BİR İNSAN HAKKI İHLALİ OLARAK YABANCI DÜŞMANLIĞI VE RUSYA'DA YABANCI DÜŞMANLIĞININ TARİHSEL KÖKENİ

Öz

Bir insan hakkı ihlali olarak yabancı düşmanlığı, ‘yabancı’ ya da ‘öteki’ olarak görülen veya algılanan kişi ya da gruplara karşı bilinçli ya da bilinçsizce duyulan bir korku, güvensizlik ve şüphe duygusudur. Bireysel, toplumsal ya da devlet düzeyinde ortaya çıkan yabancı düşmanlığı yalnızca eylemsel olarak değil düşünsel olarak da karşımıza çıkıyor. Yabancı düşmanlığı her üç düzeyde de çoğu zaman çeşitli sosyal-ekonomik-siyasal anlam yüklü birtakım öncüllerden hareketle açıklanmaya ve sınırları çizilmeye çalışılıyor. Yabancı düşmanlığı çoğu zaman dinsel-ahlaksal-kültürel normların, önyargıların, siyasi ideolojilerin ya da benzer birtakım hazır değer yargıların etkisiyle ortaya çıktığı için tarihsel süreç içerisinde sürekli değişkenlik göstermiştir. Bu çalışma öncelikle insan hakları bağlamında yabancı düşmanlığının ne anlama geldiğini ortaya koymayı amaçlıyor. Ayrıca bu makale Rusya’daki milliyetçilik duyguların, ulusal kimlik tanımlamalarının ve ülkede yaşanan sosyal ve ekonomik sorunların yabancı düşmanlığı ile nasıl bir bağlantı içerisinde olduğunu ortaya koymayı amaçlar. Bu açıdan Rusya özelinde yabancı olarak kabul edilen kişiler ve gruplar kimlerdir? Bu kişi ve gruplara karşı hangi psikolojik, sosyal ve kültürel nedenlerden dolayı düşmanlık ya da nefret beslenmektedir? İnsan hakları ihlali olarak yabancı düşmanlığı içerisinde ne tür tutum ve söylemler sergilenmektedir? Makale bu sorulara cevap aramaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yabancı Düşmanlığı
• İnsan Hakları
• Rusya

XENOPHOBIA AS A HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION AND HISTORICAL ORIGIN OF XENOPHOBIA IN RUSSIA

Öz

Xenophobia as a human right violation is a sense of fear, insecurity, and suspicion, either consciously or unconsciously, against people or groups that are viewed or perceived as 'foreign' or 'other'. The xenophobia that emerges at the level of individual, social, or state appears not only actively but also intellectually. Xenophobia is tried to be explained and drawn within the boundaries of various social-economic-political meaning predecessors at all three levels. Since xenophobia often occurs under the influence of religious-moral-cultural norms, prejudices, political ideologies, or a number of similar value judgments, it has constantly changed throughout the historical process. This study primarily aims to reveal what xenophobia means in the context of human rights. In addition, this article aims to reveal how nationalism feelings, national identity definitions and social and economic problems in the country are related to xenophobia. In this respect, who are the people and groups that are accepted as foreigners in Russia? For which psychological, social, and cultural reasons does hostility or hatred against these people and groups? What kind of attitudes and discourses are exhibited in xenophobia as a human rights violation? The article seeks answers to these questions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Human Rights, Xenophobia, Xenophobia in Russia.

Kaynakça

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