The Concept of Autonomy, Operatıon of Autonomous Vessels and the IMO’s Degrees of Autonomy

Year 2024, Volume: 82 Issue: 4, 1135 - 1183, 30.12.2024

Selim Ciğer

Abstract

Contemporary developments indicate that the advent of autonomous vessels in shipping operations is near. Considering the slow progress in drafting regulations specifically applicable to these new types of vessels, it appears highly likely that they will be subject to the application of the existing regulations for quite some time. Consequently, the past decade has seen countless studies concentrating on reviewing the applicability of the existing regulations to autonomous vessels. Arguably, the most noteworthy of these studies is the IMO’s scoping exercise and its degrees of autonomy designed for this inquiry have been rather influential in shaping the understanding of the subject, which led many similar studies centring their analysis on these four specific categories. However, the categorisation adopted by the IMO is open to criticism. Indeed, not only are the four degrees of autonomy inconsistent with the technical concepts widely used in autonomous vessel design but they are also unsuitable for evaluating the application of the existing legal rules to autonomous vessels as they are of a highly static character. The latter is especially problematic as all prevailing technical designs for realising autonomous vessels expect the ship rotating freely between different degrees of autonomy. This means that, despite not being a fully autonomous vessel, in the course of a single voyage the vessel might be operated at times without any human intervention in higher degrees of autonomy as well as being manually controlled by the crew or the remote control centre personnel when the need arises. In view of such a dynamic mode of operation, it is submitted that the usefulness of the static categories is markedly limited in analysing the applicability of the current regulations to autonomous vessels and regard must be had for certain parameters to be determined in light of the central differences between the conventional vessels and the autonomous vessel prototypes currently being tested for operation.

Keywords

Shipping Law , Autonomous Vessels , Autonomy , Dynamic Autonomy , IMO’s Degrees of Autonomy

Yeni Tip Gemilerin İşleyiş Esasları Bakımından Otonomi Kavramı ve IMO’nun Otonom Gemi Kategorileri Üzerine Düşünceler

Abstract

Konuyla ilgili güncel gelişmeler ışığında otonom gemilerin yakın bir gelecekte yaygınlaşacağı tahmin edilmektedir. Yeni tip gemilere mahsus kuralların kaleme alınması hususundaki çalışmaların yavaş ilerlediği dikkate alınırsa otonom gemilere bir süre daha mevcut hükümlerin uygulanması olası görünmektedir. Bu bağlamda yakın geçmişte, başta IMO’nun çalışmaları olmak üzere, mevcut hükümlerin yeni tip gemilere uygulanmasını inceleyen çok sayıda değerlendirme kaleme alınmıştır. Bu çalışmaların önemli bir kısmında mevcut hükümlerin uygulanması bakımından IMO tarafından belirlenen dört otonom gemi kategorisinin esas alındığı görülmektedir. Ancak, ilgili kategorilerin çeşitli açılardan eleştiriye açık olduğu görüşündeyiz. Zira ilgili kategoriler yeni tip gemiler ile ilgili olarak yaygın şekilde kullanılan teknik kavramlar ile uyumsuzluk gösterdiği gibi, esnekliğe kapalı şekilde tasarlanmaları sebebiyle mevcut hukuki düzenlemelerin yeni tip gemilere uygulanmasını ölçecek değerlendirmeler bakımından da yetersizdir. Gerçekten de yeni tip gemilerin işleyişine ilişkin asli unsurlardan biri olarak kabul edilebilecek otonomi seviyeleri bakımından IMO kategorilerindeki gemiler durağan otonomi prensibi ile işletilecekleri izlenimi uyandırmaktadır. Halbuki uygulamaya geçmesi için hazırlık yapılan prototipler de dâhil olmak üzere tüm otonom gemi dizaynlarında geminin sefer sırasında farklı otonomi seviyeleri arasında serbestçe geçiş yapabileceği öngörülmektedir. Böylece, yeni tip gemiler tam otonom gemi sınıfında olmasa dahi, rutin şekilde nihai olarak sevk ve idarenin makine tarafından gerçekleştirildiği yüksek otonomi seviyelerinde işletilebileceği gibi, ihtiyaçlara ve teknik kabiliyete bağlı olarak zaman zaman mürettebat veya uzaktan kumanda merkezi personeli eliyle manuel şekilde de kontrol edilebilir. Dolayısıyla mevcut hükümlerin uygulanmasını inceleyen değerlendirmeler bakımından esneklikten uzak şekilde tasarlanmış kategorilerin faydasının kısıtlı olacağı düşünülmektedir. Bunun yerine yeni tip gemi prototipleri ışığında konvansiyonel gemiler ile yeni tip gemiler arasındaki temel farklardan yola çıkarak belirlenecek parametrelerin esas alınmasının bu tür çalışmalar bakımından daha isabetli olacağı değerlendirilmektedir.

Keywords

Deniz Ticaret Hukuku , Otonom Gemiler , Otonomi , Değişken Otonomi , IMO’nun Otonom Gemi Seviyeleri

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