Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

EFFECT OF CRYOGENIC TREATMENT AND TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ON MECHANICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF AISI 431 STEEL

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 74 - 82, 30.04.2022

Emre Yıldız , Nursel Altan Özbek

https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1092720
Cited By: 4

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of cryogenic treatment and tempering temperature applied after cryogenic treatment on the mechanical and microstructural properties of AISI 431 martensitic stainless steel. After conventional heat treatment (CHT), the steel samples were cryogenically treated at -180 °C for 6 hours and then tempered at 200 °C (CT200) and 300 °C (CT300) for 2 hours. After these processes, hardness measurement, tensile test, and abrasion test were carried out to determine the mechanical properties of the steel samples. In addition, microstructure photographs were taken to determine the microstructural properties. As a result of the study, it was observed that the cryogenic treatment applied after the conventional heat treatment was effective on the mechanical properties of AISI 431 martensitic stainless steel. Cryogenic treatment and tempering temperature showed the greatest effect on wear resistance. CT200 and CT300 samples were 62% and 56% less worn than the CHT sample. Compared to the CHT sample, the yield strength of CT200 and CT300 samples increased by 6.95% and 7.03%, while the hardness increased by 3.89% and 3.52%.

Keywords

AISI 431 martensitic stainless steel cryogenic treatment tempering mechanical properties microstructure

Supporting Institution

Düzce University Research Fund

Project Number

BAP-2020.22.01.1114

Thanks

This project is supported by Düzce University Research Fund Project Number: BAP-2020.22.01.1114.

References

  • 1. Can, Ç., “Malzeme Bilgisi”, Pages 1-288, Birsen Publisher, İstanbul, 2010.
  • 2. Altan Özbek, N., “The investigation of the effects of cryogenic treatment applied tocutting tools on tool life in machining AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel”, Master's Thesis, Gazi University, Ankara, 2013.
  • 3. Gökçe, H and Ersin, Ç., “Investıgatıon of the loudness and vibrations occurred during the drilling of Custom 450 stainless steel in terms of cutting parameters,” Electronic Letters on Science & Engineering, Vol. 16, Issue 2, Pages 171–183, 2020.
  • 4. Gökçe, H., “Modelling and Optimization for Thrust Force, Temperature and Burr Height in Drilling of Custom 450,” Experimental Techniques, Issue 0123456789, 2021.
  • 5. Bensely, A., Prabhakaran, A., Mohan Lal, D. and Nagarajan, G., “Enhancing the wear resistance of case carburized steel (En 353) by cryogenic treatment”, Cryogenics, Vol. 45, Issue 12, Pages 747–754, 2005.
  • 6. Altan Özbek, N., “Investigation of the Effects of cryogenic treatment applied on coated tungsten carbide tools on machinability of AISI H11 steel”, Duzce University Journal of Science &Technology, Vol. 8, Issue 2, Pages 278–292, 2020.
  • 7. Kara, F., Özbek, O., Altan Özbek, N. and Uygur, İ., “Investigation of the effect of deep cryogenic process on residual stress and residual austenite”, Vol. 7, Issue 2, Pages 3–11, 2021.
  • 8. Kara, F., Cicek, A. and Demir, H. , “Multiple regression and ANN models for surface quality of cryogenically-treated AISI 52100 bearing steel”, Journal of the Balkan Tribological Association, Vol. 19, Issue 4, Pages 570–584, 2013.
  • 9. Naravade, R. H., Gujar, U. N. and Kharde, R. R., “Optimization of Cryogenic Treatment on Wear Behavior of D6 Tool Steel by Using DOE/RSM”, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Issue 2, Pages 239–244, 2012.
  • 10. Baday Ş. and Ersöz, O., “Estimation of cutting forces obtained by machining AISI 1050 Steel with cryo-treated and untreated cutting ınsert by using artificial neural network,” Journal of Soft Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 1, Issue 2, Pages 59–68, 2020.
  • 11. Uz, D. , Solomon, M. M., Gerengi, H., Sahin, M. and Yildiz, M., “Shallow cryogenic treatment: Effect on the corrosion resistance and hardness properties of AA5083-H111 alloy in chloride-ions enriched medium”, Materials Research Express, Vol. 8, Issue 7, 2021.
  • 12. Koneshlou, M., Meshinchi Asl, K. and Khomamizadeh, F., “Effect of cryogenic treatment on microstructure, mechanical and wear behaviors of AISI H13 hot work tool steel”, Cryogenics, Vol. 51, Issue 1, Pages 55–61, 2011.
  • 13. Molinari, A., Pellizzari, M., Gialanella, S., Straffelini, G. and Stiasny, K. H., “Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of tool steels”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 118, Issue 1–3, Pages 350–355, 2001.
  • 14. Sonia, P., Verma, V., Saxena, K. K., Kishore, N. and Rana, R. S., “Effect of cryogenic treatment on mechanical properties and microstructure of aluminium 6082 alloy” Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 26, Pages 2248–2253, 2019.
  • 15. Baldissera P. and Delprete, C., “Effects of deep cryogenic treatment on static mechanical properties of 18NiCrMo5 carburized steel”, Materials and Design, Vol. 30, Issue 5, Pages 1435–1440, 2009.
  • 16. Chaanthini, M. K., Govindaraju, M. and Arul, S., “Effect of cryogenic treatment on mechanical properties of aluminium alloy AA2014”, Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series D, Vol. 101, Issue 2, Pages 265–270, 2020.
  • 17. Wang, J., Xiong, J., Fan, H., Yang, H. S., Liu, H. H. and Shen, B. L., “Effects of high temperature and cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and abrasion resistance of a high chromium cast iron”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 209, Issue 7, Pages 3236–3240, 2009.
  • 18. Altan Özbek, N., Özbek, O. and Kara, F., “Investigation of the effects of cryogenic treatment on AISI H11 steel,” Internatioanl Marmara Science and Social Sciences, Pages 1936–1942, Kocaeli, 2018.
  • 19. Harish, S., Bensely, A., Mohan Lal, D., Rajadurai, A. and Lenkey, G. B., “Microstructural study of cryogenically treated En 31 bearing steel”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 209, Issue 7, Pages 3351–3357, 2009.
  • 20. Bensely, A., Venkatesh, S., Mohan Lal, D., Nagarajan, G., Rajadurai, A. and Junik, K., “Effect of cryogenic treatment on distribution of residual stress in case carburized En 353 steel,” Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 479, Issue 1–2, Pages 229–235, 2008.
  • 21. Jr. Callister, D. and Rethwisch, W.D., “Materials science and engineering”, Pages 1-122, John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
  • 22. Rajan, T. V. S., Sharma, C. P. and Sharma, A. K., “Heat treatment: Principles and techniques”, Pages 1-276, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi, 2011.
  • 23. Altan Özbek N. and Saraç, E., “Effects of tempering heat treatment temperatures on mechanical properties of carbon steels”, Gazi Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol. 7, Issue 1, Pages 17–25, 2021.
  • 24. Dhokey, N. B. and Nirbhavne, S., “Dry sliding wear of cryotreated multiple tempered D-3 tool steel”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 209, Issue 3, Pages 1484–1490, 2009.
  • 25. Darwin, J. D., Mohan Lal, D. and Nagarajan, G., “Optimization of cryogenic treatment to maximize the wear resistance of 18% Cr martensitic stainless steel by Taguchi method”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 195, Issue 1–3, Pages 241–247, 2008.
  • 26. Zhirafar, S., Rezaeian, A. and Pugh, M., “Effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of 4340 steel”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 186, Issue 1–3, Pages 298–303, 2007.
  • 27. Jovičević-Klug, P., Jovičević-Klug, M., Sever, T., Feizpour, D. and Podgornik, B., “Impact of steel type, composition and heat treatment parameters on effectiveness of deep cryogenic treatment”, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Vol. 14, Pages 1007–1020, 2021.
  • 28. Akhbarizadeh, A., Shafyei, A. and Golozar, M. A., “Effects of cryogenic treatment on wear behavior of D6 tool steel,” Materials and Design, Vol. 30, Issue 8, Pages 3259–3264, 2009.
  • 29. Bensely, A., Senthilkumar, D., Mohan Lal, D., Nagarajan, G. and Rajadurai, A., “Effect of cryogenic treatment on tensile behavior of case carburized steel-815M17”, Materials Characterization, Vol. 58, Issue 5, Pages 485–491, 2007.
  • 30. Altan Özbek, N., Çiçek, A., Gülesin, M. and Özbek, O., “Application of Deep Cryogenic Treatment to Uncoated Tungsten Carbide Inserts in the Turning of AISI 304 Stainless Steel,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 47, Issue 12, Pages 6270–6280, 2016.
  • 31. Saraç E. and Altan Özbek, N., “Investigation of the effects of tempering heat treatment temperatures on mechanical properties of AISI 4140 steel,” Duzce University Journal of Science &Technology, Vol. 7, Issue 3, Pages 1574–1586, 2019.

EFFECT OF CRYOGENIC TREATMENT AND TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ON MECHANICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF AISI 431 STEEL

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 74 - 82, 30.04.2022

Emre Yıldız , Nursel Altan Özbek

https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1092720
Cited By: 4

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of cryogenic treatment and tempering temperature applied after cryogenic treatment on the mechanical and microstructural properties of AISI 431 martensitic stainless steel. After conventional heat treatment (CHT), the steel samples were cryogenically treated at -180 °C for 6 hours and then tempered at 200 °C (CT200) and 300 °C (CT300) for 2 hours. After these processes, hardness measurement, tensile test, and abrasion test were carried out to determine the mechanical properties of the steel samples. In addition, microstructure photographs were taken to determine the microstructural properties. As a result of the study, it was observed that the cryogenic treatment applied after the conventional heat treatment was effective on the mechanical properties of AISI 431 martensitic stainless steel. Cryogenic treatment and tempering temperature showed the greatest effect on wear resistance. CT200 and CT300 samples were 62% and 56% less worn than the CHT sample. Compared to the CHT sample, the yield strength of CT200 and CT300 samples increased by 6.95% and 7.03%, while the hardness increased by 3.89% and 3.52%.

Keywords

AISI 431 Martensitic Stainless Steel Cryogenic Treatment Tempering Mechanical Properties Microstructure.

Project Number

BAP-2020.22.01.1114

References

  • 1. Can, Ç., “Malzeme Bilgisi”, Pages 1-288, Birsen Publisher, İstanbul, 2010.
  • 2. Altan Özbek, N., “The investigation of the effects of cryogenic treatment applied tocutting tools on tool life in machining AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel”, Master's Thesis, Gazi University, Ankara, 2013.
  • 3. Gökçe, H and Ersin, Ç., “Investıgatıon of the loudness and vibrations occurred during the drilling of Custom 450 stainless steel in terms of cutting parameters,” Electronic Letters on Science & Engineering, Vol. 16, Issue 2, Pages 171–183, 2020.
  • 4. Gökçe, H., “Modelling and Optimization for Thrust Force, Temperature and Burr Height in Drilling of Custom 450,” Experimental Techniques, Issue 0123456789, 2021.
  • 5. Bensely, A., Prabhakaran, A., Mohan Lal, D. and Nagarajan, G., “Enhancing the wear resistance of case carburized steel (En 353) by cryogenic treatment”, Cryogenics, Vol. 45, Issue 12, Pages 747–754, 2005.
  • 6. Altan Özbek, N., “Investigation of the Effects of cryogenic treatment applied on coated tungsten carbide tools on machinability of AISI H11 steel”, Duzce University Journal of Science &Technology, Vol. 8, Issue 2, Pages 278–292, 2020.
  • 7. Kara, F., Özbek, O., Altan Özbek, N. and Uygur, İ., “Investigation of the effect of deep cryogenic process on residual stress and residual austenite”, Vol. 7, Issue 2, Pages 3–11, 2021.
  • 8. Kara, F., Cicek, A. and Demir, H. , “Multiple regression and ANN models for surface quality of cryogenically-treated AISI 52100 bearing steel”, Journal of the Balkan Tribological Association, Vol. 19, Issue 4, Pages 570–584, 2013.
  • 9. Naravade, R. H., Gujar, U. N. and Kharde, R. R., “Optimization of Cryogenic Treatment on Wear Behavior of D6 Tool Steel by Using DOE/RSM”, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Issue 2, Pages 239–244, 2012.
  • 10. Baday Ş. and Ersöz, O., “Estimation of cutting forces obtained by machining AISI 1050 Steel with cryo-treated and untreated cutting ınsert by using artificial neural network,” Journal of Soft Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 1, Issue 2, Pages 59–68, 2020.
  • 11. Uz, D. , Solomon, M. M., Gerengi, H., Sahin, M. and Yildiz, M., “Shallow cryogenic treatment: Effect on the corrosion resistance and hardness properties of AA5083-H111 alloy in chloride-ions enriched medium”, Materials Research Express, Vol. 8, Issue 7, 2021.
  • 12. Koneshlou, M., Meshinchi Asl, K. and Khomamizadeh, F., “Effect of cryogenic treatment on microstructure, mechanical and wear behaviors of AISI H13 hot work tool steel”, Cryogenics, Vol. 51, Issue 1, Pages 55–61, 2011.
  • 13. Molinari, A., Pellizzari, M., Gialanella, S., Straffelini, G. and Stiasny, K. H., “Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of tool steels”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 118, Issue 1–3, Pages 350–355, 2001.
  • 14. Sonia, P., Verma, V., Saxena, K. K., Kishore, N. and Rana, R. S., “Effect of cryogenic treatment on mechanical properties and microstructure of aluminium 6082 alloy” Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 26, Pages 2248–2253, 2019.
  • 15. Baldissera P. and Delprete, C., “Effects of deep cryogenic treatment on static mechanical properties of 18NiCrMo5 carburized steel”, Materials and Design, Vol. 30, Issue 5, Pages 1435–1440, 2009.
  • 16. Chaanthini, M. K., Govindaraju, M. and Arul, S., “Effect of cryogenic treatment on mechanical properties of aluminium alloy AA2014”, Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series D, Vol. 101, Issue 2, Pages 265–270, 2020.
  • 17. Wang, J., Xiong, J., Fan, H., Yang, H. S., Liu, H. H. and Shen, B. L., “Effects of high temperature and cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and abrasion resistance of a high chromium cast iron”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 209, Issue 7, Pages 3236–3240, 2009.
  • 18. Altan Özbek, N., Özbek, O. and Kara, F., “Investigation of the effects of cryogenic treatment on AISI H11 steel,” Internatioanl Marmara Science and Social Sciences, Pages 1936–1942, Kocaeli, 2018.
  • 19. Harish, S., Bensely, A., Mohan Lal, D., Rajadurai, A. and Lenkey, G. B., “Microstructural study of cryogenically treated En 31 bearing steel”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 209, Issue 7, Pages 3351–3357, 2009.
  • 20. Bensely, A., Venkatesh, S., Mohan Lal, D., Nagarajan, G., Rajadurai, A. and Junik, K., “Effect of cryogenic treatment on distribution of residual stress in case carburized En 353 steel,” Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 479, Issue 1–2, Pages 229–235, 2008.
  • 21. Jr. Callister, D. and Rethwisch, W.D., “Materials science and engineering”, Pages 1-122, John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
  • 22. Rajan, T. V. S., Sharma, C. P. and Sharma, A. K., “Heat treatment: Principles and techniques”, Pages 1-276, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi, 2011.
  • 23. Altan Özbek N. and Saraç, E., “Effects of tempering heat treatment temperatures on mechanical properties of carbon steels”, Gazi Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol. 7, Issue 1, Pages 17–25, 2021.
  • 24. Dhokey, N. B. and Nirbhavne, S., “Dry sliding wear of cryotreated multiple tempered D-3 tool steel”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 209, Issue 3, Pages 1484–1490, 2009.
  • 25. Darwin, J. D., Mohan Lal, D. and Nagarajan, G., “Optimization of cryogenic treatment to maximize the wear resistance of 18% Cr martensitic stainless steel by Taguchi method”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 195, Issue 1–3, Pages 241–247, 2008.
  • 26. Zhirafar, S., Rezaeian, A. and Pugh, M., “Effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of 4340 steel”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 186, Issue 1–3, Pages 298–303, 2007.
  • 27. Jovičević-Klug, P., Jovičević-Klug, M., Sever, T., Feizpour, D. and Podgornik, B., “Impact of steel type, composition and heat treatment parameters on effectiveness of deep cryogenic treatment”, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Vol. 14, Pages 1007–1020, 2021.
  • 28. Akhbarizadeh, A., Shafyei, A. and Golozar, M. A., “Effects of cryogenic treatment on wear behavior of D6 tool steel,” Materials and Design, Vol. 30, Issue 8, Pages 3259–3264, 2009.
  • 29. Bensely, A., Senthilkumar, D., Mohan Lal, D., Nagarajan, G. and Rajadurai, A., “Effect of cryogenic treatment on tensile behavior of case carburized steel-815M17”, Materials Characterization, Vol. 58, Issue 5, Pages 485–491, 2007.
  • 30. Altan Özbek, N., Çiçek, A., Gülesin, M. and Özbek, O., “Application of Deep Cryogenic Treatment to Uncoated Tungsten Carbide Inserts in the Turning of AISI 304 Stainless Steel,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 47, Issue 12, Pages 6270–6280, 2016.
  • 31. Saraç E. and Altan Özbek, N., “Investigation of the effects of tempering heat treatment temperatures on mechanical properties of AISI 4140 steel,” Duzce University Journal of Science &Technology, Vol. 7, Issue 3, Pages 1574–1586, 2019.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Biomaterial
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Emre Yıldız 0000-0002-7948-724X

Nursel Altan Özbek 0000-0003-3241-9423

Project Number BAP-2020.22.01.1114
Publication Date April 30, 2022
Submission Date March 24, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yıldız, E., & Altan Özbek, N. (2022). EFFECT OF CRYOGENIC TREATMENT AND TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ON MECHANICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF AISI 431 STEEL. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, 6(1), 74-82. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1092720
AMA Yıldız E, Altan Özbek N. EFFECT OF CRYOGENIC TREATMENT AND TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ON MECHANICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF AISI 431 STEEL. IJ3DPTDI. April 2022;6(1):74-82. doi:10.46519/ij3dptdi.1092720
Chicago Yıldız, Emre, and Nursel Altan Özbek. “EFFECT OF CRYOGENIC TREATMENT AND TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ON MECHANICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF AISI 431 STEEL”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 6, no. 1 (April 2022): 74-82. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1092720.
EndNote Yıldız E, Altan Özbek N (April 1, 2022) EFFECT OF CRYOGENIC TREATMENT AND TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ON MECHANICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF AISI 431 STEEL. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 6 1 74–82.
IEEE E. Yıldız and N. Altan Özbek, “EFFECT OF CRYOGENIC TREATMENT AND TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ON MECHANICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF AISI 431 STEEL”, IJ3DPTDI, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 74–82, 2022, doi: 10.46519/ij3dptdi.1092720.
ISNAD Yıldız, Emre - Altan Özbek, Nursel. “EFFECT OF CRYOGENIC TREATMENT AND TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ON MECHANICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF AISI 431 STEEL”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 6/1 (April 2022), 74-82. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1092720.
JAMA Yıldız E, Altan Özbek N. EFFECT OF CRYOGENIC TREATMENT AND TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ON MECHANICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF AISI 431 STEEL. IJ3DPTDI. 2022;6:74–82.
MLA Yıldız, Emre and Nursel Altan Özbek. “EFFECT OF CRYOGENIC TREATMENT AND TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ON MECHANICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF AISI 431 STEEL”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, vol. 6, no. 1, 2022, pp. 74-82, doi:10.46519/ij3dptdi.1092720.
Vancouver Yıldız E, Altan Özbek N. EFFECT OF CRYOGENIC TREATMENT AND TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ON MECHANICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF AISI 431 STEEL. IJ3DPTDI. 2022;6(1):74-82.

Cited By

Investigation of The Effects of Shallow Cryogenic Treatment on The Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of 1.2436 Tool Steel
Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A
https://doi.org/10.55546/jmm.1113194
Effects of Shallow and Deep Cryogenic Treatment on Tool Flank Wear and Surface Roughness in Machining 41Cr4 Steel
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-023-07866-w
Effect of cryogenic treatment holding time on mechanical and microstructural properties of Sverker 21 steel
Materials Testing
https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2022-0207
Effects of deep cryogenic treatment with different holding times on the mechanical properties of Al 7050-T7451 alloy friction stir welding
Materials Testing
https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2022-0277
 Download Cover Image

download

International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry is lisenced under Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı