Interaction between the right to legal aid and the right to information: Opportunities presented by legal technology

Year 2025, Volume: 83 Issue: 2, 646 - 666, 21.08.2025

Anar Bağırov

Abstract

The special role of the right to legal aid in the protection of other human rights is essential for the restoration of violated rights. Considering this, the article refers not only to important universal and regional international instruments but also to international practice, including court decisions. The right to legal aid is closely related to the right to information, as in most cases, the essence of legal aid is the correct and efficient use of reliable information. However, not providing the necessary information to the person receiving legal aid may deprive him of the opportunity to benefit from his rights. Therefore, the full provision of information on legal aid to individuals and ensuring the availability of such information are important issues. The application of scientific and technical renewals to jurisprudence requires that legal aid services are also aware of these improvements, ensuring confidentiality, comprehensiveness, and availability for the protection of individuals’ rights and freedoms. The unity and interaction of the rights to legal aid and to information include the availability of legal aid services for a specific person and the timely and full provision of necessary information on various proceedings. It is concluded that in the modern era, the application of digital technologies, especially artificial intelligence systems, to legal aid services gives successful results, where reference to the practice of developed countries and their dissemination should be one of the main directions ahead.

Keywords

Human rights , Right to legal aid , Right to information , Right to a fair trial , Freedom of information , New technologies , Legal aid services , Scientific and technical innovations , Artificial intelligence , Judicial practice , International conventions

Adli Yardım Hakkı İle Bilgi Edinme Hakkı Arasındaki Etkileşim: Hukuk Teknolojisinin Sağladığı Fırsatlar

Abstract

Adli yardım hakkının diğer insan haklarının korunmasındaki özel rolü, ihlal edilen hakların onarımı açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bunu dikkate alarak makale, yalnızca önemli evrensel ve bölgesel uluslararası belgelere değil, aynı zamanda mahkeme kararları da dahil olmak üzere uluslararası uygulamaya da atıfta bulunmaktadır. Adli yardım hakkı, bilgi edinme hakkıyla yakından ilişkili bir haktır. Çünkü çoğu durumda, adli yardımın özü, güvenilir bilginin doğru ve verimli kullanılmasıdır. Öte yandan, adli yardım alan kişiye gerekli bilgilerin verilmemesi, onu haklarından yararlanma fırsatından mahrum bırakabilir. Bu yüzden, bireylere adli yardım konusunda eksiksiz bilgi verilmesi ve bu bilgilerin ulaşılabilirliğinin sağlanması önemli konulardan biridir. Bilimsel ve teknik yeniliklerin hukuk alanına uygulanması, bireylerin hak ve özgürlüklerinin korunması için adli yardım hizmetlerinin de bu yeniliklerden haberdar olmasını, gizliliğin, tamlığın ve kullanılabilirliğin sağlanmasını gerektirmektedir. Adli yardım alma ve bilgi edinme haklarının birliği ve etkileşimi, belirli bir kişiye yönelik adli yardım hizmetlerinin sağlanmasının yanı sıra çeşitli işlemlere ilişkin gerekli bilgilerin zamanında ve eksiksiz olarak sağlanmasını da içerir. Modern çağda dijital teknolojilerin, özellikle de yapay zeka (YZ) sistemlerinin adli yardım hizmetlerine uygulanmasının başarılı sonuçlar verdiği gözlemlenmektedir. Bu yönde gelişmiş ülke uygulamalarına referans verilmesi ve bunun yaygınlaştırılması önümüzdeki ana hedeflerdendir.

Keywords

İnsan hakları , Adli yardım hakkı , Bilgi edinme hakkı , Adil yargılanma hakkı , Bilgi edinme özgürlüğü , Yeni teknolojiler , Adli yardım hizmetleri , Bilimsel ve teknik yenilikler , Yapay zeka , Yargı uygulaması , Uluslararası belgeler

References

• Akyol L, 'Adli yardım' (2005) 31 (Ocak-Nisan) Yargıtay Dergisi 127-128. google scholar
• Akço S, Koyuncuoğlu T, 'Çocuk ve Kadınların Hak Arama Özgürlüğü ve Adli Yardım' (2009) 83(4) İstanbul Barosu Dergisi 1827-1839. google scholar
• Bağırov A, 'Hüquqi yardım almaq hüququnun genezisi və inkişafı' (Hüquqi yardım almaq hüququnun genezisi və inkişafı) (2015) AHİM < https://lawreform.az/index.php?module=news&name=view&id=3777&lang=az > Erişim Tarihi 1 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• Barczentewicz M, 'Teaching Technology to (Future) Lawyers' (2021) 14(1) Erasmus Law Review 42-53. google scholar
• Bhat H., 'Access to Justice: A Sociological Perspective on Legal Aid in India' (2023) 13(1) Journal of Society in Kashmir 14-22. google scholar
• Bilgin Hikmet, 'Hukuk Alanındaki Hizmetlerde Kullanılan Teknolojik Olanaklar (Legaltech) ve Avukatlık Mesleğine Olası Etkileri' (2024) 73 (2) Ankara Üni. Hukuk Fak. Dergisi 1019-1067. google scholar
• Brescia R. H, McCarthy W, McDonald A, Potts K and Rivais C, 'Embracing disruption: How technological change in the delivery of legal services can improve access to justice' (2015) 78(2) Albany Law Review 553-621. google scholar
• Bridgesmith L and Elmessiry A, 'The Digital Transformation of Law: Are We Prepared for Artificially Intelligent Legal Practice?' (2020-2021) 54(4) Akron Law Review 815-827. google scholar
• Görentaş Burak, 'Hukukta yapay zeka' (2023) 8(41) SSD Journal 1-14. google scholar
• Calo R, 'Robotics and the Lessons of Cyberlaw' (2015) 103(3) California Law Review 529-532. google scholar
• Danner R. A, 'Legal Information and the Development of American Law: Writings on the Form and Structure of the Published Law' (2006) 99(2) Law Library Journal 193-227. google scholar
• Dudchenko V/ Yulia Tsurkan-Saifulina/ Kostiantyn Vitman, ‘Legal Tech: Unravelling the nature and purpose of modern law in the digital era' (2023) 6(3) Social & Legal Studios 24-31. google scholar
• Hakim H. A, Chrisna Bagus Edhita Praja and Ming-Hsi Sung, 'AI in Law: Urgency of the Implementation of Artificial Intelligence on Law Enforcement in Indonesia' (2023) 14(1) Jurnal Hukum 122-134. google scholar
• İçer, Zafer/ Hacıpaşaoğlu, Mümtaz/ Tüzünoğlu, Melih, Hukuk Teknolojileri ve Avukatlık Mesleğindeki Uygulamaları. Yapay Zeka Çalışma Grubu. İstanbul 2020, 14 s. google scholar
• Kılıçarslan S. K, 'Yapay zekanin hukuki statüsü ve hukuki kişiliği üzerine tartışmalar' (2019/2) Yıldırım Beyazıt Hukuk Dergisi 363-389. google scholar
• Lemley M. A./ Casey B, 'Remedies for Robots' (2019) 86(5) The University of Chicago Law Review 1311-1396. google scholar
• Li V, 'Chatbot apps help users communicate their legal needs' (2017/07) ABA Journal 34. google scholar
• Lin R. Y, 'A Prisoner's Constitutional Right to Attorney Assistance' (1983) 83(5) Columbia Law Review 1279-1319. google scholar
• Lokmanoğlu E, 'Dijitalleşmekte olan avukatlık mesleğinde dijital iletişim araçlarının kullanımı' (2022) 7(46) International journal of social, humanities and administrative sciences 2297-2304. google scholar
• Loy M, 'Legal Liability for Artificially Intelligent Robot Lawyers' (2022) 26(3) Lewis & Clark Law Review 951-972. google scholar
• Medianik K, 'Artificially Intelligent Lawyers: Updating the Model Rules of Professional Conduct in Accordance with the New Technological Era' (2018) 39(4) Cardozo Law Review 1497-1532. google scholar
• Moore T. R, 'The Upgraded Lawyer: Modern Technology and Its Impact on the Legal Profession' (2019) 21(27) U.D.C. L. Review 27-57. google scholar
• Nhemi S, 'Law without Lawyers: Examining the Limitations of Consumer-Centric Legal Tech Services’ (2023) 3(1) Journal of Intellectual Property and Information Technology Law 15-76. google scholar
• Paul G. L and Baron J. R, 'Information Inflation: Can The Legal System Adapt?' (2007) 13(3) Rich. J.L. & Tech 1-41. google scholar
• Poppe E. T, 'The Future Is BB̶rB̶igB̶hB̶tB̶ Complicated: AI, Apps & Access to Justice' (2019) 72 (1) Oklahoma Law Rᴇᴠiew 149-189. google scholar
• Rimsha Syeda, 'An Intelligent Path for Improving Diversity at Law Firms (Un)Artificially' (2023) 29(2) Michigan Technology Law Review 307-338. google scholar
• Riswanto E./ Suparno, 'Advocate Legal Assistance as a Way of Protecting Human Rights' (2021), ICLSSEE 8 p. < https://eudl.eu/pdf/10. 4108/eai.6-3-2021.2306199 > Erişim Tarihi 2 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• Ruhi A. C, Adli Yardım, Tebligat ve İstinabe, 2. Bası, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2016. google scholar
• Szostek, Dariusz/ Zalucki, Mariusz, Legal Tech. Information technology tools in the administration of justice, 675 p. google scholar
• Wolf M. J, 'Collaborative technology improves access to justice' (2012) 15(759) Legislation and public policy 759-789. google scholar
• Zeynep Ö. Kotil, Hukukta yapay zeka uygulamaları (Yapay Zekâ Çalışma Grubu, 2022). google scholar
• 'Annual 65th Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights' (General Secretariat of the Commission 2023). google scholar
• 'Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers' (the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, 1990) < https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/basic-principles-role-lawyers > Erişim Tarihi 3 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• 'Calling of an International Conference on Freedom of Information (Resolution 59)' (United Nations General Assembly, 1946). <https:// undocs.org/en/A/RES/59(I) > Erişim Tarihi 1 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• 'Directive 2013/48/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2013 on the right of access to a lawyer in criminal proceedings and in European arrest warrant proceedings, and on the right to have a third party informed upon deprivation of liberty and to communicate with third persons and with consular authorities while deprived of liberty' < https://eur-lex.europa. eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32013L0048 > Erişim Tarihi 3 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• 'European Convention on Human Rights' (Council of Europe, 1950). < https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_eng > Erişim tarihi 1 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• 'International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights' (United Nations, 1966) < https://treaties.un.org/doc/treaties/1976/03/19760323% 2006-17%20am/ch_iv_04.pdf> Erişim Tarihi 1 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• 'Legal Aid' (European Committee on Legal Cooperation) < https://www.coe.int/en/web/cdcj/activities/free-legal-aid > Erişim tarihi 1 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• 'Hedef 16. Sürdürülebilir kalkınma için barışçıl ve kapsayıcı toplumların desteklenmesi, herkesin adalete erişiminin sağlanması ve her düzeyde etkili, hesap verebilir ve kapsayıcı kurumların inşa edilmesi' < https://sdg.azstat.gov.az/az/goal-info/16/sulh-edalet-ve- semereli-institutlar#tab2 > Erişim Tarihi 1 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• 'General comment no. 32, Article 14, Right to equality before courts and tribunals and to fair trial' < https://www.refworld.org/legal/ general/hrc/2007/en/52583 > Erişim Tarihi 2 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• 'National practices with regard to the accessibility of court documents' (European Parliament, study, 2013). google scholar
• 'Recommedation, R(93) 1' (Council of Europe Committee of Ministers, 1993) < http://euromed-justiceii.eu/files/repository/ 20090123123822_recR(93)1e.pdf > Erişim Tarihi 2 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• 'Recommedation, R(2000) 21' (Council of Europe, 2022) < https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-6319-2022-INIT/en/pdf > Erişim Tarihi 2 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• 'Keystones to Foster Inclusive Knowledge Societies' (UNESCO, 2015). <https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000232563> Erişim Tarihi 2 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• 'United Nations Principles and Guidelines on Access to Legal Aid in Criminal Justice Systems' (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2013) <https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/UN_principles_and_guidlines_on_access_to_ legal_aid.pdf> Erişim Tarihi 1 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• 'Universal Declaration of Human Rights' (United Nations, 1948) <https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/2021/03/udhr.pdf > Erişim Tarihi 1 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• 'Use of Artificial Intelligence in Legal Practice' (British Institute of International and Comparative Law), 14p. <https://www.biicl.org/ documents/170_use_of_artificial_intelligence_in_legal_practice_final.pdf> Erişim Tarihi 1 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• Airey v. Ireland App no 6289/73 (9 October 1979). google scholar
• Aliev v. Ukraine (2003) U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/78/D/781/1997. google scholar
• Argersinger v. Hamlin (1972) 407 U.S. 25. google scholar
• Bounds v. Smith (1977) 430 U.S. 817. google scholar
• Dallos v. Hungary App no 29082/95 (ECHR, 1 March 2001). google scholar
• Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) 372 U.S. 335. google scholar
• Hooks v. Wainwright 352 F. Supp. 163 (M.D. Fla. 1972). google scholar
• Luyeye Magana ex-Philibert v. Zaire (1990) U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/OP/2. google scholar
• Maroufidou v. Sweden (1981) U.N. Doc. Supp. No. 40 (A/36/40). google scholar
• Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436. google scholar
• Pelissier and Sassi v. France [BP] App no 25444/94 (ECHR, 25 March 1999). google scholar
• Pillai v. Canada (2011) U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/101/D/1763/2008. google scholar
• Salduz v. Türkiye (2008) ECHR 36391/02. google scholar
• Sejdovic v. Italy [BP] App no 56581/00 (ECHR 1 March 2006). google scholar
• Rosic A, 'Smart Contracts: The Blockchain Technology That Will Replace Lawyers' (Block geeks, 28 Eylül 2023) < https://blockgeeks.com/ guides/smart-contracts/ > Erişim Tarihi 2 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• 'Yapay Zeka ve Hukukwork farkı' (Hukukwork blog, 3 Ocak 2023) < https://www.hukukwork.com/blog/25/yapay-zeka-ve-hukuk-work- farki/ > Erişim Tarihi 2 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• Liberatore S, 'Your AI lawyer will see you now: IBM's ROSS becomes world's first artificially intelligent attorney' (Daily Mail Online, 16 May 2016) < https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3589795/Your-AI-lawyer-IBM-s-ROSS-world-s-artificially- intelligent-attorney.html > Erişim Tarihi 2 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• https://www.hukukwork.com/ > Erişim Tarihi 3 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• https://www.lawgeex.com/ > Erişim Tarihi 3 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• https://lexmachina.com/ > Erişim Tarihi 3 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• https://www.luminance.com/ > Erişim Tarihi 3 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• https://casetext.com/ > Erişim Tarihi 3 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• https://www.legalbusinessonline.com/other-news/south-korea%E2%80%99s-dr-aju-launches-legal-ai-qa-chatbot > Erişim Tarihi 3 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• https://lawbotpro.com/ > Erişim Tarihi 3 Haziran 2024. google scholar
• https://www.lg.com/global/business/i/lg-cloi-guidebot > Erişim Tarihi 3 Haziran 2024. google scholar