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Covid-19'un Turizm Sektöründe İstihdama Etkisi: İtalya, İspanya ve Türkiye Örnekleri

Year 2020, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 38 - 49, 26.10.2020

Abstract

Turizm sektörü sağladığı istihdam hacmi ve döviz rezervleri ile ülke ekonomisi için kritik öneme sahiptir. Ancak aralık ayında ilk kez görülen ve dünyada hızla yayılan Covid-19 krizi, tüm sektörlerde olduğu gibi turizm sektörünü de derinden etkilemiştir. Seyahatlerin yasaklanması, sınırların kapatılması ve artan karantina önlemleri nedeniyle; turizm, konaklama ve havacılık sektörlerinin faaliyetleri özellikle yılın ilk çeyreğinde durmuştur. Sektörün çalışanlarına iş güvenliği sağlamak ve rezervasyon iptallerine karşı mali direnç göstermek için zor bir süreç içinde olduğu yadsınamaz bir gerçektir. Teorik çerçevede ele alınan bu çalışmada Statista, Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü (ILO), Dünya Turizm Örgütü (UNWTO) ve Ekonomik Kalkınma ve İşbirliği Örgütü (OECD) verileri kullanılarak; Covid-19 krizi nedeniyle sektördeki olası daralmanın istihdamdaki daralmaya yansımaları ele alınmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada; İtalya, İspanya ve Türkiye örnek olarak verilmiştir; bu ülkelerde alınan tedbirlerden bahsedilmektedir. Ancak alınan önlemlere rağmen, Covid-19 krizinin ne zaman sona ereceğini bilmemek, tüm sektörlerde olduğu gibi turizm sektöründe de kaygıların sürmesine neden olacaktır.

References

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  • Pharmaceutical (19 Mayıs 2020). Covid-19’s Impact on Drug Manufacture in Spain: Small Molecule API Dominates in Europe’s Worst-Hit Country. https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/comment/covid-19-impact-spain/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Statista (8 Haziran 2020a). Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Italy - Statistics & Facts. https://www.statista.com/topics/6061/coronavirus-covid-19-in-italy/#dossierSummary__chapter4 (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Statista (8 Haziran 2020b). Opinions on Impact of Coronavirus on Personal Income in Italy 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1106759/opinions-on-impact-of-coronavirus-on-personal-income-in-italy/(Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Statista (2 Haziran 2020). Forecasted Impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Tourist Arrivals in Italy in 2020, by Region of Destination. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1101025/impact-of-coronavirus-covid-19-on-tourist-arrivals-in-italy-by-region/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Statista (12 Mayıs 2020). Predicted Loss in GDP from Jobs at Risk in the Travel and Tourism Industry due to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Worldwide in 2020, by Region. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1107493/coronavirus-travel-tourism-gdp-loss/#statisticContainer (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
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  • Statista (20 Nisan 2020). Estimated Revenue Loss in the Spanish Tourism Sector due to Coronavirus 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1110954/estimated-revenue-loss-in-the-spanish-tourism-sector-due-to-coronavirus/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
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  • Statista (27 Mart 2020). Predicted Employment Loss in the Travel and Tourism Industry due to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Worldwide in 2020, by Country. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1107475/coronavirus-travel-tourism-employment-loss/(Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
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  • TURSAB (2020). Turizm Gelirleri. https://www.tursab.org.tr/istatistikler-icerik/turizm-geliri. (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
  • The World Bank Group (2017). Women and Tourism: Designing for Inclusion. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/401321508245393514/pdf/120477-WP-PUBLIC-Weds-oct-18-9am-ADD-SERIES-36p-IFCWomenandTourismfinal.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Tüzünkan, D. (2015). Düzgün İş’in Hedefleri Açısından Türk Turizm Sektörünün Genel Özellikler. Selçuk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, (29), 241-251.
  • UNWTO (5 Haziran 2020). COVID-19: Measures to Support the Travel and Tourism Sector. https://www.unwto.org/covid-19-measures-to-support-travel-tourism (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
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Year 2020, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 38 - 49, 26.10.2020

Abstract

References

  • Albayrak, A. (2019). Gender Discrimination in Turkey Industry. (Ed. Tüzünkan D. & Altıntaş, V.). Contemporary Human Resources Management in the Tourism Industry içinde (s.104-129). USA: IGI Global.
  • Bahar, O. Yıldırım, S., Işık, C. & Özata, E. (2020). Turizm Ekonomisi. Eskişehir: T.C. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayını No: 3963.
  • Bahar, O. & Çelik İlal, N. (2020). The Economic Effects of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the Tourism Industry International. Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 6(1), 125-139.
  • Carreño, B. & Melander, I. (2 Nisan 2020). Coronavirus Lockdown Destroys Jobs at Record Pace in 'Paralysed' Spain. https://www.journalpioneer.com/business/reuters/almost-900000-spanish-workers-lost-their-job-since-coronavirus-lockdown-432746/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • COMCEC (2016). CCO Brief on Tourism. http://www.comcec.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/32-IS-BR-TUR.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Ersöz, M. & Öztürk, F. (27 Nisan 2020). BBC Türkçe Koronavirüs Salgını Turizm Sektörünü Nasıl Etkiliyor?. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-52445082 (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
  • Goffi, G. (2014). Tourism Competitiveness, Sustainability and Employment: A Study in Italy. (Ed. Larsen, C., Rand, S., Schmid, A. & Keil, R.). Sustainable Economy and Sustainable Employment: Approaches to Measuring Sustainability in Regional and Local Labour Market Monitoring içinde (s.411-439). Publisher: Rainer Hampp Verlag. Germany: München u., Mering.
  • Independent (2 Nisan 2020). Spain Sees Historic Rise in Unemployment as Nearly 900,000 Lose Jobs since Coronavirus Lockdown. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/spain-coronavirus-lockdown-unemployment-job-loss-update-a9442146.html (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
  • Işık Erol, S. (2017). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Turizm Sektörünün İstihdam Üzerine Etkisi. VI. Ulusal II. Uluslararası Doğu Akdeniz Turizm Sempozyumu, 14-15 Nisan 2017, Gaziantep, 558-570.
  • ILO (29 Mayıs 2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on the Tourism Sector. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---sector/documents/briefingnote/wcms_741468.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • ILO (24 Nisan 2020). COVID-19 and Employment in the Tourism Sector: Impact and Response in Asia and the Pacific. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/briefingnote/wcms_742664.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • ILO (21 Nisan 2020). COVID-19: How Social and Economic Sectors are Responding. https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_742203/lang--en/index.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • ILO (9 Nisan 2020). COVID-19 and the Tourism Sector. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---sector/documents/briefingnote/wcms_741468.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • ILO (7 Nisan 2020). COVID-19 and the World of Work (Second Edition). https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_740877.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • ILO (18 Mart 2020). Covid-19 and World of Work: Impacts and Responses. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_738753.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Jones, S. & Burgen, S. (23 Mayıs 2020). Spain to Reopen to Overseas Tourists from July. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/23/spain-to-reopen-to-overseas-tourists-from-july (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Küçüksarı, G. (2011). Turizmin Yerel Ekonomiye Etkisinin Konaklama İşletmeleri Özelinde Analizi: Manavgat Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Lock, S. (12 Mayıs 2020). COVID-19: Forecast GDP Loss from Unemployment in Tourism Industry 2020, by Region. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1107493/coronavirus-travel-tourism-gdp-loss/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Lock, S. (27 Mart 2020). COVID-19: Forecast Job Loss in Travel and Tourism Sector Worldwide 2020, by Region. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1104835/coronavirus-travel-tourism-employment-loss/ (Erişim Tarihi: 08.04.2020).
  • MEI (26 Mayıs 2020). The Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Turkey. https://www.mei.edu/publications/economic-impact-covid-19-turkey (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
  • OECD (2 Haziran 2020). OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19): Tourism Policy Responses to the Coronavirus (COVID-19). https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/tourism-policy-responses-to-the-coronavirus-covid-19-6466aa20/ (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
  • OECD (15 Nisan 2020). Tourism Policy Responses. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=124_124984-7uf8nm95se&title=Covid-19_Tourism_Policy_Responses (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • OECD (2020). OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2020. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/6b47b985-en.pdf?expires=1592487353&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=1D86E8F92003856BE318FDC1D8A37A18 (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Özdemir, Ö. (1 Nisan 2020). Koronavirüs: Türkiye Ekonomisinin Salgının Yarattığı Krizle Başa Çıkması İçin Ne Yapılmalı?. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-52114495 (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Pharmaceutical (19 Mayıs 2020). Covid-19’s Impact on Drug Manufacture in Spain: Small Molecule API Dominates in Europe’s Worst-Hit Country. https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/comment/covid-19-impact-spain/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Statista (8 Haziran 2020a). Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Italy - Statistics & Facts. https://www.statista.com/topics/6061/coronavirus-covid-19-in-italy/#dossierSummary__chapter4 (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Statista (8 Haziran 2020b). Opinions on Impact of Coronavirus on Personal Income in Italy 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1106759/opinions-on-impact-of-coronavirus-on-personal-income-in-italy/(Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Statista (2 Haziran 2020). Forecasted Impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Tourist Arrivals in Italy in 2020, by Region of Destination. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1101025/impact-of-coronavirus-covid-19-on-tourist-arrivals-in-italy-by-region/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Statista (12 Mayıs 2020). Predicted Loss in GDP from Jobs at Risk in the Travel and Tourism Industry due to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Worldwide in 2020, by Region. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1107493/coronavirus-travel-tourism-gdp-loss/#statisticContainer (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Statista (22 Nisan 2020). Global Change in Travel and Tourism Revenue due to COVID-19 2019-2020. https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1103426/covid-19-revenue-travel-tourism-industry-forecast (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Statista (20 Nisan 2020). Estimated Revenue Loss in the Spanish Tourism Sector due to Coronavirus 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1110954/estimated-revenue-loss-in-the-spanish-tourism-sector-due-to-coronavirus/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Statista (31 Mart 2020). Tourism Worldwide - Statistics & Facts. https://www.statista.com/topics/962/global-tourism/(Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Statista (27 Mart 2020). Predicted Employment Loss in the Travel and Tourism Industry due to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Worldwide in 2020, by Country. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1107475/coronavirus-travel-tourism-employment-loss/(Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Şahin, L. (2020). İstihdam ve İşsizlik. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi Yayını.
  • Şit, M. (2016). Türkiye’de Turizm Sektörünün İstihdama Katkısı. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 7(1), 101-117.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (18 Haziran 2020). Türkiye'deki Güncel Durum. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • TÜİK (30 Nisan 2020). Turizm İstatistikleri, I. Çeyrek: Ocak - Mart, 2020. Haber Bülteni. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=33672 (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
  • TURSAB (2020). Turizm Gelirleri. https://www.tursab.org.tr/istatistikler-icerik/turizm-geliri. (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
  • The World Bank Group (2017). Women and Tourism: Designing for Inclusion. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/401321508245393514/pdf/120477-WP-PUBLIC-Weds-oct-18-9am-ADD-SERIES-36p-IFCWomenandTourismfinal.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • Tüzünkan, D. (2015). Düzgün İş’in Hedefleri Açısından Türk Turizm Sektörünün Genel Özellikler. Selçuk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, (29), 241-251.
  • UNWTO (5 Haziran 2020). COVID-19: Measures to Support the Travel and Tourism Sector. https://www.unwto.org/covid-19-measures-to-support-travel-tourism (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
  • UNWTO (7 Mayıs 2020). International Tourist Numbers could Fall 60-80% in 2020 UNWTO Reports. https://www.unwto.org/news/covid-19-international-tourist-numbers-could-fall-60-80-in-2020 (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
  • UNWTO (23 Nisan 2020). Covid-19: Measures to Support Travel and Tourism. https://www.unwto.org/covid-19-measures-to-support-travel-and-tourism (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2020).
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There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sevgi Işık Erol 0000-0001-9925-1704

Publication Date October 26, 2020
Submission Date June 19, 2020
Acceptance Date October 11, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Işık Erol, S. (2020). Covid-19’un Turizm Sektöründe İstihdama Etkisi: İtalya, İspanya ve Türkiye Örnekleri. İşletme Ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 38-49.

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