Propositions to Fill for Normative Gaps on Temporary Protection and Refugee Burden Sharing

Year 2022, Volume: 80 Issue: 2, 655 - 682, 22.07.2022

Ümmühan Elçin Ertuğrul

Abstract

This paper proposes a paradigm change in the international refugee regime, whereby refugee burden-sharing must shift from state-centrism and security concerns toward a perspective grounded in human rights and the international community. Furthermore, it proposes to fill normative gaps regarding temporary protection and refugee burden-sharing.
The right to obtain and receive protection in other countries for a person who is faced with persecution in their own country is a human right However, it does not constitute an international obligation for states under the present refugee regime. Refugee admission is solely under the control and at the discretion of the host states. States usually avoid admitting refugees due to various concerns regarding security, their social and economic situation, and the like. As a result, the refugee burden is placed on the shoulders of just a few states. In fact, it should be shared by all.
This paper advocates placing the burden of refugees, including the burden of temporary protection, on the international community as a whole. The argument is that refugee burden-sharing is a jus cogens from which the international community as a whole benefits and that jus cogens entails erga omnes obligation for the international community as a whole. In fact, erga omnes obligations may arise even if refugee burden-sharing is not accepted as jus cogens under international law. In discussions on refugee burden-sharing, the logic of collective action and the prisoner’s dilemma have been considered. This paper also contends that burden-sharing states have rights in personam to claim from other states, inspired by Hart’s theory of “mutuality of restriction.” The essence of this paper is based on Friedman’s notion of an everchanging international community and, thus, on an understanding of international law.

Keywords

Temporary Protection, Refugee Burden-Sharing, Jus Cogens, Erga Omnes, The Theory of Mutuality of Restriction, International Refugee Law

Geçici Koruma ve Mülteci Yükünün Paylaşılmasındaki Normatif Boşlukların Giderilmesiyle Ilgili Öneriler

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, uluslararası mülteci rejiminde bir paradigma değişikliği yani mülteci yükü paylaşımının, güvenlik odaklı devlet merkezinden; insan hakları odaklı, uluslararası toplum merkezine kaydırılması önerilir. Ayrıca, geçici koruma ve mülteci yükü paylaşımına ilişkin normatif boşlukları doldurmak için öneriler sunulur.
Menşe ülkesinde zulüm gören kişilerin başka ülkelere sığınması ya da sığınma araması bir insan hakkıdır. Ancak bu durum, mevcut mülteci rejimine göre, devletler için uluslararası bir yükümlülük oluşturmaz. Şöyle ki, mülteci kabulü, ev sahibi devletlerin münhasır egemenliği dahilindedir ve tamamen ev sahibi devletlerin takdirine bırakılmıştır. Devletler genellikle, güvenlik, sosyal ve ekonomik durum ve benzeri kaygılar nedeniyle, ülkelerine mülteci almaktan kaçınmaktadırlar. Bunun sonucu olarak da mülteci yükü çok az sayıda devletin omuzlarına kalmaktadır.
Çalışma, geçici korumanın da dahil olduğu mülteci yükünü, bir bütün olarak uluslararası topluma yükler. Mülteci yükünün paylaşımının, bir bütün olarak uluslararası toplumun menfaatine olan jus cogens kural olduğunu ve bundan herkese karşı ileri sürülebilen erga omnes yükümlülük doğduğunu savunur. Erga omnes yükümlülük, mülteci yükünün paylaşılması jus cogens kural kabul edilmese dahi söz konusu olabilecektir. Mülteci yükünün paylaşımında Kolektif Hareketin Mantığı ve Mahkum İkilemi, göz önünde tutulmuştur. Bu çalışma ayrıca, Hart’ın “kısıtlamaların karşılıklılığı” teorisine göre, mülteci yükünü paylaşan devletlerin, diğerler devletlerden talep edebilecekleri nisbi haklarının olduğunu iddia eder. Çalışmanın konusu, Friedmann’ın, uluslararası toplum ve dolayısıyla uluslararası hukukun değişimine dayandırılmıştır.

Keywords

Geçici Koruma, Mülteci Yükünün Paylaşılması, Jus Cogens, Erga Omnes Yükümlülük, Kısıtlamaların Karşılıklılığı Teorisi, Uluslararası Mülteci Hukuku

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