Effects of different chemical herbicides and water application on the productivity and weed incidence of irrigated lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

Weed infestation causes great yield reduction in rice. However, application of herbicides under proper water management may control weeds and could increase the yield of irrigated lowland rice. This study aimed to determine the effects and appropriate water regimes and chemical herbicides; and assess the weed population and profitability ha-1 of using different chemical herbicides and water regimes in lowland rice production. The experiment was laid out in a nested design with complete block design in three replications. Different water regimes: M1-continuous submergence at 5cm and M2-Saturated condition as main plots and different herbicides as the sub plots T0- Control (unweeded and no herbicide application), T1- Butachlor, T2- Propanil + Butachlor, T3- Metsulpuron Methyl + Chlorimuron Ethyl, T4- Butachlor + 2,4D, T5- Cyhalofop butyl + Pyribenzoxim and T6- Manual weeding at four weeks after transplanting. Results revealed that lowland rice under continuous submergence at 5cm significantly produced more number of productive tillers, 1,000 seed weight and resulted to the increased total grain yield (tha-1). Application of chemical herbicides under different water regimes showed significant differences on the number of productive tillers, grain yield and harvest index. Moreover, rice plants treated with Butachlor + 2,4D (T4) and Cyhalofop butyl + Pyribenzoxim (T5) produced the highest grain yield of 7.78t ha-1 and 7.89t ha-1, respectively. Lowest weed population of 3.50 was observed in plants applied Butachlor + 2,4D (T4) while highest on Cyhalofop butyl + Pyribenzoxim (T5). All chemical herbicide treatments had high weed control efficiency except Butachlor (T1). Highest net income was observed in T5 with a net income of PhP85,027.20 ha-1 that is equivalent to 46% higher than the control plants with a net income of PhP38,945.20 ha-1.

Keywords

• submerged
• saturated
• herbicides
• weeds and income

References

1. Ahmed MD, Nasimulbari M, Moynulhaque & Mustafizur R. 2014. Effect of Herbicide Dose and Water Management on Weed Control Efficiency and Yield Performance of Boro Rice. Journal of Science Foundation, July 2014, Vol. 12, No.2.
2. Antralina M. Madkar O, & Soemintapoera A. 2011. The Crop Loss and Critical Weed- Free, period of Paddy Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Due to Competition of Weed in Plant Systems of SRI. Journal Gulma dan Tumbuhan Invasive Tropical. 2011. Volume 2 No.2: 47-53.
3. Barman SC, Ali MA, Hiya HJ, Sarker KR & Sattar MA. 2016. Effect of Water Management Practices on Rice Yield, Water Productivity and Water Savings under Irrigated Rice Paddy Ecosystem. J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 9(2): 79-84, 2016.
4. Bruns H. 2009. A Survey of Factors Involved in Crop Maturity. Agronomy Journal, Volume 101, Issue 1. Pp 63.
5. Busi R., Gaines TA, Vila-Aiub MM. & Powles SB. 2014. Inheritance of revolved resistance to a novel herbicide (pyroxasulfone). Plant sci. 217-218: 127-134.
6. Chauhan BS. 2012. Weed ecology and weed management strategies for dry-seeded rice in Asia. Weed Technol. 26: 1-13.
7. Da Costa D, Barbosa R, & Eustáquio M. 2013. Weed management and its relation to yield and seed physiological potential in common bean cultivars.www.agro.ufg.br/pat - Pesq. Agropec. Trop., Goiânia, v. 43, n. 2, p. 147-154.
8. Datta K, Kundu K, Singharoy S, & Sarkar S. 2017. Effectiveness of 2, 4-D Ethyl Ester 80% EC tocontrol of weeds in kharif rice. Journal of Crop and Weed, 13(1): 196-199.

9. Escasinas, R.O. 2009. Physiological, morphological and yield responses of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown under different water, spacing and nutrient management. PhD. Dissertation. U.P. Los Baños.
10. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 2004. Rice and us. Farooq M, Shahzad M, & Bashrat A.2006. Integrated rice-growing system. http://www.dawn.com/2006/08/07/ebr8.htm. Date accessed 05/23/2020.
11. Hasanuzzaman M, 2015. Crop-Weed Competition.Department of Agronomy. Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University International Soil Reference and Information Center (ISRIC). 1995. Procedures for soil analysis (L.P. Van Reuwijk, Editor). Wageningen, The Netherlands.
12. Ismailia U, Kolo M, Odofin A, and Gana A. 2015. Effects of Water Depth and Seedling Rate on Weed Control and Yield of Late Season Lowland Rice (Oryza sativa L). Journal of Plant Studies; Vol. 4, No. 2; 2015
13. Itang MA. 2014. Morphological and agronomic responses of submergence and drought tolerant lowland rice varieties to different plant spacing and water management. Graduate Thesis.VSU, Visca, Baybay City, Leyte.
14. Jackson ML. 1974. Soil Chemical analysis. Advanced Course (9th print). Published by the author, Madison, Wisc.
15. Juraimi AS, Muhammad S, Mahfuzah B, Anuar R, and Azmi, M. 2009. Influence of Flooding Intensity and Duration on Rice Growth and Yield. Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 32 (2): 195 – 208.
16. Kazan K and Lyons R. 2016. The link between flowering time and stress tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany67, 47–60.
17. Kiasari S, Aminpanah H, & Sharifi P. 2018. Chemical Weed Control in Paddy Fields Inoculated with Azospirillum lipoferum. Planta Daninha. ISSN 1806-9681
18. Kumawat N, Kumar R, Singh M, Tomar I, Morya J, Yadav R, Kumar K & Singh A. 2018. A study on chemical weed management in boro rice: A review. Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Jhabua-457 661, Madhya Pradesh, India. Agricultural Research Communication Centre. 39(1) 2018: 69-75.
19. Landon JR. 1991. Booker Tropical Soil Manual. Longman Scientific and Technical Essex England. 474pp.
20. Mahajan G. Ramesha M. Chauhan B. 2014. Response of rice genotypes to weed competition in dry direct-seeded rice in india. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. The Scientific World Journal. Volume 2014.
21. Mirza H, Obaidulislam MD, & Shafiuddinbapar MD. 2008. Efficacy of different herbicides over manual weeding in controlling weeds in transplanted rice. Australian J. Crop Sci., 2 (1): 18- 24.
22. Mubeen K, Amit J, Muhammad J, Hussain H, Zahoor S, Shehzada M, & Mehmood K. 2014. Effects of Seeding Time and Competition Period on Weeds, Growth and Yield of Direct Seeded Fine Rice (Oryza Sativa L.). Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. Vol 3 No 5. E-ISSN 2281-4612. Nasimulbari MD, 2010. Effects of herbicides on weed suppression and rice yield in transplanted wetland rice.Pak. J. Weed Sci., 16 (4): 349- 361.
23. Nelson DW and Sommers LE. 1982. Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. American Society ofAgronomy-Soil Science Society of America, 677 South Segoe Road, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
24. Owen MJ and Powles SB. 2009. Distribution and frequency of herbicide-resistant wild oat (Avena spp.) across the western Australian grain belt. Crop and Pasture Sci. 60: 25-31. Philippine Statistics Authority 2019. Rice and corn situation and outlook, January 2019 round. Accessed 30 July 2019 from https://psa.gov.ph.
25. Prakash C, Shivran K, & Koli R, 2013. Bioefficacy of new herbicides in transplanted rice. Indian J. Weed Sci. 45(4): 282-284. Rao AN, and Nagamari A, 2010. Integrated weed management in India-Revisited. Indian J. Weed Sci.,42:123-135.
26. Sariam O. 2004. Growth of non-flooded rice and its response to nitrogen fertilization. Ph.D. Thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia. 260p.
27. Singh T, Batapathy S, Gautam P, Lal B, kumar U, Saikia K & Pun K. 2017. Comparative efficacy of herbicides in weed control and enhancement of productivity and profitability of rice. Expl Agric.: page 1 of 19 C Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals. Date accessed: 05/25/2020.
28. Singh V, Joshi N, Bisht N, Kumar A, Satyawali K, & Singh R. 2016. Impact of various doses of butachlor on weed growth, crop yield of rice, microbial population and residual effect on wheat crop. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 5, No 5, 016, 3106 – 3114. Singh P, Singh P, Singh R, & Singh K. 2007. Efficacy of new herbicides in transplanted rice under temperate conditions of Kashmir. Indian J. Weed Sci., 39: 167-171.
29. Singh VP, Singh RP & Singh V. 2006. Integrated weed management in direct seeded rainfed low land rice. Indian J. Weed Sci., 38 (1&2): 49-53.
30. Singh UP, Singh RK, & Singh RP. 2004. Performance of herbicides and cultivars under zero till situation of rainfed lowland rice eco-system. Indian J. Weed Sci., 36 (1&2): 122-123.
31. Singh S, Singh H, Narwal S, & Malik R. 2003. Performance of herbicides in transplanted rice. Indian J. Weed Sci., 35: 114-116.
32. Swapan KM and Mukherjee PK. 2009. Integrated weed management practices in dry direct seeded summer rice. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 79: 976-979.
33. Takeno K. 2012. Stress-induced flowering. In: Ahmad PPrasad MNV, eds. Abiotic stress responses in plants: metabolism, productivity and sustainability. New York: Springer, 331– 345.
34. Talla A, Dadsena T, & Mishra M. 2018. Effect of weed management practices on weed parameters, yield and nutrient uptake of direct seeded upland rice. Wada K and Takeno K. 2010. Stress-induced flowering. Plant Signaling & Behavior 5, 944– 947.