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PARADOKSAL LİDERLİĞİN ÇALIŞANIN İŞTE GELİŞİMİNE ETKİSİNDE ÇALIŞANIN SOSYAL CESARETİNİN ARACI ROLÜ

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: Özel Sayı, 57 - 73, 28.10.2025

Abstract

Giderek belirsizliğin ve karmaşıklığın hâkim olduğu örgütlerde liderler bir biriyle çelişen paradoksal durumlarla daha sık karşılaşmaktadır. Paradoksal liderlik yaklaşımı sahip olduğu paradoksal bakış açısı ile karmaşık sorunların üstesinden gelmekte büyük avantaj sağlayabilir. Bu nedenle paradoksal liderliğin çalışanın işte gelişimini olumlu yönde etkilediği ancak çalışanların işyerindeki sosyal cesaretinin bu etkiye aracılık ettiği ileri sürülebilir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, paradoksal liderliğin çalışanının işte gelişimine etkisini ortaya koymak ve sosyal cesaretin bu süreci nasıl etkilediğini anlamaktır. Çalışma, nicel bir yaklaşımla kesitsel bir tasarım olarak tasarlanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini hizmet sektöründe çalışan 492 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemi kolayda örneklem ve kartopu örneklem yöntemleriyle belirlenmiştir. Veriler çevirim içi anket yolu ile toplanmıştır. Araştırma modelini analiz etmek için yapısal eşitlik modeli kurulmuştur. Yapısal eşitlik modelinin analizi sonucu, paradoksal liderliğin çalışanın işte gelişimine pozitif yönde anlamlı bir etkisi olduğu görülmüştür. Bulgular paradoksal liderliğin çalışanın işteki sosyal cesaretini de pozitif yönde etkilediğini göstermiştir. Son olarak araştırma bulguları paradoksal liderliğin çalışanın işte gelişimine etkisinde işyeri sosyal cesaretinin kısmı aracı ektisi olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu bulgular paradoksal liderliğin çalışanın işte gelişimini desteklediğini çalışanın sosyal cesaretinin bu desteğe katkı sunduğunu göstermektedir.

References

  • Akça, İ. & Tuna, M. (2019). Paradoksal Liderlik Davranışı: Bir Ölçek Uyarlama Çalışması. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(4), 2972-2989.
  • Boyd, N. M. (2015). Introducing Thriving at Work to the Field of Community Psychology. Journal of Community Psychology, 43(6), 794-809.
  • Chen, S., Zhang, Y., Liang, L. & Shen, T. (2021). Does Paradoxical Leadership Facilitate Leaders’ Task Performance? A Perspective of Self-Regulation Theory. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), 3505.
  • Dhir, R. & Sharma, V. (2020). Exploring Dimensions of Psychological Capital through Grounded Theory Investigations. International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management, 20(1), 109-132.
  • Goh, Z., Eva, N., Kiazad, K., Jack, G. A., De Cieri, H. & Spreitzer, G. M. (2022). An Integrative Multilevel Review of Thriving at Work: Assessing Progress and Promise. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 43(2), 197-213.
  • Gürbüz, S. & Sahin, F. (2016). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri, Felsefe-Yöntem-Analiz. İstanbul: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). Prentice-Hall.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning
  • Hannah, S. T., Sweeney, P. & Lester, P. (2007). Toward a Courageous Mindset: The Subjective Act and Experience of Courage. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(2), 129–135.
  • Holmes, P. E. & Howard, M. C. (2023). The Duplicitous Effect of Organizational Identification: Applying Social Identity Theory to Identify Joint Relations with Workplace Social Courage and Unethical Pro-Organizational Behaviors. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 18(5), 784-797.
  • Howard, M. C. (2019). Applying the Approach/Avoidance Framework to Understand the Relationships between Social Courage, Workplace Outcomes, and Well-Being Outcomes. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(6), 734-748.
  • Howard, M. C. & Cogswell, J. E. (2019). The Left Side of Courage: Three Exploratory Studies on the Antecedents of Social Courage. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(3), 324-340.
  • Howard, M. C., Farr, J. L., Grandey, A. A. & Gutworth, M. B. (2017). The Creation of the Workplace Social Courage Scale (WSCS): An Investigation of Internal Consistency, Psychometric Properties, Validity, and Utility. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32, 673-690.
  • Jules, C. & Good, D. (2014). Introduction to Special Issue on Paradox in Context: Advances in Theory and Practice. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 50(2), 123-126.
  • Kaltiainen, J., Virtanen, A. & Hakanen, J. (2022). Social Courage Promotes Organizational Identification via Crafting Social Resources at Work: A Repeated-Measures Study. Human Relations, 77, 53-80.
  • Koerner, M. M. (2014). Courage as Identity Work: Accounts of Workplace Courage. Academy of Management Journal, 57(1), 63-93.
  • Lewis, M. W., Andriopoulos, C. & Smith, W. K. (2014). Paradoxical Leadership to Enable Strategic Agility. California Management Review, 56(3), 58-77.
  • Magnano, P., Santisi, G., Zammitti, A., Zarbo, R., Scuderi, V. E., Valenti, G. D. & Faraci, P. (2022). The Relationship between Subjective Risk Intelligence and Courage with Working Performance: The Potential Mediating Effect of Workplace Social Courage. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 12(4), 431-444.
  • Mert, I. S., Sen, C. & Alzghoul, A. (2022). Organizational Justice, Life Satisfaction, and Happiness: The Mediating Role of Workplace Social Courage. Kybernetes, 51(7), 2215-2232.
  • Paterson, T., Luthans, F. & Jueng, W. (2014). Thriving at Work: Impact of Psychological Capital and Supervisor Support. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 434–446.
  • Pearce, C. L., Wassenaar, C. L., Berson, Y. & Tuval-Mashiach, R. (2019). Toward a Theory of Meta-Paradoxical Leadership. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 155, 31-41.
  • Porath, C., Spreitzer, G., Gibson, C. & Garnett, F. G. (2012). Thriving at Work: Toward its Measurement, Construct Validation, and Theoretical Refinement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(2), 250-275.
  • Santisi, G., Lodi, E., Magnano, P., Zarbo, R. & Zammitti, A. (2020). Relationship Between Psychological Capital and Quality of Life: The Role of Courage. Sustainability, 12(13), 5238.
  • Schad, J., Lewis, M. W., Raisch, S. & Smith, W. K. (2016). Paradox Research in Management Science: Looking Back to Move Forward. Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), 5-64.
  • Schumacker, R. E. & Lomax, R. (2004). A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modelling. 2nd Edition, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Smith, W. K. & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a Theory of Paradox: A Dynamic Equilibrium Model of Organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403.
  • Spreitzer, G., Porath, C. L. & Gibson, C. B. (2012). Toward Human Sustainability: How to Enable More Thriving at Work. Organizational Dynamics, 41(2), 155-162.
  • Spreitzer, G. M. & Porath, C. (2013). Self-Determination as Nutriment for Thriving: Building an Integrative Model of Human Growth at Work. In M. Gagné (Ed.), Oxford handbook of work engagement, motivation, and self-determination theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Spreitzer, G. M., Sutcliffe, K., Dutton, J., Sonenshein, S. & Grant, A. M. (2005). A Socially Embedded Model of Thriving at Work. Organization Science, 16, 537–549
  • Tkachenko, O., Quast, L. N., Song, W. & Jang, S. (2020). Courage in the Workplace: The Effects of Organizational Level and Gender on the Relationship between Behavioral Courage and Job Performance. Journal of Management & Organization, 26(5), 899-915.
  • Toksöz, D., Tuğba, P. & Çapar, G. (2020). İşte Gelişim Ölçeğini Türkçeye Uyarlama Çalışması. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 35(1), 177-186.
  • Tutar, H. & Erdem, A. T. (2020). Örnekleriyle Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri ve SPSS Uygulamaları. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık
  • Uysal, E. & Bayramoğlu, G. (2022). İşyerinde Sosyal Cesaret Davranışı Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye Uyarlama Çalışması. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(1), 54-71.
  • Yang, N., Chen, H. & Wang, X. H. (2024). Paradoxical Leadership Behavior and Employee Creative Deviance: The Role of Paradox Mindset and Leader–Member Exchange. Journal of Business and Psychology, 39(3), 697-713.
  • Yang, Y., Li, Z., Liang, L. & Zhang, X. (2021). Why and When Paradoxical Leader Behavior Impact Employee Creativity: Thriving at Work and Psychological Safety. Current Psychology, 40(4), 1911-1922.
  • Yücel, D. (2022). Paradoksal Liderlik Çalışan Çift Yönlülüğü ve Çalışan Yaratıcılığını Nasıl Etkiler?. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(24), 557-574.
  • Zhang, Y., Waldman, D. A., Han, Y. L. & Li, X. B. (2015). Paradoxical Leader Behaviors in People Management: Antecedents and Consequences. Academy of Management Journal, 58(2), 538-566.

THE MEDIATING ROLE OF EMPLOYEE SOCIAL COURAGE IN THE IMPACT OF PARADOXICAL LEADERSHIP ON EMPLOYEE THRIVING AT WORK

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: Özel Sayı, 57 - 73, 28.10.2025

Abstract

In organizations that are increasingly characterized by uncertainty and complexity, leaders are increasingly confronted with paradoxical situations that contradict each other. A paradoxical leadership approach can be a great advantage in overcoming complex problems with a paradoxical perspective. Therefore, it can be argued that paradoxical leadership positively affects employees' thriving at work, but employees' social courage at work mediates this effect. The primary purpose of this study is to reveal the impact of paradoxical leadership on employees thriving at work and to understand how social courage influences this process. The study was designed as a cross-sectional design with a quantitative approach. The study sample consists of 492 people working in the service sector. The study's sample was determined by convenience sampling and snowball sampling methods. Data were collected through an online questionnaire. A structural equation model was established to analyze the research model. The structural equation model analysis results showed that paradoxical leadership significantly positively affects employees' thriving at work. The findings also showed that paradoxical leadership positively affects employees' social courage at work.. Finally, the findings showed that workplace social courage partially mediates the effect of paradoxical leadership on employees thriving at work. These findings suggest that paradoxical leadership supports employees' thriving at work and that employees' social courage contributes to this support.

References

  • Akça, İ. & Tuna, M. (2019). Paradoksal Liderlik Davranışı: Bir Ölçek Uyarlama Çalışması. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(4), 2972-2989.
  • Boyd, N. M. (2015). Introducing Thriving at Work to the Field of Community Psychology. Journal of Community Psychology, 43(6), 794-809.
  • Chen, S., Zhang, Y., Liang, L. & Shen, T. (2021). Does Paradoxical Leadership Facilitate Leaders’ Task Performance? A Perspective of Self-Regulation Theory. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), 3505.
  • Dhir, R. & Sharma, V. (2020). Exploring Dimensions of Psychological Capital through Grounded Theory Investigations. International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management, 20(1), 109-132.
  • Goh, Z., Eva, N., Kiazad, K., Jack, G. A., De Cieri, H. & Spreitzer, G. M. (2022). An Integrative Multilevel Review of Thriving at Work: Assessing Progress and Promise. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 43(2), 197-213.
  • Gürbüz, S. & Sahin, F. (2016). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri, Felsefe-Yöntem-Analiz. İstanbul: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). Prentice-Hall.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning
  • Hannah, S. T., Sweeney, P. & Lester, P. (2007). Toward a Courageous Mindset: The Subjective Act and Experience of Courage. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(2), 129–135.
  • Holmes, P. E. & Howard, M. C. (2023). The Duplicitous Effect of Organizational Identification: Applying Social Identity Theory to Identify Joint Relations with Workplace Social Courage and Unethical Pro-Organizational Behaviors. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 18(5), 784-797.
  • Howard, M. C. (2019). Applying the Approach/Avoidance Framework to Understand the Relationships between Social Courage, Workplace Outcomes, and Well-Being Outcomes. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(6), 734-748.
  • Howard, M. C. & Cogswell, J. E. (2019). The Left Side of Courage: Three Exploratory Studies on the Antecedents of Social Courage. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(3), 324-340.
  • Howard, M. C., Farr, J. L., Grandey, A. A. & Gutworth, M. B. (2017). The Creation of the Workplace Social Courage Scale (WSCS): An Investigation of Internal Consistency, Psychometric Properties, Validity, and Utility. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32, 673-690.
  • Jules, C. & Good, D. (2014). Introduction to Special Issue on Paradox in Context: Advances in Theory and Practice. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 50(2), 123-126.
  • Kaltiainen, J., Virtanen, A. & Hakanen, J. (2022). Social Courage Promotes Organizational Identification via Crafting Social Resources at Work: A Repeated-Measures Study. Human Relations, 77, 53-80.
  • Koerner, M. M. (2014). Courage as Identity Work: Accounts of Workplace Courage. Academy of Management Journal, 57(1), 63-93.
  • Lewis, M. W., Andriopoulos, C. & Smith, W. K. (2014). Paradoxical Leadership to Enable Strategic Agility. California Management Review, 56(3), 58-77.
  • Magnano, P., Santisi, G., Zammitti, A., Zarbo, R., Scuderi, V. E., Valenti, G. D. & Faraci, P. (2022). The Relationship between Subjective Risk Intelligence and Courage with Working Performance: The Potential Mediating Effect of Workplace Social Courage. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 12(4), 431-444.
  • Mert, I. S., Sen, C. & Alzghoul, A. (2022). Organizational Justice, Life Satisfaction, and Happiness: The Mediating Role of Workplace Social Courage. Kybernetes, 51(7), 2215-2232.
  • Paterson, T., Luthans, F. & Jueng, W. (2014). Thriving at Work: Impact of Psychological Capital and Supervisor Support. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 434–446.
  • Pearce, C. L., Wassenaar, C. L., Berson, Y. & Tuval-Mashiach, R. (2019). Toward a Theory of Meta-Paradoxical Leadership. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 155, 31-41.
  • Porath, C., Spreitzer, G., Gibson, C. & Garnett, F. G. (2012). Thriving at Work: Toward its Measurement, Construct Validation, and Theoretical Refinement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(2), 250-275.
  • Santisi, G., Lodi, E., Magnano, P., Zarbo, R. & Zammitti, A. (2020). Relationship Between Psychological Capital and Quality of Life: The Role of Courage. Sustainability, 12(13), 5238.
  • Schad, J., Lewis, M. W., Raisch, S. & Smith, W. K. (2016). Paradox Research in Management Science: Looking Back to Move Forward. Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), 5-64.
  • Schumacker, R. E. & Lomax, R. (2004). A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modelling. 2nd Edition, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Smith, W. K. & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a Theory of Paradox: A Dynamic Equilibrium Model of Organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381-403.
  • Spreitzer, G., Porath, C. L. & Gibson, C. B. (2012). Toward Human Sustainability: How to Enable More Thriving at Work. Organizational Dynamics, 41(2), 155-162.
  • Spreitzer, G. M. & Porath, C. (2013). Self-Determination as Nutriment for Thriving: Building an Integrative Model of Human Growth at Work. In M. Gagné (Ed.), Oxford handbook of work engagement, motivation, and self-determination theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Spreitzer, G. M., Sutcliffe, K., Dutton, J., Sonenshein, S. & Grant, A. M. (2005). A Socially Embedded Model of Thriving at Work. Organization Science, 16, 537–549
  • Tkachenko, O., Quast, L. N., Song, W. & Jang, S. (2020). Courage in the Workplace: The Effects of Organizational Level and Gender on the Relationship between Behavioral Courage and Job Performance. Journal of Management & Organization, 26(5), 899-915.
  • Toksöz, D., Tuğba, P. & Çapar, G. (2020). İşte Gelişim Ölçeğini Türkçeye Uyarlama Çalışması. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 35(1), 177-186.
  • Tutar, H. & Erdem, A. T. (2020). Örnekleriyle Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri ve SPSS Uygulamaları. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık
  • Uysal, E. & Bayramoğlu, G. (2022). İşyerinde Sosyal Cesaret Davranışı Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye Uyarlama Çalışması. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(1), 54-71.
  • Yang, N., Chen, H. & Wang, X. H. (2024). Paradoxical Leadership Behavior and Employee Creative Deviance: The Role of Paradox Mindset and Leader–Member Exchange. Journal of Business and Psychology, 39(3), 697-713.
  • Yang, Y., Li, Z., Liang, L. & Zhang, X. (2021). Why and When Paradoxical Leader Behavior Impact Employee Creativity: Thriving at Work and Psychological Safety. Current Psychology, 40(4), 1911-1922.
  • Yücel, D. (2022). Paradoksal Liderlik Çalışan Çift Yönlülüğü ve Çalışan Yaratıcılığını Nasıl Etkiler?. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(24), 557-574.
  • Zhang, Y., Waldman, D. A., Han, Y. L. & Li, X. B. (2015). Paradoxical Leader Behaviors in People Management: Antecedents and Consequences. Academy of Management Journal, 58(2), 538-566.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Leadership
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ömer Karademir 0000-0003-1109-4797

Publication Date October 28, 2025
Submission Date March 14, 2025
Acceptance Date September 23, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 27 Issue: Özel Sayı

Cite

APA Karademir, Ö. (2025). PARADOKSAL LİDERLİĞİN ÇALIŞANIN İŞTE GELİŞİMİNE ETKİSİNDE ÇALIŞANIN SOSYAL CESARETİNİN ARACI ROLÜ. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(Özel Sayı), 57-73. https://doi.org/10.21180/iibfdkastamonu.1658092