Erken Aşama Girişimcilik Faaliyetlerinin İnovasyon Çıktıları Üzerindeki Etkisi

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 1, 208 - 224, 30.06.2025

Erol Tekin

Abstract

Schumpeteryan girişimcilik anlayışından bugüne girişimcilik ile inovasyon arasındaki ilişkiye dikkat çekilmektedir. Çünkü girişimcilik ve inovasyon, birbirini destekleyen ya da güçlendiren iki önemli kavramdır. Girişimcilik, yenilikçi fikirlerin hayata geçirilmesini sağlarken; inovasyon ise girişimcilik faaliyetlerinin başarısını artırmaya destek olmaktadır. Bu nedenle söz konusu ilişki genellikle inovasyon girdilerinin girişimciliğe olan etkisi ya da girişimciliğin inovasyona etkileri üzerinde durmaktadır. Fakat erken aşama girişimlerin inovasyon üzerindeki etkileri ihmal edilen bir konu olmuştur. Erken aşama girişimlerin genellikle yenilikçi ürünler veya hizmetler sunarak inovatif çıktılar üretme potansiyelleri rekabet avantajı sağlamaya yardımcı olabilir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın temel amacı, erken aşama girişimcilik faaliyetlerinin inovasyon çıktıları üzerindeki etkilerini ortaya koymaktır. Bu kapsamda araştırmada, çeşitli raporlardan elde edilen ikincil veriler panel regresyon analizi ile test edilmiştir. Araştırma verileri 2011-2023 yılları arasını kapsamaktadır. Çalışmanın örneklemi verilerine eksiksiz ulaşılan 27 ülkeden oluşmaktadır. Veriler, Stata programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, erken aşama girişim faaliyetlerinin inovasyon çıktıları üzerinde etkisinin olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma, erken aşama girişimciliğin inovasyon üzerindeki etkisini bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla ve makro düzeyde ele alarak literatüre önemli bir katkı sağlamaktadır.

Keywords

Erken aşama girişimcilik , İnovasyon , Panel regresyon

Ethical Statement

Çalışma açık kaynaklardan elde edilen ikincil veriler kullanılarak hazırlandığından dolayı Etik Kurul Onayı gerektirmemektedir.

The Effect of Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activities on Innovation Outcomes

Abstract

The relationship between entrepreneurship and innovation has been emphasized since the Schumpeterian understanding of entrepreneurship. This is because entrepreneurship and innovation are two important concepts that support and strengthen each other. Entrepreneurship facilitates the realization of innovative ideas, while innovation helps enhance entrepreneurial activities' success. Therefore, the relationship in question generally focuses on the effects of innovation inputs on entrepreneurship or the effects of entrepreneurship on innovation. However, the impact of early-stage ventures on innovation has been a topic that has yet to be addressed. Early-stage ventures have the potential to create innovative outputs by offering novel products or services, which can contribute to gaining a competitive advantage. In this regard, the study's primary aim is to reveal the effects of early-stage entrepreneurial activities on innovation outputs. To this end, secondary data from various reports have been tested using panel regression analysis. Research data covers the period 2011-2023. The study sample consists of 27 countries with complete data. The collected data have been analyzed using the Stata program. The analysis results indicate that early-stage entrepreneurial activities impact innovation outputs. This study contributes to the literature by examining the effects of early-stage entrepreneurship on innovation as a whole and at a macro level.

Keywords

Early-stage entrepreneurship , Innovation , Panel regression

Ethical Statement

Since the study was prepared using data obtained from open materials, it does not require Ethics Committee Approval.

References

• Acs, Z. J. & Audretsch, D. B. (2005). Entrepreneurship and Innovation. Papers on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy. Erişim adresi: https://www.econstor.eu/obitstream/10419/19999/1/2005-08.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 08.05.2024.
• Acs, Z. J., Desai, S. & Hessels, J. (2008). Entrepreneurship, Economic Development And Institutions. Small Business Economics, 31(3), 219–234.
• Acs, Z. J., Braunerhjelm, P., Audretsch, D. B. & Carlsson, B. (2009). The Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 32(1), 15–30.
• Aghion, P. & Howitt, P. (1992). A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction. Econometrica, 60(2), 323-351.
• Amorós, J. E. & Bosma, N. (2014). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2013 Global Report: Fifteen Years of Assessing Entrepreneurship across the Globe. Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA), Universidad del Desarrollo & Utrecht University. Erişim Adresi: https://www.gemconsortium.org/file/open?fileId=48772, Erişim Tarihi: 03.05.2024.
• Arellano, M. & Bond, S. (1991). Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277–297.
• Audretsch, D. & Keilbach, M. (2004). Entrepreneurship Capital and Economic Performance. Regional Studies, 38(8), 949-959.
• Audretsch, D. B. & Thurik, R. (2001, May). Linking Entrepreneurship to Growth. OECD Science (Technology and Industry Working Papers No.2). https://doi.org/10.1787/736170038056.
• Audretsch, D. B. (2007). Entrepreneurship Capital and Economic Growth. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 23(1), 63-78.
• Autio, E. & Rannikko, H. (2016). Retaining Winners: Can Policy Boost High-Growth Entrepreneurship? Research Policy, 45(1), 42–55.
• Baltagi, H. B. (2013). Dynamic Panel Data Models. In: N. Hashimzade & M. A. Thornton (Eds.), Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Empirical Macroeconomics (pp. 229-248). Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Begley, T. M., Tan, W. L. & Schoch, H. (2005). Politico-Economic Factors Associated with Interest in Starting a Business: A Multi-Country Study. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(1), 35-55.
• Blank, S. & Dorf, B. (2012). The Startup Owner’s Manual: The Step-By-Step Guide for Building A Great Company. Pescadero, California: K & S Ranch.
• Brownell, K., Kickul, J. & Hechavarria, D. (2024). Power to the She: Early-Stage Female Entrepreneurs and Innovation. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 16(4), 425-445. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-01-2024-0018.
• Chepurenko, A. Y., Gabelko, M. & Obraztsova, O. (2011). Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity: An Explanatory Model for Cross-Country Comparisons (Higher School of Economics Working Paper No. WP1/2011/04). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2001334
• Clark, J. & Guy, K. (1998). Innovation and Competitiveness: A Review: Practitioners' Forum. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 10(3), 363-395.
• Christensen, C. M. (1997). The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Press.
• Cumming, D., Johan, S. & Zhang, M. (2014). The Economic Impact of Entrepreneurship: Comparing International Datasets. Small Business Economics, 43(4), 795–817.
• Deniz, F. (2019). Cinsiyetin Erken Aşama Girişimcilik Aktivitesi Üzerindeki Etkisinde Başarısızlık Korkusunun Aracı Rolü (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Edirne.
• Drucker, P. F. (1985). Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles. Harper Publishing. Hausman, J. (1978). Specification Tests in Econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271.
• Dutta, S., Lanvin, B., Rivera León, L. & Wunsch-Vincent, S. (Eds.). (2023). Global Innovation Index 2023: Innovation in the Face of Uncertainty. Geneva, Switzerland: Wipo.
• Hébert, F. R. & Link, N. A. (2006). Historical Perspectives on the Entrepreneur. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 2(4), 261-408.
• Hernández, C. & González, D. (2016). Study of the Start-Up Ecosystem in Lima, Peru: Collective Case Study. Latin American Business Review, 17(2), 115-137.
• Hil, S., Ionescu-Somers, A., Coduras, A., Guerrero, M., Menipaz, E., Boutaleb, F., ... & Shay, J. (2024). GEM 2023/2024 Global Report-25 Years and Growing. London: GEM.
• Hindle, K. (2009). The Relationship between Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Easy Definition, Hard Policy. AGSE Swinburne University 2009, 75-91.
• Işık, N., Işık, H. B. & Kılınç, E. C. (2015). Girişimcilik ve İnovasyon İlişkisi: Teorik Bir Değerlendirme. Ekonomi İşletme Siyaset ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 1(2), 57-90.
• Işık, N., Işık, H. B. & Kılınç, E. C. (2016). The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Innovation: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 11(3), 7-20.
• Karpat Çatalbaş, G. & Ouzini, A. S. (2023). Dengesiz Panel Veri ile Atama Yoluyla Elde Edilen Dengeli Panel Veri Sonuçlarının Karşılaştırılması. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, (11), 75-92.
• Kayalar, M. & Arslan, E. T. (2016). İç Girişimcilik ve İnovasyon İlişkisi: Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli ile Bir İnceleme. Bartın Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 7(14), 517-542.
• Keskin, S. (2018). Girişimcilik ve İnovasyon Arasındaki İlişki. Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(13), 186-193.
• Kibler, E. & Kautonen, T. (2016). The Moral Legitimacy of Entrepreneurs: An Analysis of Early-Stage Entrepreneurship Across 26 Countries. International Small Business Journal, 34(1), 34-50.
• Kirzner, I. M. (1997). Entrepreneurial Discovery and the Competitive Market Process: An Austrian Approach. Journal of Economic Literature, 35(1), 60-85.
• Knight, F. H. (1921). Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Boston and New York: The Riverside Press Cambridge.
• Kontolaimou, A., Giotopoulos, I. & Tsakanikas, A. (2016). A Typology of European Countries Based on Innovation Efficiency and Technology Gaps: The Role of Early-Stage Entrepreneurship. Economic Modelling, 52(PB), 477-484.
• Lanivich, S. E., Lyons, L. M. & Wheeler, A. R. (2021). Nascent Entrepreneur Characteristic Predictors of Early-Stage Entrepreneurship Outcomes. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 28(7), 1095-1116.
• Lee, J., Kim, D. & Sung, S. (2019). The Effect of Entrepreneurship on Start-Up Open Innovation: Innovative Behavior of University Students. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 5(103), 1-13.
• Mazla, M. I. S. B., Jabor, M. K. B., Tufail, K., Yakim, A. F. N. & Zainal, H. (2020). The Roles of Creativity and Innovation in Entrepreneurship. International Conference on Student and Disable Student Development 2019, 213-217.
• Mercan, B., Göktaş, D. & Gömleksiz, M. (2011). Ar-Ge Faaliyetleri ve Girişimcilerin İnovasyon Üzerindeki Etkileri: Patent Verileri Üzerinde Bir Uygulama. Paradoks: The Journal of Economics, Sociology & Politics, 7(2), 27-44.
• Müftüoğlu, T. & Durukan, T. (2004). Girişimcilik ve Kobiler. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
• Nikula, J. & Tchalakov, I. (2013). Innovations and Entrepreneurs in Socialist and Post-Socialist Societies. Cambridge Newcastle, U.K.: Scholars Publishing.
• OECD (2018). Oslo Manual 2018: Guidelines for Collecting, Reporting and Using Data on Innovation. OECD Publishing.
• Peris-Ortiz, M., Ferreira, J. J. & Fernandes, C. I. (2018). Do Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activities (TEAs) Foster Innovative Practices in OECD Countries? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 129(C), 176-184.
• Pete, Ş., Nagy, Á., Györfy, L. Z., Benyovszki, A. & Petru, T. P. (2010). The Evolution of Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity Influencing Factors in Romania. Theoretical & Applied Economics, 17(7), 5-14.
• Ries, E. (2011). The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. New York: Crown Business.
• Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous Technological Change. Journal of Political Economy. 98(5), 71-102. Safko. (2010). The Social Media Bible: Tactics, Tools, and Strategies for Business Success. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
• Sampaio, C., Correia, A., Braga, V. & Braga, A. M. (2018). The Impact of Entrepreneurship Framework Conditions in Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurship Activity: An International Approach. International Journal of Knowledge-Based Development, 9(3), 244-260.
• Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle. Harvard University Press.
• Schumpeter, J. A. (1939). Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical, and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process. New York Toronto London: McGraw-Hill.
• Nooteboom, B. & Stam, E. (2008). Entrepreneurship and Innovation. In: B. Nooteboom & E. Stam (Eds.), Micro-Foundations For Innovation Policy (pp.135-172). Amsterdam University Press/Chicago University Press.
• Stam, E. & Spigel, B. (2016, November). Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (Working Papers 16-13, Utrecht School of Economics). https://www.uu.nl/sites/default/files/rebo_use_dp_2016_1613.pdf
• Startup Genome (2020). The Global Startup Ecosystem Report (GSER 2020): The New Normal for the Global Startup Economy and the Impact of COVID-19. Crunchbase.
• Stenholm, P., Pukkinen, T. & Heinonen, J. (2016). Firm Growth in Family Businesses: The Role of Entrepreneurial Orientation and the Entrepreneurial Activity. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(2), 697-713.
• Svetek, M. & Drnovsek, M. (2022). Exploring the Effects of Types of Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity on Subjective Well-Neing. Journal of Happiness Studies, 23(1), 149-170.
• Şahbaz, A. (2017). İnovasyon ve Girişimcilik Kavramlarının Karşılıklı Etkileşimi. Girişimcilik İnovasyon ve Pazarlama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 20-38.
• Şen, G. (2021). Teknoloji Sektöründe Erken Aşama Kadın Girişimcilerin Durum Analizi (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Altınbaş Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Tekin, E. (2018). Girişimcilik ve İnovasyon İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. 6th International Congress of Social Sciences China to Adriatic 2018, 230.
• Tekin, E. & Yazgan Çilesiz, Z. (2020). Girişimcilik Üzerinde Etkili Olan İnovasyon Girdilerinin Panel Veri Analizi ile İncelenmesi. 28. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi 2020, 1128-1138.
• Tekin, E. (2019). Girişimcilik ve Sosyal Sermaye. Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi.
• Tekin, E. (2022). Girişimcilik (Sosyal Sermayenin Rolü). Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi.
• Torres-Reyna, O. (2007). Panel Data Analysis: Fixed and Random Effects Using Stata. Erişim Adresi: https://tertilt.vwl.uni-mannheim.de/bachelor/Panel101.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2024.
• Tatoğlu Yardelen, F. (2005). Sermaye Piyasasında Riskin Sınırlı Bağımlı Değişkenli Panel Veri Modelleri ile Analizi (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Tatoğlu Yardelen, F. (2020). Ekonometri: Stata uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
• White, H. (1980). A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity. Econometrica, 48(4), 817-838.
• Wong, K. P., Ho, P. Y. & Autio, E. (2005). Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM Data. Small Business Economics, 24, 335-350.
• Zhao, F. (2005). Exploring the Synergy between Entrepreneurship and Innovation. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 11(1), 25-41.