Thermodynamic Analysis of an Intercity Bus Air-Conditioning System Working with HCFC, HFC, CFC and HC Refrigerants

Year 2019, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 29 - 43, 20.05.2019

Mehmet Bilgili , Ediz Cardak Arif Emre Aktas Firat Ekinci

https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.490002

Abstract

The purpose of this
study is to perform thermodynamic analysis of an intercity bus air-conditioning
(ICBAC) system working with hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), hydrofluorocarbon
(HFC), chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and hydrocarbon (HC)
refrigerants. For this aim, an intercity bus
with a busload of 56 passengers, which is thought to motion in the Adana
province of Turkey, was selected. R404A, R410A, R502, R507, R22, R290, R134a,
R500 and R600a were selected as different HCFC/HFC/CFC/HC refrigerant types in
the ICBAC system. Useful and reversible works of compressor, coefficient of
performance (COP), exergy efficiency and exergy destructions of the entire
ICBAC system and its each sub-unit were obtained. The results showed that the
performance of the ICBAC system was significantly influenced by changing the
refrigerants. However, R600a refrigerant based on hydrocarbon was found as a
refrigerant to have minimum total exergy destruction, maximum exergy efficiency
and maximum COP compared to other refrigerants used in the ICBAC system with
the same amount of cooling load and the same climatic condition.

Keywords

Air-conditioning, Refrigerants, Air mixing ratios (MR), Exergy, Exergy efficiency

References

• M. Bilgili, A. Ozbek, B. Sahin, and A. Kahraman, “An overview of renewable electric power capacity and progress in new technologies in the world,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 49, pp. 323–334, Sep. 2015.
• Korompili A, Wu Q, Zhao H. Review of VSC HVDC connection for offshore wind power integration. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2016; 59: 1405–1414.
• Söderholm P, Pettersson M. Offshore wind power policy and planning in Sweden. Energy Policy 2011; 39: 518–525.
• Hepbasli A, Erbay Z, Icier F, et al. A review of gas engine driven heat pumps (GEHPs) for residential and industrial applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2009; 13: 85–99.
• IEA. Energy Technology Perspectives, https://www.iea.org (2010, accessed 5 February 2018).
• IEA. Technology roadmap, wind energy, https://www.iea.org (2013, accessed 5 February 2018).
• IEA. Carbon capture and storage, the solution for deep emissions reductions, https://www.iea.org (2015, accessed 5 February 2018).
• Sukri MF, Musa MN, Senawi MY, et al. Achieving a better energy-efficient automotive air-conditioning system: a review of potential technologies and strategies for vapor compression refrigeration cycle. Energy Effic 2015; 8: 1201–1229.
• Kobayashi S, Plotkin S, Ribeiro SK. Energy efficiency technologies for road vehicles. Energy Effic 2009; 2: 125–137.
• Chen X, Zhang G, Zhang Q, et al. Mass concentrations of BTEX inside air environment of buses in Changsha, China. Build Environ 2011; 46: 421–427.
• Huang KD, Tzeng S-C, Jeng T-M, et al. Air-conditioning system of an intelligent vehicle-cabin. Appl Energy 2006; 83: 545–557.
• Lim LS, Abdullah MO. Experimental Study of an Automobile Exhaust Heat-Driven Adsorption Air-Conditioning Laboratory Prototype by Using Palm Activated Carbon-Methanol. HVAC&R Res 2010; 16: 221–231.
• Conceicao EZE, Silva MCG, Viegas DX. Airflow Around a Passenger Seated in a Bus. HVAC&R Res 1997; 3: 311–323.
• Pino FJ, Marcos D, Bordons C, et al. Car air-conditioning considerations on hydrogen consumption in fuel cell and driving limitations. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2015; 40: 11696–11703.
• Farzaneh Y, Tootoonchi AA. Controlling automobile thermal comfort using optimized fuzzy controller. Appl Therm Eng 2008; 28: 1906–1917.
• Linder M, Kulenovic R. An energy-efficient air-conditioning system for hydrogen driven cars. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2011; 36: 3215–3221.
• Hegar M, Kolda M, Kopecka M, et al. Bus HVAC energy consumption test method based on HVAC unit behavior. Int J Refrig 2013; 36: 1254–1262.
• Tumen Ozdil NF, Segmen MR. Investigation of the effect of the water phase in the evaporator inlet on economic performance for an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) based on industrial data. Appl Therm Eng 2016; 100: 1042–1051.
• Tumen Ozdil NF, Tantekin A, Erbay Z. Energy and exergy analyses of a fluidized bed coal combustor steam plant in textile industry. Fuel 2016; 183: 441–448.
• Gencer A, ˘lu D. Seasonal performance assessment of refrigerants with low GWP as substitutes for R410A in heat pump air conditioning devices. Epub ahead of print 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.07.034.
• Mansour MK, Musa MN, Hassan MNW. Thermoeconomic optimization for a finned-tube evaporator configuration of a roof-top bus air-conditioning system. Int J Energy Res 2008; 32: 290–305.
• Shek KW, Chan WT. Combined comfort model of thermal comfort and air quality on buses in Hong Kong. Sci Total Environ 2008; 389: 277–282.
• Direk M, Hosoz M. Energy and exergy analysis of an Automobile Heat Pump system. Int J Exergy 2008; 5: 556.
• Alkan A, Hosoz M. Experimental performance of an automobile air conditioning system using a variable capacity compressor for two different types of expansion devices. Int J Veh Des 2010; 52: 160–176.
• Alkan A, Hosoz M. Comparative performance of an automotive air conditioning system using fixed and variable capacity compressors. Int J Refrig 2010; 33: 487–495.
• Schulze C, Raabe G, Tegethoff WJ, et al. Transient evaluation of a city bus air conditioning system with R-445A as drop-in – From the molecules to the system. Int J Therm Sci 2015; 96: 355–361.
• Ünal Ş. Determination of the ejector dimensions of a bus air-conditioning system using analytical and numerical methods. Appl Therm Eng 2015; 90: 110–119.
• Yılmaz A. Transcritical organic Rankine vapor compression refrigeration system for intercity bus air-conditioning using engine exhaust heat. Energy 2015; 82: 1047–1056.
• Ünal Ş, Yilmaz T. Thermodynamic analysis of the two-phase ejector air-conditioning system for buses. Appl Therm Eng 2015; 79: 108–116.
• Tosun E, Bilgili M, Tuccar G, et al. Exergy Analysis Of An Inter-city Bus Air-conditioning System. Int J Exergy 2016; 20: 445.
• Cengel YA, Boles MA. Thermodynamics : an engineering approach. New York: McGraw-Hill Series, 2005.
• Bilgili M. Hourly simulation and performance of solar electric-vapor compression refrigeration system. Sol Energy 2011; 85: 2720–2731.
• Hürdoğan E, Buyükalaca O, Hepbasli A, et al. Exergetic modeling and experimental performance assessment of a novel desiccant cooling system. Energy Build 2011; 43: 1489–1498.
• Ediz Cardak. Energy and Exergy Analysis of an Inter-City Bus Air-Conditioning System Working with Different Refrigerants. Cukurova University, 2017.
• Thermodynamic Properties of DuPont TM Suva ® 404A (HP62) Refrigerant (R-404A) T-404A (HP62)—ENG Units and Factors, https://www.chemours.com/Refrigerants/en_US/assets/downloads/h49744_Suva404A_thermo_prop_eng.pdf (accessed 30 October 2017).
• Technical Guidelines:R404A, 5th. edition, National Refrigerants, http://www.refrigerants.com/pdf/R404A_LINK.pdf (accessed 27 November 2017).
• 2010 ASHRAE HANDBOOK - REFRIGERATION. Inch-Pound. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2010.
• Ust Y, Karakurt AS, Gunes U. Performance Analysis of Multipurpose Refrigeration System (MRS) on Fishing Vessel. Polish Marit Res 2016; 23: 45–56.
• Klein SA, Nellis G. Thermodynamics. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, http://www.cambridge.org/tr/academic/subjects/engineering/thermal-fluids-engineering/thermodynamics?format=HB&isbn=9780521195706#0AVdJeJ1EMSTriyy.97 (2012, accessed 27 November 2017).
• Saleh B. Parametric and working fluid analysis of a combined organic Rankine-vapor compression refrigeration system activated by low-grade thermal energy. J Adv Res 2016; 7: 651–660.
• 2009 ASHRAE HANDBOOK - FUNDAMENTALS. SI Edition. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2009.
• Owen MS (ed). 2014 ASHRAE HANDBOOK - REFRIGERATION. SI Edition. Atlanta: ASHRAE, 2014.