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A STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF CLC 69 CONVENTION AND CLC 92 PROTOCOL APPLICATIONS ON SHIP PASSAGE IN TURKISH STRAITS

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 13, 41 - 56, 31.01.2022

Abstract

The only maritime transit point connecting the Mediterranean and the Black Sea in world maritime trade, the Istanbul and Dardanelles straits and the Sea of Marmara, called the Turkish straits system, have a very important place in marine trade for centuries. The Straits of Istanbul and Çanakkale, which are called the Turkish Straits, host the passage of many ships every day due to their strategic location. Oil ships constitute a significant part of the cargo ships passing through the Turkish Straits. Accidents of oil tanker ships and the marine pollution they cause are also very dangerous. The Torrey Canyon accident in 1967 became a turning point in the field of marine pollution in oil transportation. At the call of the International Maritime Organization, the countries of the world gathered and it was decided to take measures to compensate the damage of the marine pollution caused by the oil tanker accidents. Later, the International Maritime Organization prepared the International Convention on Legal Liability for Oil Pollution Damages. With this contract, whose short name is the CLC 69 contract, it is aimed to compensate the damages caused by the ships that cause pollution as a result of accident. The CLC 69 contract was renewed with the CLC 92 protocol, which was developed with the needs and disagreements that occurred over time. With the renewals, the countries signed the new protocol. Turkey is among the countries that are party to the CLC 69 convention. Within the scope of the CLC 69 contract and the CLC 92 protocol, the passage of ships through the Turkish Straits is under control.

In this study, the regulations applied for ships transiting through the Turkish Straits within the scope of Turkey's CLC 69 contract are examined. Experts, each of whom has an important background in the sector, were asked questions about the applications and the answers were analyzed. It has been tried to examine how the ships passing through the Turkish Straits are affected by the implementations of the CLC 69 convention and the CLC 92 protocol.

References

  • REFERANS 1 ABDULLAYEV, C. (2005). Uluslararası Hukuk Açısından Gemilerden Kaynaklana Petrol Kirliliği, Ankara, Yetkin Yayınları. P. 91
  • REFERANS 2 ADALI A.B. (2005). Liman Devleti Kontrolü Denetimlerinin Denizsel Çevrenin Korunması Açısından Önemi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Deniz Bilimleri Enstitüs, İstanbul Üniverstesi.
  • REFERANS 3 BİLSEL, C. (1947). The Turkish Straits in the Light of Recent Turkish-Soviet Russian Correspondence. American Journal of International Law, 41(4), P. 727-747.
  • REFERANS 4 CHAO, W. (1996). Pollution from the Carriage of Oil by Sea: Liability and Compensation, London, Kluwer Law International. P. 272-273
  • REFERANS 5 DE LA RUE, C., (2012). Liability For Pollution From Ships’ Bunkers, Pollution At Sea: Law and Liability, Ed. Barış Soyer, Andrew Tettenborn, London, Informa, P. 11-22.
  • REFERANS 6 GÖKÇİÇEK, B. (2009). The Montreux Convention Regarding The Turkish Straits and Its Importance After The South Ossetia War. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA.
  • REFERANS 7 IMO. (1969). International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage Conventions.
  • REFERANS 8 IMO. (1971). International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage
  • REFERANS 9 IOPC. (2003). The OIPC Funds’25 Years of Compensating Victims of Oil Pollution Incidents, P. 13-21, London.
  • REFERANS 1 0 MASON, M. (2003). Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage: Examining The Evolving Scope For Environmental Compensation in The International Regime. Marine Policy, 27(1), 1-12.
  • REFERANS 11 MENSAH T.A. (1976). International Environmental Law: International Conventions Concerning Oil. P. 110-113
  • REFERANS 12 MERAY, S. (1968). Devletler Hukukuna Giriş, Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınevi, C.1, P. 367.
  • REFERANS 13 MERİÇ, G. (2014). Donatanın Petrol Kirliliğinden Doğan Sorumluluğu ve Sınırlandırılması, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • REFERANS 14 ÖZMAN, A. (2006). Deniz Hukuku 1 , Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi.
  • REFERANS 15 PAGE, I. L. M. (1990). International Maritime Organization: International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation and Final Act of the Conference. P. 733-761
  • REFERANS 16 SOYSAL H. (1996). Deniz Kirliliğinde Sorumluluğun Paylaşılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • REFERANS 17 VAN TAN, P. (2021). A Study of Compulsory Insurance for Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage Caused by Ships: What are the Rules for Small Ships that have no Formal Obligations Under The Convention?. Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs, 13(2), 113-121.
  • REFERANS 18 ÜNAL, A. U. (2018). Oil Spill Along the Turkish Sraits area;Accidents, Environmental Pollution,Socio-economic Impacts and Protection, TÜDAV, İstanbul, S. 16-25. REFERANS 19 URL 1- Wikipedia, (2021). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Straits
  • REFERANS 20 URL 2 - Zeymarine Port (2021). https://zeymarine.com/turkish-straits/
  • REFERANS 21 URL 3- Forceshipping (2021). http://forceshipping.com/pdf/s1_report_form.pdf

TÜRK BOĞAZLARINDA CLC 69 SÖZLEŞMESİNİN VE CLC 92 PROTOKOLÜ UYGULAMALARININ GEMİ GEÇİŞLERİNE ETKİSİ ÜZERİNE BİR ÇALIŞMA

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 13, 41 - 56, 31.01.2022

Abstract

Dünya deniz ticaretinde Akdeniz ve Karadenizi birbirine bağlayan tek denizyolu geçiş noktası olan ve Türk boğazları sistemi olarak adlandırılan İstanbul ve Çanakkale boğazları ve Marmara denizi yüzyıllardır deniz ticaretinde çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Türk boğazları olarak adlandırılan İstanbul ve Çanakkale boğazları sahip oldukları stratejik konumları nedeniyle her gün birçok geminin geçişine ev sahipliği yapmaktadırlar. Türk boğazlarından geçen yük gemilerin önemli bir kısmını da petrol gemileri oluşturmaktadır. Petrol tankeri gemilerinin kazaları ve meydana getirdikleri deniz kirlilikleri de oldukça tehlikelidir. 1967 yılında Torrey Canyon kazası petrol taşımacılığında deniz kirliliği alanında dönüm noktası olmuştur. Uluslararası Denizcilik Örgütü çağrısıyla dünya ülkeleri toplanarak petrol tankerleri kazalarından dolayı meydana gelen deniz kirliliğinin zararının tazmini için önlemler alma kararı alınmışlardır. Sonrasında Uluslararası Denizcilik Örgütü Petrol Kirliliği Zararları Nedeniyle Hukuki Sorumluluğa İlişkin Milletlerarası Sözleşmeyi hazırlamıştır. Kısa adı CLC 69 sözleşmesi olan bu sözleşmeyle, kaza sonucu kirliliğe neden olan gemilerden meydana gelen zararların telafi edilmesi hedeflenmiştir. CLC 69 sözleşmesi zaman içerisinde oluşan ihtiyaçlar ve meydana gelen anlaşmazlıklar ile geliştirilerek CLC 92 protokolüyle yenilenmiştir. Yapılan yenilemeler ile ülkeler yeni protokolü imzalamışlardır. Türkiye’de CLC 69 sözleşmesine taraf olan ülkeler arasındadır. CLC 69 sözleşmesi ve CLC 92 protokolü kapsamında Türk boğazlarından gemilerin geçişleri kontrol altındadır.

Bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin CLC 69 sözleşmesi kapsamında Türk boğazlarından geçiş yapmakta olan gemiler için uygulanan düzenlemeler incelenmiştir. Her biri sektörde önemli bir geçmişe sahip olan uzmanlara uygulamalar hakkında sorular sorulmuş ve alınan cevaplar analiz edilmiştir. Türk boğazlarından geçen gemilerin CLC 69 sözleşmesi ve CLC 92 protokolü uygulamalarından nasıl etkilendikleri incelenmeye çalışılmıştır.

References

  • REFERANS 1 ABDULLAYEV, C. (2005). Uluslararası Hukuk Açısından Gemilerden Kaynaklana Petrol Kirliliği, Ankara, Yetkin Yayınları. P. 91
  • REFERANS 2 ADALI A.B. (2005). Liman Devleti Kontrolü Denetimlerinin Denizsel Çevrenin Korunması Açısından Önemi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Deniz Bilimleri Enstitüs, İstanbul Üniverstesi.
  • REFERANS 3 BİLSEL, C. (1947). The Turkish Straits in the Light of Recent Turkish-Soviet Russian Correspondence. American Journal of International Law, 41(4), P. 727-747.
  • REFERANS 4 CHAO, W. (1996). Pollution from the Carriage of Oil by Sea: Liability and Compensation, London, Kluwer Law International. P. 272-273
  • REFERANS 5 DE LA RUE, C., (2012). Liability For Pollution From Ships’ Bunkers, Pollution At Sea: Law and Liability, Ed. Barış Soyer, Andrew Tettenborn, London, Informa, P. 11-22.
  • REFERANS 6 GÖKÇİÇEK, B. (2009). The Montreux Convention Regarding The Turkish Straits and Its Importance After The South Ossetia War. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA.
  • REFERANS 7 IMO. (1969). International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage Conventions.
  • REFERANS 8 IMO. (1971). International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage
  • REFERANS 9 IOPC. (2003). The OIPC Funds’25 Years of Compensating Victims of Oil Pollution Incidents, P. 13-21, London.
  • REFERANS 1 0 MASON, M. (2003). Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage: Examining The Evolving Scope For Environmental Compensation in The International Regime. Marine Policy, 27(1), 1-12.
  • REFERANS 11 MENSAH T.A. (1976). International Environmental Law: International Conventions Concerning Oil. P. 110-113
  • REFERANS 12 MERAY, S. (1968). Devletler Hukukuna Giriş, Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınevi, C.1, P. 367.
  • REFERANS 13 MERİÇ, G. (2014). Donatanın Petrol Kirliliğinden Doğan Sorumluluğu ve Sınırlandırılması, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • REFERANS 14 ÖZMAN, A. (2006). Deniz Hukuku 1 , Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi.
  • REFERANS 15 PAGE, I. L. M. (1990). International Maritime Organization: International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation and Final Act of the Conference. P. 733-761
  • REFERANS 16 SOYSAL H. (1996). Deniz Kirliliğinde Sorumluluğun Paylaşılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • REFERANS 17 VAN TAN, P. (2021). A Study of Compulsory Insurance for Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage Caused by Ships: What are the Rules for Small Ships that have no Formal Obligations Under The Convention?. Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs, 13(2), 113-121.
  • REFERANS 18 ÜNAL, A. U. (2018). Oil Spill Along the Turkish Sraits area;Accidents, Environmental Pollution,Socio-economic Impacts and Protection, TÜDAV, İstanbul, S. 16-25. REFERANS 19 URL 1- Wikipedia, (2021). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Straits
  • REFERANS 20 URL 2 - Zeymarine Port (2021). https://zeymarine.com/turkish-straits/
  • REFERANS 21 URL 3- Forceshipping (2021). http://forceshipping.com/pdf/s1_report_form.pdf
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Ali Umut Unal 0000-0002-2575-6379

Ozan Hikmet Arıcan 0000-0003-2061-6112

Osman Arslan 0000-0003-4384-3510

Publication Date January 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 7 Issue: 13

Cite

APA Unal, A. U., Arıcan, O. H., & Arslan, O. (2022). A STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF CLC 69 CONVENTION AND CLC 92 PROTOCOL APPLICATIONS ON SHIP PASSAGE IN TURKISH STRAITS. Uluslararası Afro-Avrasya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(13), 41-56.

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