Evaluation of Lithium-ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 332 - 340, 30.09.2024

Erdi Tosun , Sinan Keyinci , Ali Cem Yakaryılmaz , Şafak Yıldızhan , Mustafa Özcanlı

https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1460955

Abstract

Growing awareness of climate change concerns and the environmental impacts of fossil fuel vehicles has heightened interest in electric vehicles (EVs). Therefore, EVs represent a significant component of sustainable transportation solutions. Additionally, with advancements in battery technology, EVs now have longer ranges and are offered at more competitive prices. With their notable features such as high energy density, lightness, low maintenance requirement, and long life, lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) appear to be the most suitable battery option for EVs. Nevertheless, current LiB technology faces battery costs, energy storage capacity, charging times, and safety issues. In this context, it is clear that future research and development will focus on improving the efficiency of LiB technology and making these batteries more sustainable, reliable, and economical. This study aims to provide an evaluation of the LiBs used in the automotive sector by examining the historical development, basics of operational principles, various geometric types, cost evaluation, and their advantages and disadvantages. By covering these aspects, the study seeks to offer a comprehensive assessment of the LiBs employed in the automotive industry, spanning from their historical evolution to their presentday utilization. The study also intends to serve as a reference source for researchers planning to conduct studies on LiBs in EVs by providing fundamental concepts and evaluations related to these batteries.

Keywords

Automotive industry, Electric vehicle, Energy source, Lithium-ion battery

Supporting Institution

Çukurova University Scientific Research Project Unit

Project Number

FBA-2022-15234

Thanks

This research was supported by Çukurova University Scientific Research Project Unit with FBA-2022-15234 project code.

References

• [1] Poornesh K, Nivya KP, Sireesha K. A Comparative study on Electric Vehicle and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles. Proc – Int Conf Smart Electron Commun ICOSEC 2020. 2020;1179–1183. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOSEC49089.2020.9215386
• [2] Xu C, Steubing B, Hu M, Harpprecht C, van der Meide M, Tukker A. Future greenhouse gas emissions of automotive lithium-ion battery cell production. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2022;187:106606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106606
• [3] Kurtulmuş ZN, Karakaya A. Review of mechanical, electro-chemical, electrical, and hybrid energy storage systems used for electric vehicles. International Journal of Automotive Sci-ence and Technology. 2024;8:44-51. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1357392
• [4] Ekici YE, Tan N. Charge and discharge characteristics of dif-ferent types of batteries on a hybrid electric vehicle model and selection of suitable battery type for electric vehicles. In-ternational Journal of Automotive Science and Technology. 2019;3:62-70. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..527971
• [5] Goud PVS, Chary ASVP. Evaluation of electrification of 4W light commercial vehicle. Engineering Perspective. 2023;3:9-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/eng.pers.69296
• [6] Kilic A. Charging techniques, infrastructure, and their influ-ences. Engineering Perspective. 2023;3:68-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/eng.pers.73000
• [7] Zeng X, Li M, Abd El-Hady D, Alshitari W, Al-Bogami AS, Lu J, et al. Commercialization of Lithium Battery Technolo-gies for Electric Vehicles. Adv Energy Mater. 2019;9:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201900161
• [8] Ehsani M, Gao Y, Longo S, Ebrahimi K. Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles. CRC Press; 2018. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429504884
• [9] Barré A, Deguilhem B, Grolleau S, Gérard M, Suard F, Riu D. A review on lithium-ion battery ageing mechanisms and esti-mations for automotive applications. J Power Sources. 2013;241:680–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.040
• [10] Siddiqui SET, Rahman MA, Kim JH, Sharif S Bin, Paul S. A Review on Recent Advancements of Ni-NiO Nanocomposite as an Anode for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Battery. Na-nomaterials. 2022;12:1–33. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12172930
• [11] Yoshino A. The birth of the lithium-ion battery. Angew Chemie - Int Ed. 2012;51:5798–5800. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201105006
• [12] Le PA. A general introduction to lithium-ion batteries: From the first concept to the top six commercials and beyond. J Electrochem Sci Eng. 2023;13(4):591–604. https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.1544
• [13] Goodenough JB, Whittingham MS, Yoshino A. Lithium-ion batteries. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Press re-lease, 2019.
• [14] Baazouzi S, Feistel N, Wanner J, Landwehr I, Fill A, Birke KP. Design, Properties, and Manufacturing of Cylindrical Li-Ion Battery Cells—A Generic Overview. Batteries. 2023;9:309. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060309
• [15] Wu B, Yang Y, Liu D, Niu C, Gross M, Seymour L, et al. Good Practices for Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries. J Electrochem Soc. 2019;166(16):A4141–A4149. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0691916jes
• [16] Chen Y, Kang Y, Zhao Y, Wang L, Liu J, Li Y, et al. A review of lithium-ion battery safety concerns: The issues, strategies, and testing standards. J Energy Chem. 2021;59:83–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2020.10.017
• [17] Raijmakers LHJ, Danilov DL, Eichel RA, Notten PHL. A re-view on various temperature-indication methods for Li-ion batteries. Appl Energy. 2019;240:918–945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.02.078.
• [18] Mekonnen Y, Sundararajan A, Sarwat AI. A review of cath-ode and anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Conf Proc - IEEE SOUTHEASTCON; 2016;2016-July:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/SECON.2016.7506639.
• [19] Ziegler MS, Trancik JE. Re-examining rates of lithium-ion battery technology improvement and cost decline. Energy En-viron Sci. 2021;14:1635–1651. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ee02681f.
• [20] Orangi S, Manjong N, Clos DP, Usai L, Burheim OS, Strøm-man AH. Historical and prospective lithium-ion battery cost trajectories from a bottom-up production modeling perspec-tive. J Energy Storage. 2024;76:109800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.109800.
• [21] Georino D. Battery prices are falling again. ERA Review. 2024;16(2):24-26.
• [22] Wen J, Zhao D, Zhang C. An overview of electricity powered vehicles: Lithium-ion battery energy storage density and ener-gy conversion efficiency. Renew Energy. 2020;162:1629–1648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.09.055
• [23] Cao X, Ma C, Luo L, Chen L, Cheng H, Orenstein RS, Zhang X. Nanofiber materials for lithium‑ion batteries. Advan Fib Mater. 2023;5:1141-1197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-023-00278-4
• [24] Goud VM, Satyanarayana G, Ramesh J, Pathanjali GA, Sudhakar DR. An experimental investigation and hybrid neu-ral network modelling of thermal management of lithium-ion batteries using a non-paraffinic organic phase change material, Myristyl alcohol. J Energy Storage. 2023;72:108395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.108395
• [25] Abo-Khalil AG, Abdelkareem MA, Sayed ET, Maghrabie HM, Radwan A, Rezk H, Olabi AG. Electric vehicle impact on en-ergy industry, policy, technical barriers, and power systems. Int J of Therm.2022;13:100134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2022.100134
• [26] Chen WH, Hsieh IYL. Techno-economic analysis of lithium-ion battery price reduction considering carbon footprint based on life cycle assessment. J Clean Prod. 2023;425:139045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139045
• [27] Haram MHSM, Lee JW, Ramasamy G, Ngu EE, Thiagarajah SP, Lee YH. Feasibility of utilising second life EV batteries: Applications, lifespan, economics, environmental impact, as-sessment, and challenges. Alexandria Eng J. 2021;60:4517–4536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.03.021
• [28] Kumar R, Goel V. A study on thermal management system of lithium-ion batteries for electrical vehicles: A critical review. J Energy Storage. 2023;71:108025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.108025
• [29] Hasan HA, Togun H, Abed AM, Biswas N, Mohammed HI. Thermal performance assessment for an array of cylindrical lithium-ion battery cells using an Air-Cooling system. Appl Energy. 2023;346:121354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121354
• [30] Zhang Z, Yu W, Li H, Wan W, Zhang W, Zhuo W, Liu Q. Heat transfer characteristics and low-temperature performance of a lithium-ion battery with an inner cooling/heating structure. Appl Ther Eng. 2023;219:119352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119352
• [31] Wang KX, Li XH, Chen JS. Surface and interface engineering of electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Adv Mater. 2015;27:527–545. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201402962
• [32] Wu J, Zheng M, Liu T, Wang Y, Liu Y, Nai J, Zhang L, Zhang S, Tao X. Direct recovery: A sustainable recycling technology for spent lithium-ion battery. Energy Stor Mat. 2023;54:120-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.09.029
• [33] S. Rangarajan S, Sunddararaj SP, Sudhakar AVV, Shiva CK, Subramaniam U, Collins ER, et al. Lithium-Ion Batteries—The Crux of Electric Vehicles with Opportunities and Challenges. Clean Technol. 2022;4(4):908–930. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4040056.
• [34] Tolomeo R, De Feo G, Adami R, Osséo LS. Application of life cycle assessment to lithium ion batteries in the automotive sector. Sustain. 2020;12(11):4628. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114628
• [35] Li X, Sengupta T, Mohammed KS, Jamaani F. Forecasting the lithium mineral resources prices in China: Evidence with Fa-cebook Prophet (Fb-P) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) methods. Res Policy. 2023;82:103580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103580
• [36] Squalli J. Environmental hypocrisy? Electric and hybrid vehi-cle adoption and pro-environmental attitudes in the United States. Energy. 2024;293:130670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.130670
• [37] Masias A, Marcicki J, Paxton WA. Opportunities and Chal-lenges of Lithium Ion Batteries in Automotive Applications. ACS Energy Letters. 2021;6:621-630. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c02584
• [38] Theodore AM. Progress into lithium-ion battery research. Journal of Chemical Research. 2023;47(3):17475198231183349. https://doi.org/10.1177/17475198231183349
• [39] Monroe, D. Building a better battery. MRS Bulletin, 2020;45: 246–247. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2020.81