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The Relationship Between Energy R&D Expenditures and Energy Consumption in the United Kingdom: A Cointegration Analysis With Structural Breaks

Year 2022, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 35 - 45, 30.03.2022

Abstract

In 2018 compared to 1990, the UK'S GDP by 75.44%, renewable energy R&D expenditure by 160.47%, and renewable energy use increased by 1318,478% increased, while decreased energy consumption by 14.92% and energy losses by 18.15%. In other words, In addition to increasing the use of renewable energy, the UK has also managed to reduce total energy consumption and total energy losses. In addition, in the same period, Canada, which is among the G7 countries, increased its total energy consumption by 40.85%, the USA 16.49%, France 10.06%, and Italy 2.74%, while Germany decreased by 13.99% and Japan 2.89%. England, on the other hand, managed to reduce it at a remarkable rate of 14.92%. Therefore, the difference of this study from other studies is that the question of how the UK earned more income with less energy as a result of its R&D expenditures in the field of energy in the relevant period is investigated by econometric methods. While doing this, R&D expenditures and total energy consumption in the fields of renewable energy, non-renewable energy, and nuclear energy were used in the 1990-2018 period for the UK. For this purpose, the stability of the variables was investigated with the Perron (1989) and Zivot and Andrews (1992) tests, in which structural breaks were taken into account. Then, the long-term relationship was tested with the Gregory and Hansen cointegration test and a cointegration relationship was found. Then, it is tested with Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) and Canonical Cointegrating Regression (CCR) estimators for a long-term relationship. The findings showed that while the R&D expenditures for nuclear energy decreased the energy use the most for the UK in the long term, it was found that the R&D expenditures for renewable energy increased the most.

References

  • Aflaki, S., Basher, S. A., & Masini, A. (2014). Does Economic Growth Matter? Technology-Push, Demand-Pull and Endogenous Drivers of İnnovation in the Renewable Energy İndustry. HEC Paris Research Paper, No. MOSI-2015-1070.
  • Ağır, H., Özbek, S., & Türkmen, S. (2020). Türkiye’de Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Belirleyicileri: Ampirik Bir Tahmin. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(4), 39-48.
  • Álvarez-Herranz, A., Balsalobre, D., Cantos, J. M., & Shahbaz, M. (2017b). Energy İnnovations-GHG Emissions Nexus: Fresh Empirical Evidence From OECD Countries, Energy Policy, 101, 90-100.
  • Álvarez-Herranz, A., Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Shahbaz, M., & Cantos, J. M. (2017a). Energy İnnovation and Renewable Energy Consumption in the Correction of Air Pollution Levels, Energy Policy, 105, 386-397.
  • Balsalobre, D., Álvarez, A., & Cantos, J. M. (2015). Public Budgets for Energy RD&D and the Effects on Energy İntensity and Pollution Levels, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(7), 4881-4892.
  • Cheng, M., & Zhu, Y. (2014). The State of The Art of Wind Energy Conversion Systems and Technologies: A Review, Energy Conversion and Management, 88 (2014), 332-347.
  • Cho, C.H., Yang, L. J., Chu, Y. P. & Yang, H. Y. (2013), Renewable Energy and Renewable R&D in EU Countries: A Cointegration Analysis, Asian Journal of Natural & Applied Sciences, 2:1, 10-16.
  • Dai, Q., & Bie, Z. (2006), FDI, Accumulation of Human Capital and Economic Growth, Econ. Res. J., 4, 15-27.
  • Dıas, M. O., Ensinas, A. V., Nebra, S. A., Maciel Filho, R., Rossell, C. E., Maciel, M. R. W. (2009). Production of Bioethanol and Other Bio-Based Materials From Sugarcane Bagasse: Integration to Conventional Bioethanol Production Process, Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 87(9), 1206-1216.
  • Dinda, S. (2011), Carbon Emission and Production Technology: Evidence from the US, MPRA, 31935.
  • FAOSTAT (Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations) (2021). Temperature Change. www.fao.org (Erişim Tarihi: 06.02.2021).
  • Fernández, FY., Lopez, FMA., Blanco, OB. (2018). Innovation For Sustainability: The İmpact of R&D Spending on CO2 Emissions, J Clean Prod, 172:3, 459-3467.
  • Fridleifsson, I. B. (2001). Geothermal Energy for The Benefit of The People, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 5(3), 299-312.
  • Gregory, A. W., & Hansen, B. E. (1996). Residual-Based Tests for Cointegration in Models With Regime Shifts, Journal of Econometrics, 70, 99-126.
  • Griliches, Z. (1998). Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators: A Survey. In R&D and Productivity: The Econometric Evidence, University of Chicago Press, 287-343.
  • Gürler, A. Z., Budak, D. B., Ayyıldız, B. & Kaplan, U. E. (2020). Enerji Ekonomisi, Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • IEA(International Energy Agency), (2015). Energy Efficiency Market Report, Paris: International Energy Agency, İssues, Energy Policy, 24(5), 377-390.
  • Irandoust, M. (2016). The Renewable Energy-Growth Nexus with Carbon Emissions and Technological Innovation: Evidence From the Nordic Countries, Ecological Indicators, 69, 118-125.
  • Jun, C., & Shiyuan, X. (2008). The Impact of Technical Progress over China's Energy Efficiency: 1972-2006, Scientific Management Research, 1.
  • Kabalci, E. (2013).Design and Analysis of A Hybrid Renewable Energy Plant with Solar and Wind Power, Energy Conversion and Management, 72(2013), 51-59.
  • Kaholi, B. (2018). The Causality Link Between Energy Electricity Consumption, CO2 Emissions, R&D Stocks and Economic Growth in Mediterranean Countries (MCs), Energy 145, 38-399.
  • Lantz, V., & Feng, Q. (2006). Assessing Income, Population, and Technology Impacts on CO2 Emissions in Canada: Where’s the EKC?, Ecol Econ, 57, 229-238.
  • Lee, K. H., & Min, B. (2015). Green R&D for Eco-İnnovation and Its Impact on Carbon Emissions and Firm Performance, Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, 534-542.
  • Li, W., Wang, W., Wang, Y., & Qin, Y. (2017). Industrial Structure, Technological Progress and CO2 Emissions in China: Analysis based on the STIRPAT Framework, Nat Hazards 88, 1545-1564.
  • Mehmood, B., Feliceo, A., & Shahid, A. (2014). What Causes What? Aviation Demand and Economic Growth in Romania: Cointegration Estimation and Causality Analysis, Romanian Economic and Business Review, 9, 21-34.
  • Mensah, CN., Long, X., Boamah, KB., Bediako, IA., Dauda, L., & Salman, M. (2018). The Effect of Innovation on CO2 Emissions of OCED Countries from 1990 to 2014, Environ Sci Pollut Res, 25, 29678-29698.
  • Naimoğlu, M. & Akal, M. (2021a). Yükselen Ekonomilerde Enerji Etkinliğini Talep Yanlı Etkileyen Faktörler, Sosyoekonomi, 29(49), 455-481.
  • Naimoğlu, M., & Akal, M. (2021b). Enerji Verimliliği Üzerine Arz ve Talep Yönlü Genel Bir Bakış, Verimlilik Dergisi, (3), 3-20.
  • Naimoğlu, M. (2021). Fourier Yaklaşımıyla Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve Enerji Kayıplarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Almanya Örneği, Journal of Economics and Research, 2(1), 59-68.
  • Nazlıoğlu, Ş. (2010). Makro İktisat Politikalarının Tarım Sektörü Üzerindeki Etkileri: Gelişmiş Ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler İçin Bir Karşılaştırma. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kayseri.
  • Özbek, S. & Naimoğlu, M. (2021). Enerji Verimliliğinin Dinamikleri: Var Analizi İle Türkiye Üzerine Ampirik Bir Tahmin, 19 Mayıs Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(2), 314-326.
  • Park, J.Y. (1992). Canonical Cointegrating Regressions, Econometrica:Journal of the Econometric Society,60(1), 119-143.
  • Perron, P. (1989). The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis, Econometrica, 57(6),1361-1401.
  • Phillips, P., & Hansen, B. (1990). Statistical Inference in Instrumental Variables Regression with I(1) Processes, Review of Economic Studies, 57, 99-125.
  • Sahu, S. K., & Narayanan, K. (2013). Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Indian Manufacturing Industries: Role of Energy and Technology Intensity, Madras School of Economics, 82.
  • Saito, S., (2010). Role of Nuclear Energy to a Future Society of Shortage of Energy Resources and Global Warming, Journal of Nuclear Materials, 398(1-3), 1-9.
  • Sipahutar, R., Bernas, S. M., & Imanuddin, M. S. (2013). Renewable Energy and Hydropower Utilization Tendency Worldwide, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 17, 213-215.
  • Sohag, K., Begum, R. A., Abdullah S. M. S., & Jaafar, M. (2015). Dynamics of Energy Use, Technological Innovation, Economic Growth and Trade Openness in Malaysia, Energy, 90, 1497-1507.
  • Tıraşoğlu, M., & Burcu, Y. (2012). Yapısal Kırılma Durumunda Sağlık Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama, Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges, 2, 111-117.
  • Türkmen, S. (2020). Enerji Trilemması: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(6), 299-309.
  • Zivot, E., & Andrews, D. (1992). Further Evidence On The Great Crash, The Oil Price Shock, and The Unit Root Hypothesis, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 10(3), 251-270.
  • Zoltan J. A., Anselin, L., & Varga, A. (2002). Patents and Innovation Counts as Measures of Regional Production of New Knowledge, Research Policy, 31(7), 1069-1085.

İngiltere’de Enerji Ar-Ge Harcamaları ile Enerji Tüketimi İlişkisi: Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Analizi

Year 2022, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 35 - 45, 30.03.2022

Abstract

İngiltere’nin 1990 yılına göre 2018 yılında GSYİH’si %75.44, yenilenebilir enerji Ar-Ge harcamaları %160.47 ve yenilenebilir enerji kullanımı %1318.478 artış gösterirken enerji tüketimi %14.92 ve enerji kayıpları ise %18.15 azalış göstermiştir. İngiltere, yenilenebilir enerji kullanımını artırmanın yanısıra toplam enerji tüketimi ile toplam enerji kayıplarını azaltmayı da başarmıştır. Ayrıca aynı dönemde toplam enerji tüketimini G7 ülkeleri arasında yer alan Kanada %40.85, ABD %16.49, Fransa %10.06 ve İtalya %2.74 artırmıştır. Almanya ve Japonya ise sırasıyla %13.99, %2.89 düşürürken; İngiltere ise %14.92 gibi dikkate değer bir oranda düşürmeyi başarmıştır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmanın diğer çalışmalardan farkı İngiltere’nin ilgili dönemde enerji alanında yaptığı Ar-Ge harcamaları sonucu daha az enerjiyle nasıl daha fazla gelir elde ettiği sorusunun ekonometrik yöntemlerle araştırılmasıdır. Bunu yaparken İngiltere için 1990-2018 dönemi yıllık verileri aracılığıyla yenilenebilir enerji, yenilenemez enerji ve nükleer enerji alanlarında yapılan Ar-Ge harcamaları ile toplam enerji tüketimi kullanılmıştır. Bu amaçla yapısal kırılmaların dikkate alındığı Perron (1989) ve Zivot ve Andrews (1992) testleri ile değişkenlerin durağanlığı araştırılmıştır. Uzun dönem ilişkisi Gregory ve Hansen eşbütünleşme testi ile sınanmış ve eşbütünleşme ilişkisine rastlanmıştır. Uzun dönemli ilişkinin tahmininde ise Geliştirilmiş En Küçük Kareler Yöntemi (FMOLS) ve Kanonik Eşbütünleşik Regresyon (CCR) testleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, İngiltere için uzun dönemde enerji kullanımını en fazla düşüren nükleer enerji için yapılan Ar-Ge harcamaları olduğunu gösterirken en fazla artıran ise yenilenebilir enerji için yapılan Ar-Ge harcamaları olduğunu göstermiştir.

References

  • Aflaki, S., Basher, S. A., & Masini, A. (2014). Does Economic Growth Matter? Technology-Push, Demand-Pull and Endogenous Drivers of İnnovation in the Renewable Energy İndustry. HEC Paris Research Paper, No. MOSI-2015-1070.
  • Ağır, H., Özbek, S., & Türkmen, S. (2020). Türkiye’de Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Belirleyicileri: Ampirik Bir Tahmin. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(4), 39-48.
  • Álvarez-Herranz, A., Balsalobre, D., Cantos, J. M., & Shahbaz, M. (2017b). Energy İnnovations-GHG Emissions Nexus: Fresh Empirical Evidence From OECD Countries, Energy Policy, 101, 90-100.
  • Álvarez-Herranz, A., Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Shahbaz, M., & Cantos, J. M. (2017a). Energy İnnovation and Renewable Energy Consumption in the Correction of Air Pollution Levels, Energy Policy, 105, 386-397.
  • Balsalobre, D., Álvarez, A., & Cantos, J. M. (2015). Public Budgets for Energy RD&D and the Effects on Energy İntensity and Pollution Levels, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(7), 4881-4892.
  • Cheng, M., & Zhu, Y. (2014). The State of The Art of Wind Energy Conversion Systems and Technologies: A Review, Energy Conversion and Management, 88 (2014), 332-347.
  • Cho, C.H., Yang, L. J., Chu, Y. P. & Yang, H. Y. (2013), Renewable Energy and Renewable R&D in EU Countries: A Cointegration Analysis, Asian Journal of Natural & Applied Sciences, 2:1, 10-16.
  • Dai, Q., & Bie, Z. (2006), FDI, Accumulation of Human Capital and Economic Growth, Econ. Res. J., 4, 15-27.
  • Dıas, M. O., Ensinas, A. V., Nebra, S. A., Maciel Filho, R., Rossell, C. E., Maciel, M. R. W. (2009). Production of Bioethanol and Other Bio-Based Materials From Sugarcane Bagasse: Integration to Conventional Bioethanol Production Process, Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 87(9), 1206-1216.
  • Dinda, S. (2011), Carbon Emission and Production Technology: Evidence from the US, MPRA, 31935.
  • FAOSTAT (Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations) (2021). Temperature Change. www.fao.org (Erişim Tarihi: 06.02.2021).
  • Fernández, FY., Lopez, FMA., Blanco, OB. (2018). Innovation For Sustainability: The İmpact of R&D Spending on CO2 Emissions, J Clean Prod, 172:3, 459-3467.
  • Fridleifsson, I. B. (2001). Geothermal Energy for The Benefit of The People, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 5(3), 299-312.
  • Gregory, A. W., & Hansen, B. E. (1996). Residual-Based Tests for Cointegration in Models With Regime Shifts, Journal of Econometrics, 70, 99-126.
  • Griliches, Z. (1998). Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators: A Survey. In R&D and Productivity: The Econometric Evidence, University of Chicago Press, 287-343.
  • Gürler, A. Z., Budak, D. B., Ayyıldız, B. & Kaplan, U. E. (2020). Enerji Ekonomisi, Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • IEA(International Energy Agency), (2015). Energy Efficiency Market Report, Paris: International Energy Agency, İssues, Energy Policy, 24(5), 377-390.
  • Irandoust, M. (2016). The Renewable Energy-Growth Nexus with Carbon Emissions and Technological Innovation: Evidence From the Nordic Countries, Ecological Indicators, 69, 118-125.
  • Jun, C., & Shiyuan, X. (2008). The Impact of Technical Progress over China's Energy Efficiency: 1972-2006, Scientific Management Research, 1.
  • Kabalci, E. (2013).Design and Analysis of A Hybrid Renewable Energy Plant with Solar and Wind Power, Energy Conversion and Management, 72(2013), 51-59.
  • Kaholi, B. (2018). The Causality Link Between Energy Electricity Consumption, CO2 Emissions, R&D Stocks and Economic Growth in Mediterranean Countries (MCs), Energy 145, 38-399.
  • Lantz, V., & Feng, Q. (2006). Assessing Income, Population, and Technology Impacts on CO2 Emissions in Canada: Where’s the EKC?, Ecol Econ, 57, 229-238.
  • Lee, K. H., & Min, B. (2015). Green R&D for Eco-İnnovation and Its Impact on Carbon Emissions and Firm Performance, Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, 534-542.
  • Li, W., Wang, W., Wang, Y., & Qin, Y. (2017). Industrial Structure, Technological Progress and CO2 Emissions in China: Analysis based on the STIRPAT Framework, Nat Hazards 88, 1545-1564.
  • Mehmood, B., Feliceo, A., & Shahid, A. (2014). What Causes What? Aviation Demand and Economic Growth in Romania: Cointegration Estimation and Causality Analysis, Romanian Economic and Business Review, 9, 21-34.
  • Mensah, CN., Long, X., Boamah, KB., Bediako, IA., Dauda, L., & Salman, M. (2018). The Effect of Innovation on CO2 Emissions of OCED Countries from 1990 to 2014, Environ Sci Pollut Res, 25, 29678-29698.
  • Naimoğlu, M. & Akal, M. (2021a). Yükselen Ekonomilerde Enerji Etkinliğini Talep Yanlı Etkileyen Faktörler, Sosyoekonomi, 29(49), 455-481.
  • Naimoğlu, M., & Akal, M. (2021b). Enerji Verimliliği Üzerine Arz ve Talep Yönlü Genel Bir Bakış, Verimlilik Dergisi, (3), 3-20.
  • Naimoğlu, M. (2021). Fourier Yaklaşımıyla Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve Enerji Kayıplarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Almanya Örneği, Journal of Economics and Research, 2(1), 59-68.
  • Nazlıoğlu, Ş. (2010). Makro İktisat Politikalarının Tarım Sektörü Üzerindeki Etkileri: Gelişmiş Ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler İçin Bir Karşılaştırma. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kayseri.
  • Özbek, S. & Naimoğlu, M. (2021). Enerji Verimliliğinin Dinamikleri: Var Analizi İle Türkiye Üzerine Ampirik Bir Tahmin, 19 Mayıs Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(2), 314-326.
  • Park, J.Y. (1992). Canonical Cointegrating Regressions, Econometrica:Journal of the Econometric Society,60(1), 119-143.
  • Perron, P. (1989). The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis, Econometrica, 57(6),1361-1401.
  • Phillips, P., & Hansen, B. (1990). Statistical Inference in Instrumental Variables Regression with I(1) Processes, Review of Economic Studies, 57, 99-125.
  • Sahu, S. K., & Narayanan, K. (2013). Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Indian Manufacturing Industries: Role of Energy and Technology Intensity, Madras School of Economics, 82.
  • Saito, S., (2010). Role of Nuclear Energy to a Future Society of Shortage of Energy Resources and Global Warming, Journal of Nuclear Materials, 398(1-3), 1-9.
  • Sipahutar, R., Bernas, S. M., & Imanuddin, M. S. (2013). Renewable Energy and Hydropower Utilization Tendency Worldwide, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 17, 213-215.
  • Sohag, K., Begum, R. A., Abdullah S. M. S., & Jaafar, M. (2015). Dynamics of Energy Use, Technological Innovation, Economic Growth and Trade Openness in Malaysia, Energy, 90, 1497-1507.
  • Tıraşoğlu, M., & Burcu, Y. (2012). Yapısal Kırılma Durumunda Sağlık Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama, Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges, 2, 111-117.
  • Türkmen, S. (2020). Enerji Trilemması: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(6), 299-309.
  • Zivot, E., & Andrews, D. (1992). Further Evidence On The Great Crash, The Oil Price Shock, and The Unit Root Hypothesis, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 10(3), 251-270.
  • Zoltan J. A., Anselin, L., & Varga, A. (2002). Patents and Innovation Counts as Measures of Regional Production of New Knowledge, Research Policy, 31(7), 1069-1085.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mustafa Naimoğlu 0000-0001-9684-159X

Sefa Özbek 0000-0002-1043-2056

Early Pub Date March 30, 2022
Publication Date March 30, 2022
Submission Date October 21, 2021
Acceptance Date December 29, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Naimoğlu, M., & Özbek, S. (2022). İngiltere’de Enerji Ar-Ge Harcamaları ile Enerji Tüketimi İlişkisi: Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Analizi. İşletme Ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 35-45.

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