Research Article
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Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 94 - 104, 08.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.706956

Abstract

References

  • S. Yousufuddin, "Experimental study on combustion duration and performance characteristics of a hydrogen-ethanol dual fueled engine", International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 5 (3), 85–101, 2016.
  • O. Baş et al., "Effect of Spark Plug Alteration on Performance Using Hydrogen Enriched Gasoline in Si Engine Under Various Loads and Compression Ratios", European Mechanical Science, 2 (3), 92–95, 2018.
  • C. Brand, "Beyond ‘Dieselgate’: Implications of unaccounted and future air pollutant emissions and energy use for cars in the United Kingdom", Energy Policy, 97, 1–12, 2016.
  • ACEA, "Share of Diesel in New Passenger Cars - 2017", European Automobile Manufacturers Assocation, 2017.
  • M.K. Balki et al., "Experimental Study and Prediction of Performance and Emission in an SI Engine Using Alternative Fuel with Artificial Neural Network", International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 7 (1), 58–64, 2018.
  • H. Özcan and A. Çakmak, "Comparative Exergy Analysis of Fuel Additives Containing Oxygen and HC based in a Spark-Ignition (SI) engine", International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 7 (3), 124–133, 2018.
  • A.A. Yontar, "Numerical Comparative Mapping Study to Evaluate Performance of a Dual Sequential Spark Ignition Engine Fuelled with Ethanol and E85", International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 7 (3), 98–106, 2018.
  • E. ARABACI, "Thermodynamic analysis of endoreversible six-stroke Otto cycle with respect to equivalence ratio, residual gas fraction and mean piston speed", International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 8 (1), 1–10, 2019.
  • O.H. Ghazal, "Performance and combustion characteristic of CI engine fueled with hydrogen enriched diesel", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38 (35), 15469–15476, 2013.
  • B. Zhang et al., "Combustion and emissions characteristics of a spark-ignition engine fueled with hydrogen-methanol blends under lean and various loads conditions", Energy, 74, 829–835, 2014.
  • M. Kaplan, "Influence of swirl, tumble and squish flows on combustion characteristics and emissions in internal combustion engine-review", International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 8 (2), 83–102, 2019.
  • D. Jung, K. Sasaki, and N. Iida, "Effects of increased spark discharge energy and enhanced in-cylinder turbulence level on lean limits and cycle-to-cycle variations of combustion for SI engine operation", Applied Energy, 205, 1467–1477, 2017.
  • Y. Karagöz et al., "Effect of hydrogen addition on exhaust emissions and performance of a spark ignition engine", Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 14 (3), 665–672, 2015.
  • C. Ji et al., "Effect of hydrogen addition on combustion and emissions performance of a gasoline rotary engine at part load and stoichiometric conditions", Energy Conversion and Management, 121, 272–280, 2016.
  • F. Amrouche et al., "An experimental investigation of hydrogen-enriched gasoline in a Wankel rotary engine", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39 (16), 8525–8534, 2014.
  • O.O. Taskiran, "Fuel-air mixing process of low pressure direct injection in a side ported rotary engine", International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 8 (4), 186–194, 2019.
  • B.A. Ceper, "Experimental investigation of the effect of spark plug gap on a hydrogen fueled SI engine", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37 (22), 17310–17320, 2012.
  • H.T. Lin et al., "Characterization of erosion and failure processes of spark plugs after field service in natural gas engines", Wear, 259 (7–12), 1063–1067, 2005.
  • S. Javan, S.V. Hosseini, and A.S. Sh, "An experimental investigation of spark plug temperature in bi-fuel engine and its effect on electrode erosion", International Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2 (1), 21–29, 2012.
  • A. Ortiz et al., "Spark plug failure due to a combination of strong magnetic fields and undesirable fuel additives", Case Studies in Engineering Failure Analysis, 1 (2), 67–71, 2013.
  • F.A. Soldera et al., "Description of the discharge process in spark plugs and its correlation with the electrode erosion patterns", IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 53 (4), 1257–1265, 2004.
  • N. Pavel et al., "Laser ignition - Spark plug development and application in reciprocating engines", Progress in Quantum Electronics, 58, 1–32, 2018.
  • C. Poggiani et al., "Experimental Characterization of a Multiple Spark Ignition System", Energy Procedia, 82, 89–95, 2015.
  • T.I. No, "All About Spark Plugs", Beru, (02), 2005.
  • F. Amrouche et al., "Extending the lean operation limit of a gasoline Wankel rotary engine using hydrogen enrichment", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41 (32), 14261–14271, 2016.
  • B. Kurşun and K. Ökten, "Thermodynamic analysis of a Rankine cycle coupled with a concentrated photovoltaic thermal system for hydrogen production by a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer plant", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44 (41), 22863–22875, 2019.
  • P. Dimitriou and T. Tsujimura, "A review of hydrogen as a compression ignition engine fuel", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42 (38), 24470–24486, 2017.
  • Y. Sun, X. Yu, and L. Jiang, "Effects of direct hydrogen injection on particle number emissions from a lean burn gasoline engine", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41 (41), 18631–18640, 2016.
  • T. Su et al., "Investigation on performance of a hydrogen-gasoline rotary engine at part load and lean conditions", Applied Energy, 205, 683–691, 2017.
  • B. Zhang, C. Ji, and S. Wang, "Performance of a hydrogen-enriched ethanol engine at unthrottled and lean conditions", Energy Conversion and Management, 114, 68–74, 2016.
  • X. Zhen et al., "Study of knock in a high compression ratio spark-ignition methanol engine by multi-dimensional simulation", Energy, 50, 150–159, 2013.
  • H. Serin and Ş. Yildizhan, "Influence of the compression ratio on the performance and emission characteristics of a vcr diesel engine fuelled with alcohol blended fuels", European Mechanical Science, 1 (2), 39–46, 2017.
  • R. Thomas et al., "Experimental evaluation of the effect of compression ratio on performance and emission of SI engine fuelled with gasoline and n-butanol blend at different loads", Perspectives in Science, 8, 743–746, 2016.
  • Ş. Yildizhan et al., "Fuel properties, performance and emission characterization of waste cooking oil (WCO) in a variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine", European Mechanical Science, 1 (2), 56–62, 2017.
  • B.L. Salvi and K.A. Subramanian, "Experimental investigation on effects of compression ratio and exhaust gas recirculation on backfire, performance and emission characteristics in a hydrogen fuelled spark ignition engine", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41 (13), 5842–5855, 2016.
  • İ. Altın, A. Bilgin, and B.A. Çeper, "Parametric study on some combustion characteristics in a natural gas fueled dual plug SI engine", Energy, 139, 1237–1242, 2017.
  • S. Yamaguchi et al., "Dual-Point Laser Ignition and its Location Effects on Combustion in Lean-Burn Gas Engine", SAE International Journal of Engines, 2015.
  • C. Ji et al., "Effect of dual-spark plug arrangements on ignition and combustion processes of a gasoline rotary engine with hydrogen direct-injection enrichment", Energy Conversion and Management, 181, 372–381, 2019.
  • S.P.M. Bane, J.L. Ziegler, and J.E. Shepherd, "Investigation of the effect of electrode geometry on spark ignition", Combustion and Flame, 162 (2), 462–469, 2015.
  • İ. Altın and A. Bilgin, "A parametric study on the performance parameters of a twin-spark SI engine", Energy Conversion and Management, 50 (8), 1902–1907, 2009.
  • D. Jung and N. Iida, "An investigation of multiple spark discharge using multi-coil ignition system for improving thermal efficiency of lean SI engine operation", Applied Energy, 212, 322–332, 2018.
  • J.D. Dale, M.D. Checkel, and P.R. Smy, "Application of high energy ignition systems to engines", Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 23 (5–6), 379–398, 1997.
  • İ. Sezer, "A Review Study on the Using of Diethyl Ether in Diesel Engines: Effects on NOx Emissions", International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 7 (4), 164–183, 2018.

Reducing emissions of an SI engine by alternative spark plugs with hydrogen addition and variable compression ratio

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 94 - 104, 08.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.706956

Abstract

As a consequence of the emissions-cheating scandals and more strict emission regulations enforce researchers to reduce emissions out and find alternative fuels for SI engines. For this purpose, various spark plugs are available in the market with different electrode materials. However, they have not been tested together with different engine parameters. Hence, emissions out from a variable compression spark-ignited engine with different spark plugs and hydrogen enrichment were the scope of this study. The tests were conducted with a four-stroke, single-cylinder, naturally aspirated, variable compression ratio (VCR) engine. Two different compression ratios (CR) of 8.5:1 and 10:1 at maximum brake torque (MBT) spark timing applied to assess the effects of different spark plugs and hydrogen usage at different engine loads. Copper, iridium and platinum spark plugs were tested for each experiment condition. Also, hydrogen was added through the intake manifold with flow rates of 0, 2 and 4 l/min to enhance the combustion of the VCR engine. Carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) emission values were measured in this study. According to test results, with iridium and platinum spark plug usage, hydrogen addition and higher CR, the engine emitted lower CO and UHC at all engine loads. However, a higher amount of CO2 was emitted because of increased completeness of the combustion and the amount of NOx emissions rose due to increment in-cylinder temperatures. These variances were more apparent with platinum spark plug usage compared to the iridium spark plug. As a result, the usage of iridium and platinum spark plugs were shown lower incomplete emissions products out, except NOx emissions.

References

  • S. Yousufuddin, "Experimental study on combustion duration and performance characteristics of a hydrogen-ethanol dual fueled engine", International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 5 (3), 85–101, 2016.
  • O. Baş et al., "Effect of Spark Plug Alteration on Performance Using Hydrogen Enriched Gasoline in Si Engine Under Various Loads and Compression Ratios", European Mechanical Science, 2 (3), 92–95, 2018.
  • C. Brand, "Beyond ‘Dieselgate’: Implications of unaccounted and future air pollutant emissions and energy use for cars in the United Kingdom", Energy Policy, 97, 1–12, 2016.
  • ACEA, "Share of Diesel in New Passenger Cars - 2017", European Automobile Manufacturers Assocation, 2017.
  • M.K. Balki et al., "Experimental Study and Prediction of Performance and Emission in an SI Engine Using Alternative Fuel with Artificial Neural Network", International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 7 (1), 58–64, 2018.
  • H. Özcan and A. Çakmak, "Comparative Exergy Analysis of Fuel Additives Containing Oxygen and HC based in a Spark-Ignition (SI) engine", International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 7 (3), 124–133, 2018.
  • A.A. Yontar, "Numerical Comparative Mapping Study to Evaluate Performance of a Dual Sequential Spark Ignition Engine Fuelled with Ethanol and E85", International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 7 (3), 98–106, 2018.
  • E. ARABACI, "Thermodynamic analysis of endoreversible six-stroke Otto cycle with respect to equivalence ratio, residual gas fraction and mean piston speed", International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 8 (1), 1–10, 2019.
  • O.H. Ghazal, "Performance and combustion characteristic of CI engine fueled with hydrogen enriched diesel", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38 (35), 15469–15476, 2013.
  • B. Zhang et al., "Combustion and emissions characteristics of a spark-ignition engine fueled with hydrogen-methanol blends under lean and various loads conditions", Energy, 74, 829–835, 2014.
  • M. Kaplan, "Influence of swirl, tumble and squish flows on combustion characteristics and emissions in internal combustion engine-review", International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 8 (2), 83–102, 2019.
  • D. Jung, K. Sasaki, and N. Iida, "Effects of increased spark discharge energy and enhanced in-cylinder turbulence level on lean limits and cycle-to-cycle variations of combustion for SI engine operation", Applied Energy, 205, 1467–1477, 2017.
  • Y. Karagöz et al., "Effect of hydrogen addition on exhaust emissions and performance of a spark ignition engine", Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 14 (3), 665–672, 2015.
  • C. Ji et al., "Effect of hydrogen addition on combustion and emissions performance of a gasoline rotary engine at part load and stoichiometric conditions", Energy Conversion and Management, 121, 272–280, 2016.
  • F. Amrouche et al., "An experimental investigation of hydrogen-enriched gasoline in a Wankel rotary engine", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39 (16), 8525–8534, 2014.
  • O.O. Taskiran, "Fuel-air mixing process of low pressure direct injection in a side ported rotary engine", International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 8 (4), 186–194, 2019.
  • B.A. Ceper, "Experimental investigation of the effect of spark plug gap on a hydrogen fueled SI engine", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37 (22), 17310–17320, 2012.
  • H.T. Lin et al., "Characterization of erosion and failure processes of spark plugs after field service in natural gas engines", Wear, 259 (7–12), 1063–1067, 2005.
  • S. Javan, S.V. Hosseini, and A.S. Sh, "An experimental investigation of spark plug temperature in bi-fuel engine and its effect on electrode erosion", International Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2 (1), 21–29, 2012.
  • A. Ortiz et al., "Spark plug failure due to a combination of strong magnetic fields and undesirable fuel additives", Case Studies in Engineering Failure Analysis, 1 (2), 67–71, 2013.
  • F.A. Soldera et al., "Description of the discharge process in spark plugs and its correlation with the electrode erosion patterns", IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 53 (4), 1257–1265, 2004.
  • N. Pavel et al., "Laser ignition - Spark plug development and application in reciprocating engines", Progress in Quantum Electronics, 58, 1–32, 2018.
  • C. Poggiani et al., "Experimental Characterization of a Multiple Spark Ignition System", Energy Procedia, 82, 89–95, 2015.
  • T.I. No, "All About Spark Plugs", Beru, (02), 2005.
  • F. Amrouche et al., "Extending the lean operation limit of a gasoline Wankel rotary engine using hydrogen enrichment", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41 (32), 14261–14271, 2016.
  • B. Kurşun and K. Ökten, "Thermodynamic analysis of a Rankine cycle coupled with a concentrated photovoltaic thermal system for hydrogen production by a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer plant", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44 (41), 22863–22875, 2019.
  • P. Dimitriou and T. Tsujimura, "A review of hydrogen as a compression ignition engine fuel", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42 (38), 24470–24486, 2017.
  • Y. Sun, X. Yu, and L. Jiang, "Effects of direct hydrogen injection on particle number emissions from a lean burn gasoline engine", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41 (41), 18631–18640, 2016.
  • T. Su et al., "Investigation on performance of a hydrogen-gasoline rotary engine at part load and lean conditions", Applied Energy, 205, 683–691, 2017.
  • B. Zhang, C. Ji, and S. Wang, "Performance of a hydrogen-enriched ethanol engine at unthrottled and lean conditions", Energy Conversion and Management, 114, 68–74, 2016.
  • X. Zhen et al., "Study of knock in a high compression ratio spark-ignition methanol engine by multi-dimensional simulation", Energy, 50, 150–159, 2013.
  • H. Serin and Ş. Yildizhan, "Influence of the compression ratio on the performance and emission characteristics of a vcr diesel engine fuelled with alcohol blended fuels", European Mechanical Science, 1 (2), 39–46, 2017.
  • R. Thomas et al., "Experimental evaluation of the effect of compression ratio on performance and emission of SI engine fuelled with gasoline and n-butanol blend at different loads", Perspectives in Science, 8, 743–746, 2016.
  • Ş. Yildizhan et al., "Fuel properties, performance and emission characterization of waste cooking oil (WCO) in a variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine", European Mechanical Science, 1 (2), 56–62, 2017.
  • B.L. Salvi and K.A. Subramanian, "Experimental investigation on effects of compression ratio and exhaust gas recirculation on backfire, performance and emission characteristics in a hydrogen fuelled spark ignition engine", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41 (13), 5842–5855, 2016.
  • İ. Altın, A. Bilgin, and B.A. Çeper, "Parametric study on some combustion characteristics in a natural gas fueled dual plug SI engine", Energy, 139, 1237–1242, 2017.
  • S. Yamaguchi et al., "Dual-Point Laser Ignition and its Location Effects on Combustion in Lean-Burn Gas Engine", SAE International Journal of Engines, 2015.
  • C. Ji et al., "Effect of dual-spark plug arrangements on ignition and combustion processes of a gasoline rotary engine with hydrogen direct-injection enrichment", Energy Conversion and Management, 181, 372–381, 2019.
  • S.P.M. Bane, J.L. Ziegler, and J.E. Shepherd, "Investigation of the effect of electrode geometry on spark ignition", Combustion and Flame, 162 (2), 462–469, 2015.
  • İ. Altın and A. Bilgin, "A parametric study on the performance parameters of a twin-spark SI engine", Energy Conversion and Management, 50 (8), 1902–1907, 2009.
  • D. Jung and N. Iida, "An investigation of multiple spark discharge using multi-coil ignition system for improving thermal efficiency of lean SI engine operation", Applied Energy, 212, 322–332, 2018.
  • J.D. Dale, M.D. Checkel, and P.R. Smy, "Application of high energy ignition systems to engines", Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 23 (5–6), 379–398, 1997.
  • İ. Sezer, "A Review Study on the Using of Diethyl Ether in Diesel Engines: Effects on NOx Emissions", International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 7 (4), 164–183, 2018.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Article
Authors

Oğuz Baş 0000-0003-2301-2306

Mustafa Akar This is me 0000-0002-0192-0605

Hasan Serin 0000-0003-2679-3099

Publication Date June 8, 2020
Submission Date March 20, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Baş, O., Akar, M., & Serin, H. (2020). Reducing emissions of an SI engine by alternative spark plugs with hydrogen addition and variable compression ratio. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 9(2), 94-104. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.706956
AMA Baş O, Akar M, Serin H. Reducing emissions of an SI engine by alternative spark plugs with hydrogen addition and variable compression ratio. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies. June 2020;9(2):94-104. doi:10.18245/ijaet.706956
Chicago Baş, Oğuz, Mustafa Akar, and Hasan Serin. “Reducing Emissions of an SI Engine by Alternative Spark Plugs With Hydrogen Addition and Variable Compression Ratio”. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 9, no. 2 (June 2020): 94-104. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.706956.
EndNote Baş O, Akar M, Serin H (June 1, 2020) Reducing emissions of an SI engine by alternative spark plugs with hydrogen addition and variable compression ratio. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 9 2 94–104.
IEEE O. Baş, M. Akar, and H. Serin, “Reducing emissions of an SI engine by alternative spark plugs with hydrogen addition and variable compression ratio”, International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 94–104, 2020, doi: 10.18245/ijaet.706956.
ISNAD Baş, Oğuz et al. “Reducing Emissions of an SI Engine by Alternative Spark Plugs With Hydrogen Addition and Variable Compression Ratio”. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 9/2 (June 2020), 94-104. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.706956.
JAMA Baş O, Akar M, Serin H. Reducing emissions of an SI engine by alternative spark plugs with hydrogen addition and variable compression ratio. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies. 2020;9:94–104.
MLA Baş, Oğuz et al. “Reducing Emissions of an SI Engine by Alternative Spark Plugs With Hydrogen Addition and Variable Compression Ratio”. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, vol. 9, no. 2, 2020, pp. 94-104, doi:10.18245/ijaet.706956.
Vancouver Baş O, Akar M, Serin H. Reducing emissions of an SI engine by alternative spark plugs with hydrogen addition and variable compression ratio. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies. 2020;9(2):94-104.