Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

A Review on Perfectly Competitive Markets Experiences

Year 2021, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 45 - 61, 30.06.2021

Abstract

In microeconomics theory, many models are based on perfectly competitive market structure. Whether the perfect competition market actually exists is discussed as an issue. Generally, a perfectly competitive market is considered as a market that is not encountered in real life. In this study, the perfectly competitive markets which is the basis of Neo-Classical theory is reviewed. A market's suitability for a perfectly competitive market was investigated; its emergence, compliance with criteria and technical measurements were studied. It has been observed that the Panzar-Rosse method is used extensively to determine the market structure of goods and services. This method, which is frequently used in the banking sector, is based on the calculation of H statistics. The fact that a calculated H value is equal to or greater than 1 indicates that the market has a perfectly competitive structure. In the studies examined, there is a perfectly competitive market structure in some countries, especially in banking, insurance and cigarette markets. On the other hand, it has been observed that the e-commerce sector, which has recently developed rapidly and is considered to be the most suitable sector for perfect competition market structure, has a market structure close to full competition. In summary; Perfect competition (maturation) has been observed in banking, investment companies, mortgage sector, e-commerce and insurance services, automobile and light commercial vehicle and frozen fish market.

References

  • Abidin, S. ve Mohamad-Nor, M. N. (2016). Competition in Malaysian Audit Industry: What the Market is Telling us?. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 7(1), 306-311.
  • Adhikari, D. R. (2004). Measuring Market Power of the US Cigarette Industry. Applied Economics Letters, 11(15), 957-959.
  • Agom, D. I., Etim, G. C. ve Etuk, E. A. (2012). Analysis of Whosale Frozen Fish Markets in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Trends in Agricultural Economics, 5(2), 61-69.
  • Al-Muharrami, S., Matthews, K. ve Khabari, Y. (2006). Market Structure and Competitive Conditions in the Arab GCC Banking System. Journal of Banking&Finance, 30(12), 3487-3501.
  • Bikker, J. A. ve Groeneveld, J. M. (1998). Competition and Concentration in the EU Banking Industry. Netherlands Central Bank, Research Series Supervision 8, 33(8), 62-98. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4810053_Competition_and_Concentration_in_the_EU_Banking_Industry, (Erişim tarihi: 15.11.2019).
  • Bikker, J. A. ve Katharina, H. (2002). Competition, Concentration and Their Relationship: An Empirical Analysis of the Banking Industry. Journal of Banking & Finance, 26(11), 2191-2214.
  • Bikker, J. A., Shaffer, S. ve Spierdijk, L. (2009). Assessing Competition with the Panzar-Rosse Model: The Role of Scale, Costs, and Equilibrium. DNB Working Paper No:225/2009 October, 1-39.
  • Bilgili, Y. (2011). Mikro İktisat. Yenilenmiş-Genişletilmiş 2.baskı. İstanbul: İkinci Sayfa Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
  • Bresnahan, T. F. (1982). The oligopoly solution concept is identified. Economics Letters, 10, 87-92. Bulmuş, İ. (2008). Mikroiktisat. Genişletilmiş 6.Baskı. Ankara: Okutman Yayıncılık.
  • Camino-Mogro, S., Armijos-Bravo, G. ve Cornejo-Marcos, G. (2019). Competition in the Insurance Industry in Ecuador: An Econometric Analysis in Life and non-Life Markets. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 71(C), 291-302.
  • Chang, J. (2010). EBay: Towards A Perfectly Competitive Market. International Business & Economic Research Journal (IBER), 9(3), 65-70.
  • Çam, Ü. (2017). Yarışılabilir Piyasalar Teorisi: Potansiyel Rekabetin Önemi. Ekonomi İşletme Siyaset ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 3(1), 91-110.
  • Demirel, O. ve Hatırlı S. A. (2014). Teorik Pazar Gücü Modelleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 5(10), 92-121.
  • Eğilmez, M. (2019, 9 Ağustos). Tam Rekabet Piyasası Hayalden Gerçeğe Dönüşüyor. Kendime Yazılar, http://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2019/08/tam-rekabet-piyasas-hayalden-gercege.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2020).
  • Ferrer, C. E. (2013). Oligopsony-Oligopoly The Perfect Imperfect Competition. Procedia Economics and Finance, 5, 269-278.
  • Hall, R. E. (1988). The Relation between Price and Marginal Cost in U.S. Industry. Journal of Polical Economy, 96(5), 921-947.
  • Hatırlı, S. A., Eugene, J. ve Aktaş, A. R. (2003). Measuring the Market Power of the Banana Import Market in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 27, 367-373.
  • Ildırar, M. ve Kıral, E. (2018). Piyasa Yapısı ve Yoğunlaşma: Türk Otomotiv Sektörü Üzerine Bir Analiz. AİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18(1), 93-117.
  • Karakaya, A., Ağazade, S. ve Perçin, S. (2018). Türk İmalat Sanayinde Performans, İnovasyon ve Rekabet Arasındaki İlişki. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 4(1), 39-59.
  • Korkmaz, A. (2010). Türk Mevduat Bankacılığı Sektöründe Rekabet Derecesi: Bresnahan-Lau Modeli’nden Kanıtlar. Bankacılar Dergisi, 74, 3-19.
  • Ye, K., Lu, W. ve Jiang, W. (2009). Concentration in the International Construction Market. Construction Management and Economics, 27 (12), 1197-1207.
  • Lau, L. J. (1982). On identifying the degree of competitiveness from industry price and output data. Economics Letters, 10, 93-99.
  • Naldi, M. ve Flamini, M. (2014). The CR4 index and the interval estimation of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index: An Empirical Comparison. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01008144 , (Erişim Tarihi: 01.10.2020).
  • Nathan, A. ve Neave, E. H. (1989). Competition and Contestability in Canada's Financial System: Empirical Results. The Canadian Journal of Economics, 22(3), 576-594.
  • Öztürk, N. ve Bayraktar, Y. (2009). Aksak Rekabetin Önlenmesinde Devletin Rolü. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2, 74-93.
  • Panzar, J. C. ve Rosse, J. N. (1987). Testing for Monopoly Equilibrium. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 35(4), 443-456.
  • Parkin, M. (2016. Economics. 12.Baskı. Pearson Education Limited.
  • Pavic, I., Galetic, F. ve Piplica, D. (2016). Similarities and differences between the CR and HHI as an indicator of market concentration and market power. British Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, 13(1), 1-8.
  • Rezitis, A. N. (2010). Evaluating the State of Competition of the Greek Banking Industry. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money, 20(1), 68-90.
  • Roeger, W. (1995). Can Imperfect Competition Explain the Difference Between Primal and Dual Productivity Measures? Estimates for U.S. Manufacturing. Journal of Political Economy, 103(2), 316-330.
  • Savage, I. (1995). Panzar and Rosse Style Tests of Market Structure in The U.S. Motor Carrier Industry. Logistics and Transportation Review, 31(2), 135-143.
  • Shaffer, S. (1993). A test of competition in Canadian banking. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 25(1), 49-61.
  • Sekmen, T., Akkus, Ö. ve Siklar, İ. (2015). Competitive Conditions in the Turkish Banking Systems. Journal of Business, Economics & Finance, 4(1), 52-68.
  • Toprak, G. N. (2014). B2C E-Ticaret’in Tam Rekabet Piyasası Çerçevesinde Değerlendirilmesi: Türkiye Örneği. Kırklareli Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 3(1), 64-75.
  • Vesala, J. (1995). Testing for Competition in Banking: Behavioral Evidence from Finland. Bank of Finland Studies, No: E:1, https://helda.helsinki.fi/bof/handle/123456789/9375, (Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2019).
  • Yuan, Y. (2006). The State of Competition of the Chinese Banking Industry. Journal of Asian Economics, 17(3), 519-534.
  • Zeren, F., Kara, H. ve Arı, A. (2013). Piyasa Etkinliği Hipotezi: IMKB için Ampirik Bir Analiz. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 36, 141-148.

Tam Rekabetçi Piyasa Deneyimleri Üzerine Bir Bakış

Year 2021, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 45 - 61, 30.06.2021

Abstract

Mikroekonomi teorisinde birçok model tam rekabetçi piyasa yapısı üzerine kuruludur. Tam rekabet piyasasının gerçekte var olup olmadığı ise tartışılan bir konudur. Genellikle tam rekabet piyasası gerçek yaşamda karşılaşılmayan bir piyasa olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Neo-Klasik Teori’nin yapıtaşı niteliğinde olan tam rekabetçi piyasaların oluşup oluşmadığı üzerine literatür derlenmiştir. Bir piyasanın tam rekabetçi piyasaya uygunluğu araştırılmış; ortaya çıkışı, kriterlere uygunluğu ve teknik olarak ölçümleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Yapılan çalışmalarda mal ve hizmetlerin piyasa yapısını belirlemek için yoğun bir şekilde Panzar-Rosse yöntemine başvurulduğu görülmüştür. Özellikle bankacılık sektöründe sıklıkla kullanılan bu yöntem, H istatistiğinin hesaplanmasına dayanmaktadır. Hesaplanan H değerinin 1 veya 1’en büyük olması piyasanın tam rekabetçi bir yapıya sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. İncelenen çalışmalarda bazı ülkelerde başta bankacılık olmak üzere, sigorta ve sigara piyasalarında tam rekabetçi bir piyasa yapısı bulunmaktadır. Öte yandan son dönemlerde hızla gelişen ve tam rekabet piyasa yapısına en uygun sektör olduğu düşünülen e-ticaret sektörünün de tam rekabete yakın bir piyasa yapısına sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Tam rekabet piyasası (olgunlaşması), özetle; bankacılık, yatırım şirketleri, mortgage (ipotek) sektörü e-ticaret ve sigorta hizmetlerinde, otomobil ve hafif ticari araç ve dondurulmuş balık piyasasında görülmüştür.

References

  • Abidin, S. ve Mohamad-Nor, M. N. (2016). Competition in Malaysian Audit Industry: What the Market is Telling us?. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 7(1), 306-311.
  • Adhikari, D. R. (2004). Measuring Market Power of the US Cigarette Industry. Applied Economics Letters, 11(15), 957-959.
  • Agom, D. I., Etim, G. C. ve Etuk, E. A. (2012). Analysis of Whosale Frozen Fish Markets in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Trends in Agricultural Economics, 5(2), 61-69.
  • Al-Muharrami, S., Matthews, K. ve Khabari, Y. (2006). Market Structure and Competitive Conditions in the Arab GCC Banking System. Journal of Banking&Finance, 30(12), 3487-3501.
  • Bikker, J. A. ve Groeneveld, J. M. (1998). Competition and Concentration in the EU Banking Industry. Netherlands Central Bank, Research Series Supervision 8, 33(8), 62-98. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4810053_Competition_and_Concentration_in_the_EU_Banking_Industry, (Erişim tarihi: 15.11.2019).
  • Bikker, J. A. ve Katharina, H. (2002). Competition, Concentration and Their Relationship: An Empirical Analysis of the Banking Industry. Journal of Banking & Finance, 26(11), 2191-2214.
  • Bikker, J. A., Shaffer, S. ve Spierdijk, L. (2009). Assessing Competition with the Panzar-Rosse Model: The Role of Scale, Costs, and Equilibrium. DNB Working Paper No:225/2009 October, 1-39.
  • Bilgili, Y. (2011). Mikro İktisat. Yenilenmiş-Genişletilmiş 2.baskı. İstanbul: İkinci Sayfa Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
  • Bresnahan, T. F. (1982). The oligopoly solution concept is identified. Economics Letters, 10, 87-92. Bulmuş, İ. (2008). Mikroiktisat. Genişletilmiş 6.Baskı. Ankara: Okutman Yayıncılık.
  • Camino-Mogro, S., Armijos-Bravo, G. ve Cornejo-Marcos, G. (2019). Competition in the Insurance Industry in Ecuador: An Econometric Analysis in Life and non-Life Markets. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 71(C), 291-302.
  • Chang, J. (2010). EBay: Towards A Perfectly Competitive Market. International Business & Economic Research Journal (IBER), 9(3), 65-70.
  • Çam, Ü. (2017). Yarışılabilir Piyasalar Teorisi: Potansiyel Rekabetin Önemi. Ekonomi İşletme Siyaset ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 3(1), 91-110.
  • Demirel, O. ve Hatırlı S. A. (2014). Teorik Pazar Gücü Modelleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 5(10), 92-121.
  • Eğilmez, M. (2019, 9 Ağustos). Tam Rekabet Piyasası Hayalden Gerçeğe Dönüşüyor. Kendime Yazılar, http://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2019/08/tam-rekabet-piyasas-hayalden-gercege.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2020).
  • Ferrer, C. E. (2013). Oligopsony-Oligopoly The Perfect Imperfect Competition. Procedia Economics and Finance, 5, 269-278.
  • Hall, R. E. (1988). The Relation between Price and Marginal Cost in U.S. Industry. Journal of Polical Economy, 96(5), 921-947.
  • Hatırlı, S. A., Eugene, J. ve Aktaş, A. R. (2003). Measuring the Market Power of the Banana Import Market in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 27, 367-373.
  • Ildırar, M. ve Kıral, E. (2018). Piyasa Yapısı ve Yoğunlaşma: Türk Otomotiv Sektörü Üzerine Bir Analiz. AİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18(1), 93-117.
  • Karakaya, A., Ağazade, S. ve Perçin, S. (2018). Türk İmalat Sanayinde Performans, İnovasyon ve Rekabet Arasındaki İlişki. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 4(1), 39-59.
  • Korkmaz, A. (2010). Türk Mevduat Bankacılığı Sektöründe Rekabet Derecesi: Bresnahan-Lau Modeli’nden Kanıtlar. Bankacılar Dergisi, 74, 3-19.
  • Ye, K., Lu, W. ve Jiang, W. (2009). Concentration in the International Construction Market. Construction Management and Economics, 27 (12), 1197-1207.
  • Lau, L. J. (1982). On identifying the degree of competitiveness from industry price and output data. Economics Letters, 10, 93-99.
  • Naldi, M. ve Flamini, M. (2014). The CR4 index and the interval estimation of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index: An Empirical Comparison. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01008144 , (Erişim Tarihi: 01.10.2020).
  • Nathan, A. ve Neave, E. H. (1989). Competition and Contestability in Canada's Financial System: Empirical Results. The Canadian Journal of Economics, 22(3), 576-594.
  • Öztürk, N. ve Bayraktar, Y. (2009). Aksak Rekabetin Önlenmesinde Devletin Rolü. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2, 74-93.
  • Panzar, J. C. ve Rosse, J. N. (1987). Testing for Monopoly Equilibrium. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 35(4), 443-456.
  • Parkin, M. (2016. Economics. 12.Baskı. Pearson Education Limited.
  • Pavic, I., Galetic, F. ve Piplica, D. (2016). Similarities and differences between the CR and HHI as an indicator of market concentration and market power. British Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, 13(1), 1-8.
  • Rezitis, A. N. (2010). Evaluating the State of Competition of the Greek Banking Industry. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money, 20(1), 68-90.
  • Roeger, W. (1995). Can Imperfect Competition Explain the Difference Between Primal and Dual Productivity Measures? Estimates for U.S. Manufacturing. Journal of Political Economy, 103(2), 316-330.
  • Savage, I. (1995). Panzar and Rosse Style Tests of Market Structure in The U.S. Motor Carrier Industry. Logistics and Transportation Review, 31(2), 135-143.
  • Shaffer, S. (1993). A test of competition in Canadian banking. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 25(1), 49-61.
  • Sekmen, T., Akkus, Ö. ve Siklar, İ. (2015). Competitive Conditions in the Turkish Banking Systems. Journal of Business, Economics & Finance, 4(1), 52-68.
  • Toprak, G. N. (2014). B2C E-Ticaret’in Tam Rekabet Piyasası Çerçevesinde Değerlendirilmesi: Türkiye Örneği. Kırklareli Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 3(1), 64-75.
  • Vesala, J. (1995). Testing for Competition in Banking: Behavioral Evidence from Finland. Bank of Finland Studies, No: E:1, https://helda.helsinki.fi/bof/handle/123456789/9375, (Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2019).
  • Yuan, Y. (2006). The State of Competition of the Chinese Banking Industry. Journal of Asian Economics, 17(3), 519-534.
  • Zeren, F., Kara, H. ve Arı, A. (2013). Piyasa Etkinliği Hipotezi: IMKB için Ampirik Bir Analiz. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 36, 141-148.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Issue
Authors

Mustafa Akal 0000-0002-0504-100X

Mehmet Fırat Olgun 0000-0002-2728-0714

Publication Date June 30, 2021
Submission Date October 28, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 23 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akal, M., & Olgun, M. F. (2021). Tam Rekabetçi Piyasa Deneyimleri Üzerine Bir Bakış. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(1), 45-61. https://doi.org/10.21180/iibfdkastamonu.817596