BİR ULUSLARARASI İNSANCIL HUKUK KRİZİ: 7 EKİM SONRASI GAZZE’DEKİ SİSTEMATİK İHLALLERİN ANATOMİSİ

Abstract

İsrail-Filistin sorununun 7 Ekim 2023’te girdiği yeni evrenin devamında gerçekleşen çatışmalar ile Gazze’deki sivil halkın maruz kaldığı insan hakkı ihlalleri uluslararası insancıl hukukun ilke ve normlarını, derin tarihsel kökleri bulunan İsrail-Filistin sorunun en önemli boyutlarından biri haline getirmiş durumdadır. Bu çalışmada 7 Ekim sonrası İsrail’in Gazze’de gerçekleştirdiği askeri operasyonların ve paralel uygulamaların, uluslararası insancıl hukuk çerçevesinde ne tür ihlaller içerdiği incelenmektedir. Gazze’deki abluka, zorla yerinden etme sağlık tesislerine yönelik saldırılar ve insani yardımın engellenmesi gibi vakalar, orantılılık, ayrım gözetme, askeri zorunluluk ve gereksiz acıların önlenmesi ilkeleri temelinde değerlendirilmiştir. Nitel bir içerik analizi yöntemiyle yürütülen bu araştırma, büyük ölçüde Birleşmiş Milletler belgeleri, uluslararası insan hakları örgütlerinin raporları ve uluslararası hukuk kaynaklarına dayanmaktadır. Kullanılan kaynakların sınırlılıkları (erişim kısıtları, doğrulanabilirlik sorunları, olası taraflılık gibi) dikkate alınarak yapılan analizde, insancıl hukuk ve insan hakları hukukunun kesişiminde yer alan ihlaller bütünsel bir çerçevede ele alınmıştır. Araştırma bulguları, İsrail’in Gazze’deki faaliyetlerinin büyük ölçüde uluslararası insancıl hukuka aykırı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Sivil yerleşim alanlarına yönelik doğrudan saldırılar, sağlık hizmetlerine erişimin engellenmesi, toplu cezalandırmaya dönüşen abluka uygulamaları ve keyfi gözaltı gibi uygulamalar bu ihlallerin başlıca örnekleridir. Bu bağlamda çalışma, Gazze’deki insancıl hukuk ihlallerinin, İsrail-Filistin sorununun en yakıcı ve acil boyutlarından birini oluşturduğunu ortaya koymakta; uluslararası toplumun daha güçlü hesap verebilirlik mekanizmaları geliştirmesi gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır.

Keywords

• İsrail-Filistin Sorunu
• Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk
• Sivillerin Korunması
• İnsan Hakları
• Gazze

AN INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW CRISIS: ANATOMY OF SYSTEMATIC VIOLATIONS IN GAZA AFTER OCTOBER 7

Abstract

The human rights violations faced by the civilian population in Gaza following the new phase of the Israel-Palestine conflict that began on 7 October 2023 have made the principles and norms of international humanitarian law one of the most critical dimensions of this deeply rooted dispute. This study examines the nature and scope of international humanitarian law violations committed by Israel during its military operations and related actions in Gaza after 7 October. It focuses on practices such as the blockade, forced displacement, attacks on healthcare infrastructure, and obstruction of humanitarian aid, assessing their compliance with the principles of proportionality, distinction, military necessity, and the prohibition of unnecessary suffering. Employing a qualitative content analysis approach, the study draws primarily on United Nations documents, reports from international human rights organizations, and legal sources. Aware of the methodological limitations of these sources – including issues of verifiability, accessibility, and potential bias – the analysis integrates violations at the intersection of humanitarian and human rights law into a comprehensive legal framework. The findings indicate that Israel’s actions in Gaza constitute significant violations of international humanitarian law. Direct attacks on civilian areas, restrictions on Access to medical care, the punitive nature of the blockade, and arbitrary detentions are among the key examples. The study concludes that these violations form one of the most urgent and critical aspects of the Israel-Palestine conflict and underscore the need for more robust international accountability mechanisms.

Keywords

• Israel-Palestine Conflict
• International Humanitarian Law
• Civilian Protection
• Human Rights
• Gaza

References

1. Abbenhuis, Maartje, Christopher Ernest Barber ve Annalise R. Higgins. War, Peace and International Order? The Legacies of the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907. London: Routledge, 2017.
2. Acer, Yücel. “Görüş- İsrail’in Gazze’ye Saldırıları ve Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk”. Anadolu Ajansı, Güncelleme: Kasım 23, 2023. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 12, 2023. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/gorus-israilin-gazzeye-saldirilari-ve-uluslararasi-insancil-hukuk/3062369#.
3. AİHM, Kononov v. Latvia, BN. 36376/04, KT. 24/07/2008.
4. Amnesty International (AI). “Appalling Gaza ‘Evacuation Order’ must be Rescinded by Israel Immediately”. Updated on October 13, 2023. Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 11, 2023. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/israel-opt-appalling-gaza-evacuation-order-must-be-rescinded-by-israel-immediately/.
5. Amnesty International (AI). “Israeli Attacks Targeting Hamas and Other Armed Group Fighters thet Killed Scores of Displaced Civilians in Rafah Should be Investigated as War Crimes”. Updated on August 27, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 12, 2024. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/08/israel-opt-israeli-attacks-targeting-hamas-and-other-armed-group-fighters-that-killed-scores-of-displaced-civilians-in-rafah-should-be-investigated-as-war-crimes/.
6. Baldwin, Clive. “How Does International Humanitarian Law Apply in Israel and Gaza?” Human Rights Watch (HRW), Updated on October 27, 2023. Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 5, 2024. https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/27/how-does-international-humanitarian-law-apply-israel-and-gaza.
7. Bouri, Christina ve Diana Roy. “The Israel-Hamas War: The Humanitarian Crisis in Gaza”. Council on Foreign Relations, Updated on February 8, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 4, 2024. https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/israel-hamas-war-humanitarian-crisis-gaza.
8. Butt, Khalid Manzoor ve Anam Abid Butt. “Blockade on Gaza Strip: A Living Hell on Earth”. Journal of Political Studies. C. 23, S. 1 (2016): 157-182.

9. Byman, Daniel. “Stuck in Gaza: Six Months After October 7, Israel Still Lacks a Viable Strategy”. Foreign Affairs, Updated on April 5, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 5, 2024. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/hamas-israel-stuck-gaza?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=dsa_middle_east_tfd&gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjw3ZayBhDRARIsAPWzx8qVYusVrKyzUTJ33I8YtbxZJ-DWFgdq5bCKTsZEZ4kLPk8Vtt6KNqIaAobVEALw_wcB.
10. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The World Factbook: Gaza Strip, Last Updated on June 10, 2025. Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 11, 2025. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gaza-strip/#people-and-society.
11. Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, (Geneva Convention I), August, 12, 1949, International Humanitarian Law Databases. Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 6, 2024. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gci-1949?activeTab=.
12. Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea (Geneva Convention II), August 12, 1949, International Humanitarian Law Databases. Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 6, 2024. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gcii-1949?activeTab=.
13. Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, (Geneva Convention III), August 12, 1949, International Humanitarian Law Databases. Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 6, 2024. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gciii-1949?activeTab=.
14. Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, (Geneva Convention IV), August 8, 1949, International Humanitarian Law Databases. Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 6, 2024, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gciv-1949?activeTab=.
15. Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War an Land and Its Annex: Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land (The Hague Convention IV), International Humanitarian Laws Databases, Updated on 18 October 1907, Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 6, 2024, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/hague-conv-iv-1907?activeTab=.
16. De Baets, Antoon. “The View of the Past in International Humanitarian Law (1860–2020)”. International Review of the Red Cross. C. 104. S. 920-921 (2022): 1586-1620.
17. Declaration (IV,3), Concerning Expanded Bullets (The Hague Declaration IV), July 28, 1899, International Humanitarian Law Databases. Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 5, 2024. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/hague-decl-iv-3-1899?activeTab=.
18. Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight (Saint Petersburg Declaration 1868), December 11, 1868, International Humanitarian Law Databases. Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 6, 2024. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/st-petersburg-decl-1868.
19. Doumani, Beshara B. “Rediscovering Ottoman Palestine: Writing Palestinians into History”. Journal of Palestine Studies. C. 21. S. 2 (1992): 5-28.
20. Erdem, Mete. “İnsancıl Hukukta Martens Kaydı”. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. C. 6. S. 2 (2015): 211-286.
21. Fabian, Emanuel. “Defense Minister Announces ‘Complete Siege’ of Gaza: No Power, Food or Fuel”. The Times of Israel. Updated on October 9, 2023. Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 10, 2023. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/defense-minister-announces-complete-siege-of-gaza-no-power-food-or-fuel/.
22. Gözen, Ramazan (Ed.). Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri. Ankara: İletişim Yayınları, 2021.
23. Hallward, Maia. “Pursuing ‘Peace’ in Israel/Palestine”. Journal of Third World Studies. C. 28. S. 1 (2011): 185-202.
24. Healthcare Workers Watch (HWW). “The Killing, Detention, and Torture of HCWs in Gaza”. Updated on September 7, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 5, 2024. https://healthcareworkerswatch.org/publications/reports/the-killing-detention-and-torture-of-healthcare-workers-in-gaza/.
25. Henckaerts, Jean-Marie ve Louise Doswald-Beck. Customary International Humanitarian Law. Vol. Volume I: Rules. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2005.
26. Human Rights Watch (HRW). “Gaza: Israeli Ambulance Strike Apparently Unlawful: Medical Transport Has Special Protections Against Attack”. Updated on November 7, 2023. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 12, 2023. https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/07/gaza-israeli-ambulance-strike-apparently-unlawful.
27. Human Rights Watch (HRW). “Gaza: Unlawful Israeli Hospital Strikes Worsen Health Crisis; Israel’s Blockade, Bombardment Decimate Healthcare System: Investigate as War Crimes”. Updated on November 14, 2023. Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 6, 2024. https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/14/gaza-unlawful-israeli-hospital-strikes-worsen-health-crisis.
28. Human Rights Watch (HRW). “Gaza’s Blocked Relief: Israeli Government Continues to Obstruct Desperately Needed Humanitarian Aid”. Updated on October 30, 2023. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 12, 2023. https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/30/gazas-blocked-relief.
29. Human Rights Watch (HRW). “Icendiary Weapons: New Use Calls for Immediate Action: Stronger Law Needed to Govern Weapon with Cruel Effects”. Updated on November 7, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 8, 2024. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/11/07/incendiary-weapons-new-use-calls-immediate-action.
30. Human Rights Watch (HRW). “Israel: Palestinian Helathcare Workers Tortured”. Updated on August 26, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 6, 2024. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/08/26/israel-palestinian-healthcare-workers-tortured.
31. Human Rights Watch (HRW). “Israeli Forces’ Conduct in Gaza: Human Rights Watch and Oxfam Submission to Biden Administration’s NSM-20 Process”. Updated on March 19, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 12, 2024. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/03/19/israeli-forces-conduct-gaza#_ftn2.
32. Human Rights Watch (HRW). “’They Destroyed What was Inside Us’: Children with Disabilities Amid Israel’s Attacks on Gaza”. Updated on September 30, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 12, 2024. https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/09/30/they-destroyed-what-was-inside-us/children-disabilities-amid-israels-attacks-gaza.
33. Human Rights Watch (HRW). “West Bank: Israeli Forces’ Unlawful Killings of Palestinians”. Updated on May 8, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 20, 2024. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/05/08/west-bank-israeli-forces-unlawful-killings-palestinians.
34. Ilyas, Muhammad Derfish. “Implications and Analysis of the Crime of Aggression against Gaza: Breach of International Criminal Law amid the Israel-Hamas Conflict”. International Journal of Business and Social Analytics. C.1. S.1 (2024): 1-25.
35. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). “Palestine – Conflict in Gaza Leaves 83 Percent of the Population Internally Displaced in Less Than Three Months”. Updated on May 14, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 6, 2024. https://www.internal-displacement.org/spotlights/Palestine-Conflict-in-Gaza-leaves-83-per-cent-of-the-population-internally-displaced-in-less-than-three-months/.
36. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). “Commentary of 1987 Article 58 – Precautions Against the Effects of Attacks”. International Humanitarian Law Databases. Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 14, 2024. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/api-1977/article-58/commentary/1987?activeTab=.
37. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). “Definition of Military Objectives”. Last Updated on January 1, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 6, 2024. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule8.
38. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). “Martens Clause”. Last Updated on January 1, 2025. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 12, 2025. https://casebook.icrc.org/a_to_z/glossary/martens-clause?.
39. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). “Weapons”. Last Updated on January 1, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 6, 2024. https://casebook.icrc.org/a_to_z/glossary/weapons.
40. International Commitee of the Red Cross (ICRC). “Weapons of a Nature to Cause Superfluous Injury or Unnecessary Suffering”. Updated on 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 05, 2024. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule70#Fn_112DB659_00023.
41. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). “What are jus ad bellum and jus in bello?” Last Updated on January 22, 2015. Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 5, 2024. https://www.icrc.org/en/document/what-are-jus-ad-bellum-and-jus-bello-0%EF%BB%BF.
42. International Court of Justice (ICJ). Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons. Advisory Opinion, July 8, 1996. Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 7, 2024. https://www.icj-cij.org/case/95.
43. International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages, December 17, 1979, United Nations Treaty Collection. Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 6, 2024. https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-5&chapter=18&clang=_en.
44. International Criminal Court (ICC). Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The Hague: International Criminal Court. 2021.
45. International Criminal Court (ICC). “Situation in the State of Palestine: ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I Rejects the State of Israel’s Challenges to Jurisdiction and Issues Warrants of Arrest for Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant”. Updated on November 21, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 21, 2024. https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/situation-state-palestine-icc-pre-trial-chamber-i-rejects-state-israels-challenges.
46. International Criminal Court (ICC). “Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A. A. Khan KC: Applications for Arrest Warrants in the Situation in the State of Palestine”. Updated on May 20, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 20, 2024. https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-state.
47. Karklis, Laris, Julia Ledur, Ruby Mellen, Samuel Granados ve Emil M. Eng. “Some of the Most Devastating Strikes Israel Has Carried Out in Gaza”. The Washington Post, Updated on October 12, 2023. Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 10, 2024. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/12/israel-strikes-gaza-map-population-destruction/.
48. Laron, Guy. The Six-Day War: The Breaking of the Middle East. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2017.
49. Legal Action Worldwide (LAW). “The Situation in Israel and Gaza: Legal Analysis by Eminent Professors”. Updated on October 30, 2023. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 12, 2023. https://legalactionworldwide.org/accountability-rule-of-law/the-situation-in-israel-and-gaza-legal-analysis/?accept-cookies=.
50. Mulder, Thomas. “Evacuations in Armed Conflict: A Fine Line Between A Life-Saving Measure and Forced Displacement”. EJIL:Talk! Blog of the European Journal of International Law, Updated on October 9, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 10, 2024. https://www.ejiltalk.org/evacuations-in-armed-conflict-a-fine-line-between-a-life-saving-measure-and-forced-displacement/.
51. Nabiebu, Miebaka, Eni Eja Alobo, Amarachukwu Onyinyechi Ijiomah ve Roland Okayi Ipuole. “The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Implications for the Principles of Distinction and Self-Defence in International Humanitarian Law”. 134GNOSI: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Theory and Praxis. C. 7. S. 1 (2024): 134-149.
52. Özcan, Muhammet (Ed.). 19. UBAK Tam Metin Kitabı. Ankara: Asos Yayınevi, 2024.
53. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflict (Protocol I), June 8, 1977. International Humanitarian Law Databases. Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 6, 2024. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/api-1977?activeTab=.
54. Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons (Protocol IV to the 1980 Convention), October 13, 1995. International Humanitarian Law Databases. Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 6, 2024. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/ccw-protocol-iv.
55. Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Icendiary Weapons (Protocol III), October 10, 1980. International Humanitarian Law Databases. Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 6, 2024. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/ccw-protocol-iii-1980.
56. Robinson, Kali. “What is Hamas?” Council on Foreign Relations. Updated on October 17, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 20, 2024. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-hamas.
57. Sassoli, Marco, Antoine A. Bouvier, Susan Carr, Lindsey Cameron ve Thomas de Saint Maurice. How Does Law Protect in War: Cases, Documents and Teaching Materials on Contemporary Practice in International Humanitarian Law. Geneva: ICRC. 2006.
58. Swed, Ori. “Where the Bombs Fell: Measuring Compliance with Humanitarian Treaties”. Social Science Research. C. 110. S. 6 (2023): 102849.
59. Swiss Confederation Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA). “International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers”. Updated on December 10, 2021. Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 6, 2024. https://icoca.ch/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/INTERNATIONAL-CODE-OF-CONDUCT_Amended_2021.pdf.
60. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). International Legal Protection of Human Rights in Armed Conflict. New York and Geneva: United Nations. 2011.
61. The Times of Israel. “AG Tells Netanyahu: Ben Gvir Blocking Transfer of Palestenian Terrorists from Contentious Detention Facility”. Updated on 7 July 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 6, 2024. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/ag-tells-netanyahu-ben-gvir-blocking-transfer-of-palestinian-terrorists-from-contentious-detention-facility/.
62. The United Nations Satellite Centre (UNOSAT). Occupied Palestinian Territory: Gaza Strip. Last Updated on December 13, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Ocak 01, 2025. unosat.org/static/unosat_filesystem/4047/OCHA-OPT_019_UNOSAT_GazaStrip_CDA_01December2024.pdf.
63. Thies, Cameron G. “Progress, History and Identity in International Relations Theory: The Case of the Idealist-Realist Debate”. European Journal of International Relations. C.8. S.2 (2002): 147-185.
64. United Nations (UN). “Humanitarian Response in Gaza ‘Completely Dependent’ on Palestine Refugee Agency, Relief Chief Tells Security Council, Urging Countries to Restore Funding”. UN Meetings Coverage and Press Releases SC/15575. Updated on January 31, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 6, 2024.https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15575.doc.htm.
65. United Nations (UN). “The Situation in Israel and Gaza: Legal Analysis’; Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Including East Jerusalem and Israel”. UN General Assembly Report (A/79/232), Updated on October 9, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 15, 2024. https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n24/262/79/pdf/n2426279.pdf.
66. United Nations Human Rights Council. Resolution 36711: Equal Participation in Political and Public Affairs, September 25, 2017, UN Doc. HRC Res. 36/11, UN, Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 6, 2024, https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/ltd/g17/279/43/pdf/g1727943.pdf.
67. United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs Treaties Database. Last Updated on January 1, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: July 5, 2024. https://treaties.unoda.org/.
68. United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA). “Updated oPt Flash Appeal: November 2023”. Last Updated on November 9, 2023. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 12, 2023. https://www.unrwa.org/sites/default/files/content/resources/unrwa_updated_opt_flash_appeal-_amended.pdf.
69. United Nations Treaty Collection. Last Updated on January 1, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 5, 2024. https://treaties.un.org/.
70. United States Air Force. GBU-39B Small Diameter Bomb Weapon System. Last Updated on January 1, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 11, 2024. https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104573/gbu-39b-small-diameter-bomb-weapon-system/.
71. Weiner, JillAllison. “Israel, Palestine, and the Olso Accords”. Fordham International Law Journal. C. 23. S. 1 (1999): 230-274.
72. Wille, Belkis. “Interview: Building the Evidence for Crimes Committed in Israel on October 7”. Human Rights Watch (HRW). Updated on January 31, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 05, 2024. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/01/31/interview-building-evidence-crimes-committed-israel-october-7.
73. World Health Organization (WHO). “oPt Emergency Situation Update, Issue 49”. Updated on November 6, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 7. 2024, www.emro.who.int/images/stories/Sitrep_49.pdf?ua=1.
74. Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library. Last Updated on January 1, 2008. Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 5, 2024. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/lawwar.asp.
75. Zwanenburg, Marten. “What Does International Humanitarian Law Tell Us About the Conflict between Hamas and Israel?” University of Amsterdam Faculty of Law. Updated on July 4, 2024. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 1, 2024. https://www.uva.nl/en/shared-content/faculteiten/en/faculteit-der-rechtsgeleerdheid/news/2024/07/international-humanitarian-law-and-the-conflict-between-hamas-and-israel.html?cb.