Martinus Nijhoff 2008)
  • Wiessner S, ‘Rights and Status of Indigenous Peoples: A Global Comparative and International Analysis’ (1999) 12 Harv Hum Rts J 57-128.
  • Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo (Advisory Opinion) [2008] ICJ Rep 403
  • Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo (Advisory Opinion), Separate Opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade [2008] ICJ Rep 523
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  • Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (adopted 9 December 1948, entered into force 12 January 1951) 78 UNTS 277
  • Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, UNGA Res 1514 (XV) (14 December 1960) UN Doc A/RES/1514 (XV)
  • Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, UNGA Res 2625 (XXV) (24 October 1970), UN Doc A/RES/2625 (XXV)
  • Declaration of the Principles of International Cultural Cooperation (4 November 1966) in UNESCO, Records of the General Conference, 14th session, Paris, 1966, vol. 1: Resolutions
  • East Timor (Portugal v Australia) [1995] ICJ Rep 90
  • Federal Republic of Germany, Declaration relating to the declaration made upon accession by India (15 August 1980) 1197 UNTS 407
  • Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Mali) [1983] ICJ Rep 554
  • Gentini Case (Italy v. Venezuela) M. C. C. (1903) X UNRIAA 556
  • Independent International Commission on Kosovo, Kosovo Report (OUP 2002)
  • India, Declaration (10 April 1979) 1132 UNTS 439
  • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171
  • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 3 January 1976), 993 UNTS 3
  • Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970) (Advisory Opinion) [1971] ICJ Rep 16
  • Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Advisory Opinion) [2004] ICJ Rep 136
  • Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965 (Advisory Opinion) [2019] ICJ Rep 95
  • Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (Advisory Opinion) [1996] ICJ Rep 226
  • Letter dated 26 March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (26 March 2007) UN Doc S/2007/168 and Letter dated 26
  • March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council – Addendum: Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement (26 March 2007) UN Doc S/2007/168/Add.1
  • Loizidou v Turkey (Merits) App no 15318/89 (ECtHR [GC], 18 December 1996), Concurring Opinion of Judge Wildhaber, joined by Judge Ryssdal
  • Rambouillet Accords: Interim Agreement for Peace and Self-Government in Kosovo (7 June 1999) UN Doc S/1999/648, Annex
  • Re Secession of Quebec [1998] 2 SCR 217 (Canada)
  • ‘Report of the International Committee of the Jurists entrusted by the Council of the League of Nations with the task of giving an Advisory Opinion upon the Legal Aspects of the Aaland Islands Question’ (1920) League of Nations Official Journal Spec Supp 3
  • Report of The Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraph 10 of Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999) (12 June 1999) UN Doc S/1999/672
  • Report presented to the Council of the League by the Commission of Rapporteurs (16 April 1921), Council Doc. B7/21/68/106
  • Prague meeting of the CSCE Council, 30-31 January 1992, Summary of Conclusions
  • UNGA Res 31/154 A (20 December 1976) UN Doc A/RES/31/154A
  • UNGA Res 1541 (XV) (15 December 1960) UN Doc A/RES/1541 (XV)
  • UN Commission on Human Rights, Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities, Study on the Rights of Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities by Francesco Capotorti, Special Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission, UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/384/Rev.1 (1979)
  • United Nations Conference on International Organization (1945), vol. VI
  • United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, UNGA Res 61/295 (2 October 2007) UN Doc A/RES/61/295.
  • United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII), ‘United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples’
  • UNSC Res 417 (31 October 1977) UN Doc S/RES/417
  • UNSC Res 855 (9 August 1993) UN Doc S/RES/855
  • UNSC Res 1160 (31 March 1998) UN Doc S/RES/1160
  • UNSC Res 1244 (10 June 1999) UN Doc S/RES/1244
  • Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (adopted 25 June 1993) UN Doc A/CONF.157/23 (1993)
  • Western Sahara (Advisory Opinion) [1975] ICJ Rep 12
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Peoples’ Right to Self-Determination: From a Political Ideal to an Ever-Evolving Legal Right

Year 2021, Volume: 79 Issue: 1, 301 - 344, 27.04.2021

Abstract

The “principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples” is one of the foundational purposes of the United Nations Charter, codified in Article 1 therein. Notwithstanding its political and legal affirmation by the international community as a whole, self-determination remains a vexed legal construct. This paper offers a historical overview of the evolution of self-determination from a political ideal to a legal principle and to a legal right. It argues that the most constructive understanding of the concept is one that acknowledges its composite nature as both a principle and a right, and it seeks to ascertain which categories of peoples are recognized as having the right to self-determination, whether internal or external, under international law, following a wide range of international legal instruments from the UN General Assembly Decisions to the ICJ Advisory Opinions. Using the case of Kosovo as an illustration of this dynamic, it presents a historical and analytical framework that might assist in (re)conceptualising and critically assessing more recent and future claims for self-determination.

References

  • Anaya SJ, ‘The Capacity of International Law to Advance Ethnic or Nationality Rights Claims’ in Will Kymlicka (ed), The Rights of Minority Cultures (OUP 1995)
  • Anderson B, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (Verso 1991)
  • Bauböck R, ‘Paradoxes of Self-Determination and the Right to Self-Government’ in Christopher L. Eisgruber and András Sajó (eds), Global Justice and The Bulwarks of Localism: Human Rights in Context (Martinus Nijhoff 2009)
  • Borgen CJ, ‘States and International Law: The Problems of Self-Determination, Secession, and Recognition’ in Başak Çalı (ed), International Law for International Relations (OUP 2010)
  • Brinkley D and Facey-Crowther DR (eds), The Atlantic Charter (Palgrave Macmillan 1994)
  • Cassese A, Self-Determination of Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal (CUP 1995)
  • Castellino J, ‘Order and Justice: National Minorities and the Right to Secession’ (1999) 6 Intl J on Minority & Group Rights 389-415
  • Castellino J and Gilbert J, ‘Self-Determination, Indigenous Peoples and Minorities’ (2003) 3 Macquire L J 155-178
  • Cheng B, General Principles of Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals (CUP 1987)
  • Cobban A, The Nation-State and National Self-Determination (Collins 1969)
  • Crawford J, The Creation of States in International Law (Clarendon 1979)
  • Dworkin R, Taking Rights Seriously (HUP 1978)
  • Franck TF, ‘The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance’ (1992) 86 (1) AJIL 46-91
  • Hazewinkel H, ‘Self-determination, territorial integrity and the OSCE’ (2007) 18 (4) Helsinki Monitor: Security and Human Rights 289-302
  • Higgins R, The Development of International Law Through the Political Organs of the United Nations (OUP 1963)
  • Jefferson T A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774) available at <https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/jeffsumm.asp
  • Kingsbury B, ‘Indigenous Peoples in International Law: A Constructivist Approach to the Asian Controversy’ (1998) 92 AJIL 414-457
  • Knop K, Diversity and Self-Determination in International Law (CUP 2002)
  • Lenin VI, Selected Works (Lawrence & Wishart 1969)
  • Luther M, ‘Disputation of Doctor Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences’ in Adolph Spaeth et al. (trs and eds), Works of Martin Luther, vol. 1 (A. J. Holman 1915), available at <http://www.projectwittenberg.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/web/ninetyfive.html>
  • Muharremi R, ‘Kosovo’s Declaration of Independence: Self-Determination and Sovereignty Revisited’ (2008) 33 Rev Central & East Eur L 401-435
  • Quane H, ‘The United Nations and The Evolving Right to Self-Determination’ (1998) 47 (3) Int’l & Comp L Q 537-572
  • Rosas A, ‘Internal Self Determination’ in Christian Tomuschat (ed), Modern Law of Self-Determination (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1993)
  • Ryan A, On Politics: A History of Political Thought from Herodotus to the Present (Penguin Books 2012)
  • Salmon J, ‘Internal Aspects of the Right to Self-Determination’ in Christian Tomuschat (ed), Modern Law of Self-Determination (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1993)
  • Sevastik P, ‘Secession, Self-determination of “Peoples” and Recognition –The Case of Kosovo’s Declaration of Independence and International Law’ in Ula Engdahl and Pål Wrange (eds), Law at War: The Law as It Was and the Law as It Should Be – Liber Amicorum Ove Bring (Martinus Nijhoff 2008)
  • Thornberry P, ‘The Democratic or Internal Aspect of Self-Determination’ in Christian Tomuschat (ed), Modern Law of Self-Determination (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1993)
  • Tomuschat C, ‘Self-Determination in a Post-Colonial World’ in Christian Tomuschat (ed), Modern Law of Self-Determination (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1993)
  • Vrdoljak AF, ‘Self-Determination and Cultural Rights’ in Francesco Francioni and Martin Scheinin (eds), Cultural Human Rights (Martinus Nijhoff 2008)
  • Wiessner S, ‘Rights and Status of Indigenous Peoples: A Global Comparative and International Analysis’ (1999) 12 Harv Hum Rts J 57-128.
  • Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo (Advisory Opinion) [2008] ICJ Rep 403
  • Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo (Advisory Opinion), Separate Opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade [2008] ICJ Rep 523
  • Charter of the United Nations [1945] 1 UNTS XVI
  • Convention (No. 169) Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (adopted 27 June 1989, entered into force 5 September 1991) 1650 UNTS 383
  • Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (adopted 9 December 1948, entered into force 12 January 1951) 78 UNTS 277
  • Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, UNGA Res 1514 (XV) (14 December 1960) UN Doc A/RES/1514 (XV)
  • Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, UNGA Res 2625 (XXV) (24 October 1970), UN Doc A/RES/2625 (XXV)
  • Declaration of the Principles of International Cultural Cooperation (4 November 1966) in UNESCO, Records of the General Conference, 14th session, Paris, 1966, vol. 1: Resolutions
  • East Timor (Portugal v Australia) [1995] ICJ Rep 90
  • Federal Republic of Germany, Declaration relating to the declaration made upon accession by India (15 August 1980) 1197 UNTS 407
  • Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Mali) [1983] ICJ Rep 554
  • Gentini Case (Italy v. Venezuela) M. C. C. (1903) X UNRIAA 556
  • Independent International Commission on Kosovo, Kosovo Report (OUP 2002)
  • India, Declaration (10 April 1979) 1132 UNTS 439
  • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171
  • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 3 January 1976), 993 UNTS 3
  • Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970) (Advisory Opinion) [1971] ICJ Rep 16
  • Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Advisory Opinion) [2004] ICJ Rep 136
  • Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965 (Advisory Opinion) [2019] ICJ Rep 95
  • Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (Advisory Opinion) [1996] ICJ Rep 226
  • Letter dated 26 March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (26 March 2007) UN Doc S/2007/168 and Letter dated 26
  • March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council – Addendum: Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement (26 March 2007) UN Doc S/2007/168/Add.1
  • Loizidou v Turkey (Merits) App no 15318/89 (ECtHR [GC], 18 December 1996), Concurring Opinion of Judge Wildhaber, joined by Judge Ryssdal
  • Rambouillet Accords: Interim Agreement for Peace and Self-Government in Kosovo (7 June 1999) UN Doc S/1999/648, Annex
  • Re Secession of Quebec [1998] 2 SCR 217 (Canada)
  • ‘Report of the International Committee of the Jurists entrusted by the Council of the League of Nations with the task of giving an Advisory Opinion upon the Legal Aspects of the Aaland Islands Question’ (1920) League of Nations Official Journal Spec Supp 3
  • Report of The Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraph 10 of Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999) (12 June 1999) UN Doc S/1999/672
  • Report presented to the Council of the League by the Commission of Rapporteurs (16 April 1921), Council Doc. B7/21/68/106
  • Prague meeting of the CSCE Council, 30-31 January 1992, Summary of Conclusions
  • UNGA Res 31/154 A (20 December 1976) UN Doc A/RES/31/154A
  • UNGA Res 1541 (XV) (15 December 1960) UN Doc A/RES/1541 (XV)
  • UN Commission on Human Rights, Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities, Study on the Rights of Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities by Francesco Capotorti, Special Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission, UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/384/Rev.1 (1979)
  • United Nations Conference on International Organization (1945), vol. VI
  • United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, UNGA Res 61/295 (2 October 2007) UN Doc A/RES/61/295.
  • United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII), ‘United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples’
  • UNSC Res 417 (31 October 1977) UN Doc S/RES/417
  • UNSC Res 855 (9 August 1993) UN Doc S/RES/855
  • UNSC Res 1160 (31 March 1998) UN Doc S/RES/1160
  • UNSC Res 1244 (10 June 1999) UN Doc S/RES/1244
  • Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (adopted 25 June 1993) UN Doc A/CONF.157/23 (1993)
  • Western Sahara (Advisory Opinion) [1975] ICJ Rep 12
  • Western Sahara (Advisory Opinion), Separate Opinion of Judge Dillard [1975] ICJ Rep 116
There are 72 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Oğuzhan Bekir Keskin This is me 0000-0002-3103-1171

Publication Date April 27, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 79 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Keskin, O. B. (2021). Peoples’ Right to Self-Determination: From a Political Ideal to an Ever-Evolving Legal Right. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, 79(1), 301-344.
AMA Keskin OB. Peoples’ Right to Self-Determination: From a Political Ideal to an Ever-Evolving Legal Right. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası. April 2021;79(1):301-344.
Chicago Keskin, Oğuzhan Bekir. “Peoples’ Right to Self-Determination: From a Political Ideal to an Ever-Evolving Legal Right”. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası 79, no. 1 (April 2021): 301-44.
EndNote Keskin OB (April 1, 2021) Peoples’ Right to Self-Determination: From a Political Ideal to an Ever-Evolving Legal Right. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası 79 1 301–344.
IEEE O. B. Keskin, “Peoples’ Right to Self-Determination: From a Political Ideal to an Ever-Evolving Legal Right”, İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 301–344, 2021.
ISNAD Keskin, Oğuzhan Bekir. “Peoples’ Right to Self-Determination: From a Political Ideal to an Ever-Evolving Legal Right”. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası 79/1 (April 2021), 301-344.
JAMA Keskin OB. Peoples’ Right to Self-Determination: From a Political Ideal to an Ever-Evolving Legal Right. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası. 2021;79:301–344.
MLA Keskin, Oğuzhan Bekir. “Peoples’ Right to Self-Determination: From a Political Ideal to an Ever-Evolving Legal Right”. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, vol. 79, no. 1, 2021, pp. 301-44.
Vancouver Keskin OB. Peoples’ Right to Self-Determination: From a Political Ideal to an Ever-Evolving Legal Right. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası. 2021;79(1):301-44.