Non-destructive testing methods commonly used in aviation

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 10 - 22, 30.06.2024

Özlem Ulus , Furkan Eren Davarcı , Elif Eren Gültekin

https://doi.org/10.55212/ijaa.1418742

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) methods play a pivotal role in ensuring the safety and reliability of aircraft in the aviation industry. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the NDT techniques commonly employed in aviation to assess the structural integrity and performance of aircraft components and materials without causing any damage. The article discusses the significance of NDT in aviation, highlighting the importance of early defect detection, maintenance cost reduction, and enhanced operational safety. It delves into various NDT methods, such as ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, radiographic inspection, magnetic particle testing, and dye penetrant testing, explaining their principles and applications. In addition, in this article, the advantages and disadvantages of NDT methods and which methods are used in which part of the aircraft are mentioned. Understanding these NDT methods is crucial for aviation professionals, as they contribute to the continued airworthiness of aircraft, ensuring that passengers and crew can travel safely and confidently.

Keywords

Aircraft components, non destructive testing, Reliability, structral integrity, aviation

Havacılıkta yaygın olarak kullanılan tahribatsız muayene yöntemleri

Abstract

Tahribatsız Muayene (NDT) yöntemleri, havacılık endüstrisinde hava taşıtlarının emniyet ve güvenilirliğinin sağlanmasında çok önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu makale, uçak bileşenlerinin ve malzemelerinin yapısal bütünlüğünü ve performansını herhangi bir hasara yol açmadan değerlendirmek için havacılıkta yaygın olarak kullanılan NDT tekniklerine kapsamlı bir genel bakış sunmaktadır. Makale, erken kusur tespiti, bakım maliyetlerinin azaltılması ve gelişmiş operasyonel güvenliğin önemini vurgulayarak NDT'nin havacılıktaki önemini tartışmaktadır. Ultrasonik test, girdap akımı testi, radyografik muayene, manyetik parçacık testi ve boya penetrant testi gibi çeşitli NDT yöntemlerini inceleyerek bunların ilkelerini ve uygulamalarını açıklamaktadır. Ayrıca bu makalede, NDT yöntemlerinin avantaj ve dezavantajlarından ve hangi yöntemlerin uçağın hangi bölümünde kullanıldığından bahsedilmektedir. Bu NDT yöntemlerini anlamak havacılık profesyonelleri için çok önemlidir, çünkü uçakların uçuşa elverişliliğinin devam etmesine katkıda bulunarak yolcuların ve mürettebatın güvenli ve emin bir şekilde seyahat edebilmelerini sağlarlar.

Keywords

Uçak bileşenleri, Tahribatsız muayene testleri, güvenirlik, Havacılık, havacılık yapıları

References

• Çınar, Z.M., Nuhu, A.A., Zeeshan, Q., Korhan, O., Asmael, M. and Safaei, B. 2020. Machine learning in predictive maintenance towards sustainable smart manufacturing in industry 4.0. Sustainability, 12(19), 8211.
• Dinis, D. and Barbosa-Póvoa, A.P. On the optimization of aircraft maintenance management, in: Póvoa, A., de Miranda, J., Operations Research and Big Data, 15, Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, 2015, 49-57.
• Regattieri, A., Gamberi, M., Gamberini, R. and Manzini, R. 2005. Managing lumpy demand for aircraft spare parts. Journal of Air Transport Management, 11(6), 426-431.
• Kryukov, I.I., Leont’ev, S.A., Platonov, V.S. and Rybnikov, A.I. 2008. Testing of discs of turbine rotors of gas compressors with the dye penetrant nondestructive testing technique. Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing, 44(8), 542-547.
• Florescent penetrant inspection (FPI). https://www.norwoodmedical.com/capabilities/florescent-penetrant-inspection-fpi (June 25, 2024).
• Basic knowledge about dye penetrant testing. https://www.karldeutsch.de/ndt-knowledge/basic-knowledge/basic-knowledge-about-penetration-or-dye-penetrant-testing/?lang=en (June 15, 2024).
• Adair, T.L. and Kindrew, M.G. 2000. Automated fluorescent penetrant inspection (FPI) system is triple A. 15th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing, 15-21 October, Rome, Italy.
• Schmidt, R.A., Fracture-toughness testing of limestone: KIc of indiana limestone was measured using three-point-bend specimens, and toughness is seen to increase with crack length much like many aluminum alloys. Experimental mechanics, 1976. 16(5): p. 161-167.
• Kryukov, I.I., Leont’ev, S.A., Platonov, V.S. and Rybnikov, A.I. 2006. The experience of application of dye penetrant nondestructive testing in diagnostics of gas turbines. Gas Turbine Technologies, 7, 10-12.
• Swartz, S.E., Hu, K.K. and Jones, G.L. 1982. Techniques to monitor crack growth in plain concrete beams. Experimental Techniques, 6(6), 2-4.
• Swartz, S.E. 1982. Stress-intensity factor for plain concrete in bending—Prenotched versus precracked beams. Experimental Mechanics, 22(11), 412-417.
• QUALITEST: Quality testing & inspection services ltd. https://qualitytestingtt.com/ (25.06.2024).
• Velazco, G., Visalvanich, K. and Shah, S.P. 1980. Fracture behavior and analysis of fiber reinforced concrete beams. Cement and Concrete Research, 10(1), 41-51.
• Wecharatana, M. and Shah, S.P. 1982. Slow crack growth in cement composites. Journal of the Structural Division, 108(6), 1400-1413.
• Qiu, Z., Zhang, W., Yu, X., Guo, Y. and Jin, J. 2015. Monitoring yield failure of ferromagnetic materials with spontaneous abnormal magnetic signals. Tehnički vjesnik, 22(4), 953-958.
• Zhong, L., Li, L. and Chen, X. 2012. Simulation of magnetic field abnormalities caused by stress concentrations. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 49(3), 1128-1134.
• Li, Z., Dixon, S., Cawley, P., Jarvis, R. and Nagy, P.B. 2017. Study of metal magnetic memory (MMM) technique using permanently installed magnetic sensor arrays. 43rd Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 36, 110011-1–110011-8.
• Aviation NDT inspections. https://atslab.com/nondestructive-testing/aviation-ndt-inspections/ (October 11, 2020).
• Guo, P.J., Chen, X.D., Guan, W.H. and Zhao, H.J. 2015. Correlation between magnetic memory signals and mechanical properties of 35CrMo tempered and quenched steel. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 750, 186-191.
• Eddy current testing of aircraft. https://www.ndt.com.ua/en/applications/aircraft-testing/eddy-current-testing-of-aircraft (May 14, 2023).
• Noorian, F. and Sadr, A. 2010. Computation of transient eddy currents in EMATs using discrete Picard Method. 18th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering, 11-13 May, Isfahan, Iran.
• Overview of eddy current testing (ECT). https://inspectioneering.com/tag/eddy+current (May 14, 2023).
• Staszewski, W.J. Structural health monitoring using guided ultrasonic waves, in: Holnicki-Szulc, J., Soares, C.M., Advances in Smart Technologies in Structural Engineering, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2004, 117-162.
• Janousek, L., Capova, K., Yusa, N. and Miya, K. 2008. Multiprobe inspection for enhancing sizing ability in eddy current nondestructive testing. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 44(6), 1618-1621.
• Metcalfe, G. 1990. The use of electrical conductivity measurements in detecting heat and fire damage in aircraft structure. IEE Colloquium on NDT Technology in Aerospace, 15 January, London, UK, 2/1-2/4.
• Rojek, M., Stabik, J. and Wróbel, G. 2005. Ultrasonic methods in diagnostics of epoxy–glass composites. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 162-163, 121-126.
• What are Advantages and Limitations of Ultrasonic Testing? https://www.europeanbusinessreview.com/what-are-advantages-and-limitations-of-ultrasonic-testing/ (May 14, 2023).
• Martínez-Soto, F., Ávila, F., Puertas, E. and Gallego R. 2023. FFRC and SASW nondestructive evaluation of concrete strength from early ages. Journal of Building Engineering, 76, 107093.
• Abbass, W. Aslam, F., Ahmed, M., Ahmed, A., Alyousef, R. and Mohamed, A. 2023. Predicting the performance of existing pre-cast concrete pipes using destructive and non-destructive testing techniques. Heliyon, 9(5), e15471.
• Sari, M., Yilmaz, E., Kasap, T. and Karacasu, S. 2023. Exploring the link between ultrasonic and strength behavior of cementitious mine backfill by considering pore structure. Construction and Building Materials, 370, 130588.
• Wong, B.S., Wang, X., Koh, C.M., Tui, C.G., Tan, C.S. and Xu, J. 2011. Crack detection using image processing techniques forradiographic inspection of aircraft wing spar. Insight: Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring, 53(10), 552-556.
• Allen, J.C.P. and Ng, C.T. 2023. Damage detection in composite laminates using nonlinear guided wave mixing. Composite Structures, 311, 116805.
• Composite testing. https://jaxalabs.com/composite-testing/ (26.06.2024).
• Shelkovenko, T., Sinars, D.B., Pikuz, S.A., Chandler, K.M. and Hammer, D.A. 2001. Point-projection x-ray radiography using an X pinch as the radiation source. Review of Scientific Instruments, 72(1), 667-670.
• Dey, A.K., Radiographic testing: Principles, procedures, standards, and advantages and disadvantages. https://whatispiping.com/radiographic-testing/ (25.06.2024).