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Investigation of the usability of MWCNTs Filled GFR/aluminum honeycomb sandwich composites for automotive vehicles

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 138 - 153, 29.09.2020

Mehmet Demirci

https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.737204

Abstract

In order to provide fuel saving and performance in gasoline/diesel automotive vehicles, and to increase the long range of the electric battery in electric vehicles, lightening studies in the weight of automotive vehicles are carried out by researchers at the automotive R&D (Research and Development) centers in the university and industry. The reducing of weight of automotive vehicles finds out some problems such as low crashworthiness and safety. These highlight problems bring something into the forefront the use of ultra-light honeycomb sandwich composites having high mechanical properties in the automotive industry. In addition, the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced honeycomb sandwich composites can be further improved by limiting the formation of damages during impact by using nanotechnology. In this study, the usability of multi walled nanoparticles (MWCNTs) filled and unfilled GFR/Aluminum honeycomb sandwich composites instead of metal protection bars in the doors of automotive vehicles was investigated. It was found that 0.3%wt MWCNTs increased the average maximum bending loads, displacements and impact energy absorptions by about 2.1, 1.36 and 1.5 times respectively according to compared to unfilled GFR/Aluminum honeycomb sandwich composites. The slip-stick failure mechanism was observed at interfaces of unfilled GFR composite face sheets and aluminum honeycomb core. The delamination failures were found as dominant failure as result of poor adhesion for them. It was detected with microscope and SEM analysis that MWCNTs restricted the occurrence of failures during the bending load and impact. MWCNTs provided the fillet occurrence at interfaces by increasing the contact bonding areas. Plastic deformation was found as dominant failure for them. It is thought that the crashworthiness and safety can be improved by using MWCNTs filled GFR/aluminum honeycomb sandwich composites in car doors instead of metal protection bars.

Keywords

Crashworthiness Impact Energies Automotive Vehicles MWCNTs Honeycomb Sandwich Composites

Supporting Institution

SEM analyses were supported by the Selçuk University Scientific Research Projects

Project Number

17601070

References

  • Sun G., Huo X., Chen D., Li Q., “Experimental and numerical study on honeycomb sandwich panels under bending and in-panel compression”, Materials and Design, 133, 154-168, 2017.
  • Xu J., Wu Y., Wang L., Li J., Yang Y., Tian Y., Gong Z., Zhang P., Nutt S., Yin S., “Compressive properties of hollow lattice truss reinforced honeycombs (Honeytubes) by additive manufacturing: Patterning and tube alignment effects”, Materials and Design, 156, 246-257, 2018.
  • Altın M., “Effect of taper angle on crashworthiness performance in hybrid tubes”, International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 9(1), 11-19, 2020.
  • Wang J., Chengyang Shi C., Yang N., Sun H., Liu Y., Song B., “Strength, stiffness, and panel peeling strength of carbon fiber-reinforced composite sandwich structures with aluminum honeycomb cores for vehicle body”, Composite Structures, 184, 1189-1196, 2018.
  • Feng L-J., Yang Z-T., Yu G-C, Chen X-J., Lin-Zhi Wu L-Z., “Compressive and shear properties of carbon fiber composite square honeycombs with optimized high-modulus hierarchical phases”, Composite Structures, 201, 845–856, 2018.
  • Crupi V., Epasto G., Guglielmino E., “Comparison of aluminum sandwiches for lightweight ship structures: Honeycomb vs. foam” Marine Structures, 30, 74-96, 2013.
  • Zhou X.Q., Wang L., Yu D.Y., Zhang C.Y., “Dynamic effective equivalent stiffness analysis on the periodical honeycomb reinforced composite laminated structure filled with viscoelastic damping material”, Composite Structures, 193, 306–320, 2018.
  • Chen D.H., Masuda K., “Effects of honeycomb geometry on stress concentration due to defects” Composite Structures, 188, 55–63, 2018.
  • Eloy F. S., Gomes G. F., Ancelotti Jr. A. C., Cunha Jr. S. S., Bombard A. J. F., Cunha Jr. S. S., Bombard A. J. F., Junqueira D. M., “Experimental dynamic analysis of composite sandwich beams with magnetorheological honeycomb core” Engineering Structures, 176, 231–242, 176, 2018.
  • Belingardi G., Martella P., Peroni L., “Fatigue analysis of honeycomb-composite sandwich beams “Composites: Part A 38 1183–1191, 2007.
  • Jan S., Khan R. U., Ahmad S., Amjad M., Badshah S., Ahmad M., “Flexural strength of honey comb sandwich structures”, Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research, 4(1), 86-93, 2015.
  • Li X.,, Lu Z.,, Yang Z., Yang C.,”Anisotropic in-plane mechanical behavior of square honeycombs under off-axis loading” Materials and Design, 158, 88–97, 2018.
  • Zhao L., Zheng Q., Fan H., Jin F., “Hierarchical composite honeycombs” Materials and Design, 40, 124–129, 2012.
  • Xie W.H., Meng S.H., Ding L., . Jin H., Du S.Y., Han G.K., Wang L.B., Xu C.H., Scarpa F., Chi R.Q., “High-temperature high-velocity impact on honeycomb sandwich panels” Composites Part B 138, 1-11, 2018.
  • Sikdar S, Banerjee S., “Identification of disbond and high density core region in a honeycomb composite sandwich structure using ultrasonic guided waves”, 152, 568–578, 2016.
  • Girolamo D., Chang H-Y., Yuan F-G, “Impact damage visualization in a honeycomb composite panel through laser inspection using zero-lag cross-correlation imaging condition” Ultrasonics, 87, 152–165, 2018.
  • Farooq U., Ahmad M.S., Rakha S.A., Ali N., Khurram A. A., Subhani T., “Interfacial Mechanical Performance of Composite Honeycomb Sandwich Panels for Aerospace Applications”, Arab J Sci Eng., 42, 1775–1782,2017.
  • Li G., Fang Y., Hao P., Li Z., “Three-point bending deflection and failure mechanism map of sandwich beams with second-order hierarchical corrugated truss core”, Journal of Sandwich Structures and Materials, 19(1), 83–107, 2017.
  • Zhang Y., Zong Z., Liu Q., Ma J., Wu Y.,Li Q.,” Static and dynamic crushing responses of CFRP sandwich panels filled with different reinforced materials”, Materials and Design, 117, 396–408, 2017.
  • Gholami M., Alashti R.A., Fathi A., “Optimal design of a honeycomb core composite sandwich panel using evolutionary optimization algorithms”, Composite Structures, 139, 254–262, 2016.
  • Demirci M.T., “Investigation of glass fiber reinforced aluminum honeycomb sandwich composites”, International congress of science culture and education (INCES 2019), 300-305, Antalya, 29 Oct-02Nov-2019.
  • Demirci M.T., Dönmez O., Devrez Ş., Demirci İ., “Investigation of mechanical behaviors of carbon fiber reinforced aluminum honeycomb”, IV International academic research congress, 30 Oct.-03 Nov. Alanya, Turkey, 2018.
  • Demirci M.T., “Impact behaviors of basalt fiber reinforced honeycomb epoxy composites”, 7th International Conference ICAT’18, April 28 - May 1, pp. 979-981, Antalya, Turkey, 2018.
  • Lu C., Zhao M.,Jie L.,Wang J., Gao y., Cui X., Chen P., “Stress Distribution on Composite Honeycomb Sandwich Structure Suffered from Bending Load”, Procedia Engineering, 99, 405 – 412, 2015.
  • Ashab ASM., Ruan D., Lu G., Wong Y.C., “Quasi-static and dynamic experiments of aluminum honeycombs under combined compression-shear loading”, Materials and Design, 97, 183–194, 2016.
  • Shi S-S., Sun Z., Hu X-Z., Chen H.R.,” Carbon-fiber and aluminum-honeycomb sandwich composites with and without Kevlar-fiber interfacial toughening”, Composites: Part A, 67, 102–110, 2014.
  • Mohamed M., Anandan S., Huo Z., Birman V., Volz J.,Chandrashekhara K.,” Manufacturing and characterization of polyurethane based sandwich composite structures” Composite Structures, 123 169–179, 2015.
  • Flasar O., Triska V., Junas M.,” Experimental study of impact properties of aluminium honeycomb sandwich structure” MATEC Web of Conferences 133, 1-5, 2017.
  • Balaji G., Annamalai K.,” Crushing response of square aluminum column filled with carbon fibre tubes and aluminum honeycomb” Thin-Walled Structures, 132, 667–681,2018.
  • Patil R. V., Lande P. R., Tadamalle A.P., Reddy Dr. Y. P.,” Determination of Impact Absorbing Capacity and toughness of Aluminum Honeycomb Sandwich Panel in Bumper Beam” Materials Today: Proceedings, 4 8816–8826, 2017.
  • Shi S., Sun Z., Hu X., Chen H.,” Flexural strength and energy absorption of carbon-fiber–aluminum honeycomb composite sandwich reinforced by aluminum grid”, Thin-Walled Structures 84 ,416–422, 2014.
  • Hino H.,Takayama Y., Kato H., Watanabe H., “Deformation Behavior in Three-point Bending of Aluminum Alloy Honeycomb Structures” Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Aluminium Alloys, September 5-9, 625-630,Yokohama, Japan, 2010.
  • Wang P., Zhang X., Lim G., Neo H., Malcolm A. A., Xiang Y., Lu G., Yang J.,” Improvement of impact-resistant property of glass fiber-reinforced composites by carbon nanotube-modified epoxy and pre-stretched fiber fabrics”, Journal of Materials Science, 50, 5978–5992, 2015.
  • Rathore, D. K., Prusty R. K., Kumar D. S., Ray B. C., “Mechanical performance of CNT-filled glass fiber/epoxy composite in in-situ elevated temperature environments emphasizing the role of CNT content”, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 84, 364-376, 2016.
  • Chen C., Li Y., Gu Y., Li M., Zhang Z., “Effect of MWCNTs added by electrostatic flocking method on adhesion of carbon fiber prepreg/Nomex honeycomb sandwich composites”, Materials & Design, 127, 15–21, 2017.
  • Demirci İ., “Impact behaviors of carbon nanotubes and nano silica reinforced basalt/epoxy hybrid nanocomposites in corrosion environment”, The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science of Selçuk University, The Degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering, 1-104, 2017.
  • Taraghi I., Fereidoon A., Taheri-Behrooz F., “Low-velocity impact response of woven Kevlar/epoxy laminated composites reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes at ambient and low temperatures”, Materials & Design, 53, 152-8, 2014.
  • Tehrani M., Boroujeni A., Hartman T., Haugh T., Case S., Al-Haik M., “Mechanical characterization and impact damage assessment of a woven carbon fiber reinforced carbon nanotube–epoxy composite”, Composites Science and Technology, 75, 42-8, 2013.
  • Vettorello A., Campo G. A., Goldoni G., Giacalone M., “Numerical-Experimental Correlation of Dynamic Test of a Honeycomb Impact Attenuator for a Formula SAE Vehicle”, Metals 10 (652), 1-22, 2020.
  • Castro J.M.P.B. C., Fontana M., Araujo A. L., Madeira J.F.A.” Optimization of a composite impact attenuator for a formula student car” Mechanics of Advanced Materials And Structures, 1-11, 2020.
  • Demirci M.T., Tarakçıoglu N., Avcı A., Akdemir A., Demirci I., “Fracture toughness (Mode I) characterization of SiO2 nanoparticle filled basalt/epoxy filament wound composite ring with split-disk test method” Composites Part B, 119, 114-124, 2017.
  • ASTM C393/C393M-20, “Standard Test Method for Core Shear Properties of Sandwich Constructions by Beam Flexure”, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2020, www.astm.org.
  • ISO 179/2:2020, “Plastics-Determination of Charpy impact Properties-Part 2: Instrumented impact test”, 2020, www.iso.org.
  • ASTM E1556-08, “Standard Specification for Epoxy Resin System for Composite Skin, Honeycomb Sandwich Panel Repair”, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2008, www.astm.org.
  • ASTM D7250/D7250M-20, “Standard Practice for Determining Sandwich Beam Flexural and Shear Stiffness”, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2020, www.astm.org.

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 138 - 153, 29.09.2020

Mehmet Demirci

https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.737204

Abstract

Project Number

17601070

References

  • Sun G., Huo X., Chen D., Li Q., “Experimental and numerical study on honeycomb sandwich panels under bending and in-panel compression”, Materials and Design, 133, 154-168, 2017.
  • Xu J., Wu Y., Wang L., Li J., Yang Y., Tian Y., Gong Z., Zhang P., Nutt S., Yin S., “Compressive properties of hollow lattice truss reinforced honeycombs (Honeytubes) by additive manufacturing: Patterning and tube alignment effects”, Materials and Design, 156, 246-257, 2018.
  • Altın M., “Effect of taper angle on crashworthiness performance in hybrid tubes”, International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 9(1), 11-19, 2020.
  • Wang J., Chengyang Shi C., Yang N., Sun H., Liu Y., Song B., “Strength, stiffness, and panel peeling strength of carbon fiber-reinforced composite sandwich structures with aluminum honeycomb cores for vehicle body”, Composite Structures, 184, 1189-1196, 2018.
  • Feng L-J., Yang Z-T., Yu G-C, Chen X-J., Lin-Zhi Wu L-Z., “Compressive and shear properties of carbon fiber composite square honeycombs with optimized high-modulus hierarchical phases”, Composite Structures, 201, 845–856, 2018.
  • Crupi V., Epasto G., Guglielmino E., “Comparison of aluminum sandwiches for lightweight ship structures: Honeycomb vs. foam” Marine Structures, 30, 74-96, 2013.
  • Zhou X.Q., Wang L., Yu D.Y., Zhang C.Y., “Dynamic effective equivalent stiffness analysis on the periodical honeycomb reinforced composite laminated structure filled with viscoelastic damping material”, Composite Structures, 193, 306–320, 2018.
  • Chen D.H., Masuda K., “Effects of honeycomb geometry on stress concentration due to defects” Composite Structures, 188, 55–63, 2018.
  • Eloy F. S., Gomes G. F., Ancelotti Jr. A. C., Cunha Jr. S. S., Bombard A. J. F., Cunha Jr. S. S., Bombard A. J. F., Junqueira D. M., “Experimental dynamic analysis of composite sandwich beams with magnetorheological honeycomb core” Engineering Structures, 176, 231–242, 176, 2018.
  • Belingardi G., Martella P., Peroni L., “Fatigue analysis of honeycomb-composite sandwich beams “Composites: Part A 38 1183–1191, 2007.
  • Jan S., Khan R. U., Ahmad S., Amjad M., Badshah S., Ahmad M., “Flexural strength of honey comb sandwich structures”, Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research, 4(1), 86-93, 2015.
  • Li X.,, Lu Z.,, Yang Z., Yang C.,”Anisotropic in-plane mechanical behavior of square honeycombs under off-axis loading” Materials and Design, 158, 88–97, 2018.
  • Zhao L., Zheng Q., Fan H., Jin F., “Hierarchical composite honeycombs” Materials and Design, 40, 124–129, 2012.
  • Xie W.H., Meng S.H., Ding L., . Jin H., Du S.Y., Han G.K., Wang L.B., Xu C.H., Scarpa F., Chi R.Q., “High-temperature high-velocity impact on honeycomb sandwich panels” Composites Part B 138, 1-11, 2018.
  • Sikdar S, Banerjee S., “Identification of disbond and high density core region in a honeycomb composite sandwich structure using ultrasonic guided waves”, 152, 568–578, 2016.
  • Girolamo D., Chang H-Y., Yuan F-G, “Impact damage visualization in a honeycomb composite panel through laser inspection using zero-lag cross-correlation imaging condition” Ultrasonics, 87, 152–165, 2018.
  • Farooq U., Ahmad M.S., Rakha S.A., Ali N., Khurram A. A., Subhani T., “Interfacial Mechanical Performance of Composite Honeycomb Sandwich Panels for Aerospace Applications”, Arab J Sci Eng., 42, 1775–1782,2017.
  • Li G., Fang Y., Hao P., Li Z., “Three-point bending deflection and failure mechanism map of sandwich beams with second-order hierarchical corrugated truss core”, Journal of Sandwich Structures and Materials, 19(1), 83–107, 2017.
  • Zhang Y., Zong Z., Liu Q., Ma J., Wu Y.,Li Q.,” Static and dynamic crushing responses of CFRP sandwich panels filled with different reinforced materials”, Materials and Design, 117, 396–408, 2017.
  • Gholami M., Alashti R.A., Fathi A., “Optimal design of a honeycomb core composite sandwich panel using evolutionary optimization algorithms”, Composite Structures, 139, 254–262, 2016.
  • Demirci M.T., “Investigation of glass fiber reinforced aluminum honeycomb sandwich composites”, International congress of science culture and education (INCES 2019), 300-305, Antalya, 29 Oct-02Nov-2019.
  • Demirci M.T., Dönmez O., Devrez Ş., Demirci İ., “Investigation of mechanical behaviors of carbon fiber reinforced aluminum honeycomb”, IV International academic research congress, 30 Oct.-03 Nov. Alanya, Turkey, 2018.
  • Demirci M.T., “Impact behaviors of basalt fiber reinforced honeycomb epoxy composites”, 7th International Conference ICAT’18, April 28 - May 1, pp. 979-981, Antalya, Turkey, 2018.
  • Lu C., Zhao M.,Jie L.,Wang J., Gao y., Cui X., Chen P., “Stress Distribution on Composite Honeycomb Sandwich Structure Suffered from Bending Load”, Procedia Engineering, 99, 405 – 412, 2015.
  • Ashab ASM., Ruan D., Lu G., Wong Y.C., “Quasi-static and dynamic experiments of aluminum honeycombs under combined compression-shear loading”, Materials and Design, 97, 183–194, 2016.
  • Shi S-S., Sun Z., Hu X-Z., Chen H.R.,” Carbon-fiber and aluminum-honeycomb sandwich composites with and without Kevlar-fiber interfacial toughening”, Composites: Part A, 67, 102–110, 2014.
  • Mohamed M., Anandan S., Huo Z., Birman V., Volz J.,Chandrashekhara K.,” Manufacturing and characterization of polyurethane based sandwich composite structures” Composite Structures, 123 169–179, 2015.
  • Flasar O., Triska V., Junas M.,” Experimental study of impact properties of aluminium honeycomb sandwich structure” MATEC Web of Conferences 133, 1-5, 2017.
  • Balaji G., Annamalai K.,” Crushing response of square aluminum column filled with carbon fibre tubes and aluminum honeycomb” Thin-Walled Structures, 132, 667–681,2018.
  • Patil R. V., Lande P. R., Tadamalle A.P., Reddy Dr. Y. P.,” Determination of Impact Absorbing Capacity and toughness of Aluminum Honeycomb Sandwich Panel in Bumper Beam” Materials Today: Proceedings, 4 8816–8826, 2017.
  • Shi S., Sun Z., Hu X., Chen H.,” Flexural strength and energy absorption of carbon-fiber–aluminum honeycomb composite sandwich reinforced by aluminum grid”, Thin-Walled Structures 84 ,416–422, 2014.
  • Hino H.,Takayama Y., Kato H., Watanabe H., “Deformation Behavior in Three-point Bending of Aluminum Alloy Honeycomb Structures” Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Aluminium Alloys, September 5-9, 625-630,Yokohama, Japan, 2010.
  • Wang P., Zhang X., Lim G., Neo H., Malcolm A. A., Xiang Y., Lu G., Yang J.,” Improvement of impact-resistant property of glass fiber-reinforced composites by carbon nanotube-modified epoxy and pre-stretched fiber fabrics”, Journal of Materials Science, 50, 5978–5992, 2015.
  • Rathore, D. K., Prusty R. K., Kumar D. S., Ray B. C., “Mechanical performance of CNT-filled glass fiber/epoxy composite in in-situ elevated temperature environments emphasizing the role of CNT content”, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 84, 364-376, 2016.
  • Chen C., Li Y., Gu Y., Li M., Zhang Z., “Effect of MWCNTs added by electrostatic flocking method on adhesion of carbon fiber prepreg/Nomex honeycomb sandwich composites”, Materials & Design, 127, 15–21, 2017.
  • Demirci İ., “Impact behaviors of carbon nanotubes and nano silica reinforced basalt/epoxy hybrid nanocomposites in corrosion environment”, The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science of Selçuk University, The Degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering, 1-104, 2017.
  • Taraghi I., Fereidoon A., Taheri-Behrooz F., “Low-velocity impact response of woven Kevlar/epoxy laminated composites reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes at ambient and low temperatures”, Materials & Design, 53, 152-8, 2014.
  • Tehrani M., Boroujeni A., Hartman T., Haugh T., Case S., Al-Haik M., “Mechanical characterization and impact damage assessment of a woven carbon fiber reinforced carbon nanotube–epoxy composite”, Composites Science and Technology, 75, 42-8, 2013.
  • Vettorello A., Campo G. A., Goldoni G., Giacalone M., “Numerical-Experimental Correlation of Dynamic Test of a Honeycomb Impact Attenuator for a Formula SAE Vehicle”, Metals 10 (652), 1-22, 2020.
  • Castro J.M.P.B. C., Fontana M., Araujo A. L., Madeira J.F.A.” Optimization of a composite impact attenuator for a formula student car” Mechanics of Advanced Materials And Structures, 1-11, 2020.
  • Demirci M.T., Tarakçıoglu N., Avcı A., Akdemir A., Demirci I., “Fracture toughness (Mode I) characterization of SiO2 nanoparticle filled basalt/epoxy filament wound composite ring with split-disk test method” Composites Part B, 119, 114-124, 2017.
  • ASTM C393/C393M-20, “Standard Test Method for Core Shear Properties of Sandwich Constructions by Beam Flexure”, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2020, www.astm.org.
  • ISO 179/2:2020, “Plastics-Determination of Charpy impact Properties-Part 2: Instrumented impact test”, 2020, www.iso.org.
  • ASTM E1556-08, “Standard Specification for Epoxy Resin System for Composite Skin, Honeycomb Sandwich Panel Repair”, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2008, www.astm.org.
  • ASTM D7250/D7250M-20, “Standard Practice for Determining Sandwich Beam Flexural and Shear Stiffness”, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2020, www.astm.org.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Mechanical Engineering, Material Production Technologies
Journal Section Article
Authors

Mehmet Demirci 0000-0003-1941-9277

Project Number 17601070
Publication Date September 29, 2020
Submission Date May 14, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 9 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Demirci, M. (2020). Investigation of the usability of MWCNTs Filled GFR/aluminum honeycomb sandwich composites for automotive vehicles. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 9(3), 138-153. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.737204
AMA Demirci M. Investigation of the usability of MWCNTs Filled GFR/aluminum honeycomb sandwich composites for automotive vehicles. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies. September 2020;9(3):138-153. doi:10.18245/ijaet.737204
Chicago Demirci, Mehmet. “Investigation of the Usability of MWCNTs Filled GFR/Aluminum Honeycomb Sandwich Composites for Automotive Vehicles”. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 9, no. 3 (September 2020): 138-53. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.737204.
EndNote Demirci M (September 1, 2020) Investigation of the usability of MWCNTs Filled GFR/aluminum honeycomb sandwich composites for automotive vehicles. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 9 3 138–153.
IEEE M. Demirci, “Investigation of the usability of MWCNTs Filled GFR/aluminum honeycomb sandwich composites for automotive vehicles”, International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 138–153, 2020, doi: 10.18245/ijaet.737204.
ISNAD Demirci, Mehmet. “Investigation of the Usability of MWCNTs Filled GFR/Aluminum Honeycomb Sandwich Composites for Automotive Vehicles”. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 9/3 (September 2020), 138-153. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.737204.
JAMA Demirci M. Investigation of the usability of MWCNTs Filled GFR/aluminum honeycomb sandwich composites for automotive vehicles. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies. 2020;9:138–153.
MLA Demirci, Mehmet. “Investigation of the Usability of MWCNTs Filled GFR/Aluminum Honeycomb Sandwich Composites for Automotive Vehicles”. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, vol. 9, no. 3, 2020, pp. 138-53, doi:10.18245/ijaet.737204.
Vancouver Demirci M. Investigation of the usability of MWCNTs Filled GFR/aluminum honeycomb sandwich composites for automotive vehicles. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies. 2020;9(3):138-53.