Effects of gender and marital status on the perception of paternalistic leadership: A meta-analysis study

Year 2023, , 507 - 531, 22.09.2023

Mehmet Sabir Çevik

https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.1298691

Abstract

This research aims to determine the overall effect size of gender and marital status on the perception of paternalistic leadership. In line with the research objective, studies on the perception of paternalistic leadership carried out between 2005 and 2022 in Türkiye were analysed with the meta-analysis method. Meta-analysis covered 22 studies on gender (n Gender=9569) and 10 studies on marital status (n Marital Status=6397) on the perception of paternalistic leadership. In this meta-analysis study utilising the random effects model, the Hedges' g value determining the standardised mean difference between the groups was used to calculate the effect sizes, and the origin of the heterogeneity in the research was tried to be determined by the moderator (sub-group) analyses. Research results revealed that the overall effect size of gender on the perception of paternalistic leadership was at a low level, with a value of 0.170, while the effect size of marital status was at a mean level, with a value of -0.523. However, it was determined in the moderator (sub-group) analyses that the effect size led to a statistically significant difference just in terms of sample groups in both gender and marital status variables.

Keywords

Paternalistic leadership, Gender, Marital status, Meta-analysis

References

• Abacı, Ş. (2020). The effects of paternalist leadership behaviors of managers on employees business perceptions: A study in the textile industry [Unpublished master's thesis]. İstanbul Gelişim University.
• Açıkel, C. (2009). Meta analiz ve kanıta dayalı tıptaki yeri [Meta-analysis and its place in evidence based medicine]. Klinik Psikofarmoloji Bülteni, 19(2), 164 172. https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/tr/yayin/detay/100090/
• Afsar, B., & Rehman, M. (2015). The relationship between workplace spirituality and innovative work behavior: The mediating role of perceived person–organization fit. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 12(4), 329 353. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2015.1060515
• Agich, G. (2003). Dependence and autonomy in old age: An ethical framework for long-term care. Cambridge University Press.
• Ağalday, B. (2017). The relationship between primary school principals' paternalistic leadership behaviours and teachers' organizational creativity and organizational dissent levels [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Dicle University.
• Ağalday, B., & Dağlı, A. (2021). The investigation of the relations between paternalistic leadership, organizational creativity and organizational dissent. Research in Educational Administration & Leadership, 6(4), 748-794. https://doi.org/10.30828/real/2021.4.1
• Alev, S. (2020). Okullarda örgütsel sinizmin yordayıcısı olarak lider-üye etkileşimi [Leader-member interaction as a predictor of organizational cynicism in schools]. Trakya Eğitim Dergisi, 10(2), 347-360. https://doi.org/10.24315/tred.618955
• Anwar, H. (2013). Impact of paternalistic leadership on employees outcome a study on the banking sector of Pakistan. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 7(6), 109-115. https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-076109115
• Arslan, Ö. (2016). The correlation between school directors' paternalist leadership level and teachers' organisational cynism level [Unpublished master's thesis]. Uşak University.
• Aycan, Z. (2001). Paternalizm: Yönetim ve liderlik anlayışına ilişkin üç görgül çalışma [Paternalism: Three empirical studies on management and leadership]. Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 11-31. http://yad.baskent.edu.tr/files/2001_cilt_1_1.pdf
• Aycan, Z. (2006). Paternalism: Towards conceptual refinement and operationalization. In K.S. Yang, K.K. Hwang & U. Kim (Eds.), Scientific advances in indigenous psychologies: Empirical, philosophical, and cultural contributions (pp. 445-466). Springer.
• Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R., Mendonca, M., Yu, K., Deller, J., Stahl, G., & Kurshid, A. (2000). Impact of culture on human resource management practices: A 10‐country comparison. Applied Psychology, 49(1), 192-221. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00010
• Aycan, Z., Schyns, B., Sun, J.M., Felfe, J., & Saher, N. (2013). Convergence and divergence of paternalistic leadership: A cross-cultural investigation of prototypes. Journal of International Business Studies, 44, 962-969. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2013.48
• Aydınoğlu, N. (2020). Investigation of the effects of authentic and paternalist leadership behavior of administrators on teachers' motivation, job satisfaction and organizational commitment (Ankara province private schools example) [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. İstanbul Gelişim University.
• Bedi, A. (2020). A meta‐analytic review of paternalistic leadership. Applied Psychology, 69(3), 960-1008. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12186
• Bilici, H.F. (2017). Burnout, work engagement, turnover, paternal leadership and a research [Unpublished master's thesis]. İstanbul Arel University.
• Bing, S. (2004). Sun Tzu was a sissy: Conquer your enemies, promote your friends, and wage the real art of war. Harper Collins.
• Borenstein, M., Hedges, L.V., Higgins, J.P.T., & Rothstein, H.R. (2013). Introduction to meta-analysis. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
• Britton, D.M. (2000). The epistemology of the gendered organization. Gender and Society, 14(3), 418-434. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124300014003004
• Burgazlıoğlu, F. (2022). The effect of y generation employees' paternalist leadership perception on organizational commitment msc thesis [Unpublished master's thesis]. İstanbul Arel University.
• Cansoy, R., Polatcan, M., & Parlar, H. (2020). Paternalistic school principal behaviours and teachers’ participation in decision making: The intermediary role of teachers’ trust in principals. Research in Educational Administration & Leadership, 5(2), 553-584. https://doi.org/10.30828/real/2020.2.8
• Card, N.A. (2011). Applied meta-analysis for social science research: Methodology in the social sciences. Guilford.
• Cerit, Y. (2013). Paternalist liderlik ile öğretmenlere yönelik yıldırma davranışları arasındaki ilişki [The relationship between paternalistic leadership and mobbing behaviors towards teachers]. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(2), 839 851. https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/tr/yayin/detay/145539/
• Cerit, Y., Özdemir, T., & Akgün, N. (2011). Sınıf öğretmenlerinin okul müdürlerinin paternalist liderlik davranışları sergilemelerini istemeye yönelik görüşlerinin bazı demografik değişkenler açısından incelenmesi [Examining the views of classroom teachers on asking school principals to exhibit paternalistic leadership behaviors in terms of some demographic variables]. AİBÜ Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 87-99. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/16836
• Chamundeswari, S. (2013). Job satisfaction and performance of schoolteachers. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3(5), 420 428. https://hrmars.com/papers_submitted/9599/job-satisfaction-and-performance-of-school-teachers.pdf
• Cheng, B.S., Boer, D., Chou, L.F., Huang, M.P., Yoneyama, S., Shim, D., Sun, J.M., Lin, T. T., Chou, W.J., & Tsai, C.Y. (2013). Paternalistic leadership in four east asian societies generalizability and cultural differences of the triad model. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(1), 82-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113490070
• Cheng, B.S., Chou, L.F., Wu, T.Y., Huang, M.P., & Farh, J.L. (2004). Paternalistic leadership and subordinate responses: Establishing a leadership model in Chinese organizations. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 7(1), 89-117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2004.00137.x
• Chu, P.C., & Hung, C.C. (2009). The relationship of paternalistic leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: The mediating effect of upward communication. Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 5(2), 66-73.
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155 159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
• Cooper, H., Hedges, L.V., & Valentine, J.C. (Eds.). (2009). The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis (2. bs.). Sage.
• Cumming, G. (2012). Understanding the new statistics: Effect sizes, confidence intervals, and metaanalysis. Routledge.
• Dağlı, A., & Ağalday, B. (2017). Developing A headmasters’ paternalistic leadership behaviours scale in Turkey. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(30), 190-200. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324063247_Developing_a_Headmasters'_Paternalistic_Leadership_Behaviours_Scale_in_Turkey
• Dağlı, A., & Ağalday, B. (2018). Okul müdürlerinin paternalist liderlik davranışlarının incelenmesi [Examination of school principals' paternalistic leadership behaviors]. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(66), 518 534. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.341663
• Dedahanov, A.T., Bozorov, F., & Sung, S. (2019). Paternalistic leadership and innovative behavior: Psychological empowerment as a mediator. Sustainability, 11(6), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061770
• Deeks, J.J., Higgins, J.P.T. & Altman, D.G. (2008). Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. J.P.T. Higgins & S. Green (Eds.), Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions içinde (s. 243-296). John Wiley & Sons.
• Delice, A. (2020). The relationship between the administrators' paternalistic leadership characteristics and the effectiveness of schools (Kahramanmaraş sample) [Unpublished master's thesis]. Sütçü İmam University.
• Demirer, P. (2012). Is paternalistic leadership empowering: a contingency framework [Unpublished master's thesis]. Koç University.
• Dinçer, S. (2014). Applied meta-analysis in educational sciences. Pegem Academy Publishing.
• Drost, E.A., & Von Glinow, M.A. (1998). Leadership behavior in Mexico: Etic philosophies/emic practices. Research in International Business and International Relations, 7, 3-28.
• Durmaz, C. (2019). The moderator effect of individualism-collectivism and the mediating effect of mobbing on the relationship between paternalistic leadership and organizational cynicism [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Hacettepe University.
• Dursun, İ.E. (2019). The effect of paternalistic leadership behaviors of school principals on creating school culture [Unpublished master's thesis]. Sabahattin Zaim University.
• Ekmen, F., & Okçu, V. (2021). The relation between paternalistic leadership behaviors of school administrators and pre-school teachers job satisfaction. European Journal of Education Studies, 8(6), 142-164. https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v8i6.3776
• Erben, G.S., & Güneşer, A.B. (2008). The relationship between paternalistic leadership and organizational commitment: Investigating the role of climate regarding ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(4), 955-968. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9605-z
• Farh, J.L., & Cheng, B.S. (2000). Paternalistic leadership in Chinese organizations: A cultural analysis. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 13, 127-80. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230511590_5
• Field, A.P., & Gillett, R. (2010). How to do a meta‐analysis. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 63(3), 665-694. https://doi.org/10.1348/000711010X502733
• Fikret-Paşa, S. (2000). Leadership characteristics in the Turkish environment. In Z.Aycan (Ed.), Management, leadership and human resources practices in Turkey (pp. 225-241), Türk Psikologları Derneği.
• Gelfand, M.J., Erez, M., & Aycan, Z. (2007). Cross-cultural organizational behavior. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 58, 479 514. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085559
• Göncü, A., Aycan, Z., & Johnson, R.E. (2014). Effects of paternalistic and transformational leadership on follower outcomes. International Journal of Management and Business, 5(1), 36-58. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118785317.weom060156
• Gürlek, M., Yeşiltaş, M., Tuna, M., Kanten, P., & Çeken, H., (2020). Paternalistic leadership and organizational identification: The mediating role of forgiveness climate. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 1(1), 1 29. http://acikerisim.mu.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12809/6271/%C3%87eken.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
• Hatipoğlu, Z., Akduman, G., & Demir, B. (2019). Babacan liderlik tarzının çalışan görev performansı ve duygusal bağlılık üzerindeki etkisi [The effect of paternalistic leadership style on employee task performance and emotional commitment]. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(1), 279-292. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2019.599
• Hayek, M., Novicevic, M.M., Humphreys, J.H., & Jones, N. (2010). Ending the denial of slavery in management history: Paternalist leadership of Joseph Emory Davis. Journal of Management History, 16(3), 367-379. https://doi.org/10.1108/17511341011051252
• Higgins, J.P.T., & Thompson, S.G. (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 21, 1539-1558. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1186
• Hofstede, G.H. (2006). What did globe really measure? Researchers’ minds versus respondents’ minds. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(6), 882 896. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400233
• House, R.J., Hanges, P.J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P.W., & Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, leadership, & organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Sage Publications.
• Huse, M., & Mussolino, D. (2008). Paternalism and governance in family firms. ICSB World Conference, June 22-25, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
• İnceöz, S., & Uslu, T. (2022). Paternalist, açık ve ilişki odaklı liderlik tarzlarının, çalışanların kurumsal yönetişim algıları ile ilişkilerinin incelenmesi [Examination of the relationship between paternalistic, open and relationship-oriented leadership styles and employees' perceptions of corporate governance]. Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 5(12), 1690-1713. https://www.sobibder.org/index.php/sobibder/article/view/352
• Jackson, T. (2016). Paternalistic leadership: Themissing link in cross-cultural leadership studies? International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 16(1), 3 7. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595816637701
• Kara, E., Kaya, A., Başboğa, M.İ., Güvel, Ş., Çelik, C., & Koçak, B. (2020). Paternalist liderlik ve işten ayrılma niyeti üzerine bir araştırma [A research on paternalistic leadership and turnover intention]. BMIJ, 8(4): 118-138. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v8i4.1710
• Karşu Cesur, D. (2015). The relationship between paternalistic leadership and organizational culture: The case of Sakarya University [Unpublished master's thesis]. Sakarya University.
• Kılıç, E. (2019). With the paternalist leadership levels of school managers the relationship between teachers' perceptions of organizational support [Unpublished master's thesis]. Uşak University.
• Koç, E. (2019). Investigation of the relationship between job satisfaction of the employees in provincial directorate of youth and sports and paternalist leadership [Unpublished master's thesis]. Marmara University.
• Korkmaz, F. (2018). The mediating role of employee's work engagement in the effect on organizational identification of paternalistic leadership behaviour a comperative analysis between public and private sector [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Kırıkkale University.
• Korkmaz, F., Gökdeniz, İ., & Zorlu, K. (2018). Paternalist liderlik davranışının örgütsel özdeşleşme üzerindeki etkisinde çalışanların işe tutkunluk düzeylerinin aracılık rolü [The mediating role of employees' work engagement in the effect of paternalistic leadership behavior on organizational identification]. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(3), 950-973. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2018.508
• Korkmaz, M. (2005). Duyguların ve liderlik stillerinin öğretmenlerin performansı üzerinde etkisi [The effect of emotions and leadership styles on teachers' performance]. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 43, 401 422. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/kuey/issue/10354/126786
• Köksal, O. (2011). Paternalizm ile algılanan örgütsel adalet arasındaki ilişkinin tespitine yönelik bir araştırma [A research on the determination of the relationship between paternalism and perceived organizational justice] Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(2), 159 170. https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/tr/yayin/detay/130930/
• Kurt, İ. (2013). Babacan liderlik ile çalışanların işlerine yaratıcı katılım algıları arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaya yönelik bir çalışma [A study to investigate the relationship between paternalistic leadership and employees' perceptions of creative participation in their work]. Sosyal ve Beşerî Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 321 330. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/117364
• Lee, J.Y., Jang, S.H., & Lee, S.Y. (2018). Paternalistic leadership and knowledge sharing with outsiders in emerging economies: Based on social exchange relations within the China context. Personnel Review, 47(5), 1094-1115. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-03-2017-0068
• Liang, S.K., Ling, H.C., & Hsieh, S.Y. (2007). The mediating effects of leader-member exchange quality to influence the relationship between paternalistic leadership and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of American Academy of Business, 10(2), 127-137.
• Liao, S., Widowati, R., Hu, D., & Tasman, L. (2017). The mediating effect of psychological contract in the relationships between paternalistic leadership and turnover intention for foreign workers in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Management Review, 22(2), 80-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2016.08.003
• Lin, C.P., Lin, M.Z., & Li, Y.B. (2015). An empirical study on the effect of paternalistic leadership on employees’ voice behaviors–the intermediary role of psychological empowerment. Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics, 18(6), 789 810. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720502.2015.1108089
• Lipsey, M.W., & Wilson, D.B. (2001). Practical meta analysis. SAGE Publications.
• Makowski, D., Piraux, F., & Brun, F. (2019). From experimental network to meta-analysis: Methods and applications with R for agronomic and environmental sciences. Springer.
• Martinez, P.G. (2003). Paternalism as a positive form of leader subordinate exchange. Management Research, 1(3), 227-242. https://doi.org/10.1108/15365430380000529
• Mert, P., & Özgenel, M. (2020). A relational research on paternalist leadership behaviors perceived by teachers and teachers' performance. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 15(2), 41-60. https://doi.org/10.29329/epasr.2020.251.3
• Mete, Y.A., & Serin, H. (2015). Okul yöneticilerinin babacan liderlik davranışı ile öğretmenlerin örgütsel vatandaşlık ve örgütsel sinizm davranışları arasındaki ilişki [The relationship between school administrators' fatherly leadership behavior and teachers' organizational citizenship and organizational cynicism behaviors]. Hasan Âli Yücel Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(2), 147 159. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iuhayefd/issue/8803/110083
• Miles, M.B., & Huberman, A.M. (2002). The qualitative researcher’s companion. Sage Publications.
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., & The PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
• Mulla, Z.R., & Krishnan, V. (2012). Effects of beliefs in Indian philosophy: Paternalism and citizenship behaviors. Great Lakes Herald, 6(2), 26 35. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234065950_Effects_of_Beliefs_in_Indian_Philosophy_Paternalism_and_Citizenship_Behaviors
• Mullen, B., Muellerleile, P., & Bryant, B. (2001). Cumulative meta-analysis: A consideration of indicators of sufficiency and stability. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(11), 1450-1462. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672012711006
• Mumford, M.D., Ginamaire, M.S., Blaine, G., & Jill, M.S. (2002). Leading creative people: Orchestrating expertise and relationships. Leadership Quarterly. 13(6), 705-750. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00158-3
• Mussolino, D., & Calabro, A. (2014). Paternalistic leadership in family firms: Types and implications for intergenerational succession. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 5(2), 197-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2013.09.003
• Nahrgang, J., Morgeson, F., & Ilies, R. (2009). The development of leader-member exchanges: Exploring how personality and performance influence leader and member relationships over time. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108, 256-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.09.002
• Nal, M. (2018). An analysis of the relationship between health administrators' paternalistic leadership behavior, employee job satisfaction and perceptions of organizational justice [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Marmara University.
• Nigama, K., Selvabaskar, S., Surulivel, S.T., Alamelu, R., & Joice, D.U. (2018). Job satisfaction among school teachers. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 119(7), 2645-255. https://acadpubl.eu/jsi/2018-119-7/articles/7c/80.pdf
• Özgenel, M., & Canuylasu, R. (2021). Okul müdürlerinin paternalist liderlik davranışlarının örgütsel mutluluğa etkisi [The effect of school principals' paternalistic leadership behaviors on organizational happiness]. Eğitim ve Teknoloji, 3(1), 14 31. https://doi.org/10.26677/TR1010.2020.361
• Özgenel, M., & Dursun, İ.E. (2020). Okul müdürlerinin paternalist liderlik davranışlarının okul kültürüne etkisi [The effect of school principals' paternalistic leadership behaviors on school culture]. Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 3(4), 284 302. https://doi.org/10.26677/TR1010.2020.361
• Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Sage Publications.
• Pellegrini, E.K., & Scandura, T.A. (2006). Leader-member exchange (LMX), paternalism, and delegation in the Turkish business culture: An empirical investigation. Journal of International Business Studies, 37, 264 79. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400185
• Pellegrini, E.K., Scandura, T.A., & Jayaraman, V. (2010). Cross-cultural generalizability of paternalistic leadership: An expansion of leader-member exchange theory. Group & Organization Management, 35(4), 391-420. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601110378456
• Petticrew, M., & Roberts, H. (2006). Systematic reviews in the social sciences. Blackwell Publishing.
• Pigott, T.D., & Polanin, J.R. (2020). Methodological guidance paper: High-quality meta-analysis in a systematic review. Review of Educational Research, 90(1), 24-46. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654319877153
• Rothstein, H.R., Sutton, A.J., & Borenstein, M. (2005). Publication bias in meta-analysis: Prevention, assessment and adjustments. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
• Salminen-Karlsson, M. (2015). Expatriate paternalistic leadership and gender relations in small European software firms in India. Culture and Organization, 21(5), 409-426. https://doi.org/10.1080/14759551.2015.1068776
• Sarı, T. (2021). The relationship between school administrators 'paternalist leadership behavior and teachers' job satisfaction [Unpublished master's thesis]. Ondokuz Mayıs University.
• Saylık, A. (2017). The relationship between paternalistic leadership behaviours of school principals and culture dimensions of Hofstede [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Ankara University.
• Saylık, A., & Aydın, İ. (2020). Okul müdürlerinin paternalist liderlik davranışları ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Development of The Paternalist Leadership Behavior Scale of School Principals: Validity and Reliability Study]. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1), 273 300. https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.631892
• Shi, X., Yu, Z., & Zheng, X. (2020) Exploring the relationship between paternalistic leadership, teacher commitment, and job satisfaction in Chinese schools. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01481
• Soylu, S. (2011). Creating a family or loyaltybased framework: The effects of paternalistic leadership on workplace bullying. Journal of Business Ethics, 99(2), 217-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0651-6
• Stahl, M.J. (2007). The influential leader. Leader to Leader, 46, 49 54. https://doi.org/10.1002/ltl.257
• Stewart, D.W., & Kamins, M.A. (2001). Developing a coding scheme and coding study reports. M.W. Lipsey, & D.B. Wilson (Eds.), Practical meta‐analysis (pp. 73-90). Sage.
• Suber, P. (1999). Paternalism. In Christopher Berry Gray (Ed.), Philosophy of law: An encyclopedia (pp. 632-635). Garland Pub. II.
• Sun, J.M., & Wang, B. (2009). Servant leadership in China: Conceptualization and measurement. In W.H. Mobley, and Y.W. Ming Li (Eds.), Advances in global leadership (pp. 321-344). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
• Şen, S., & Yıldırım, İ. (2020). CMA ile meta analiz uygulamaları. Anı Yayıncılık.
• Taşdemir, İ., & Atalmış, E.H. (2021). Okul müdürlerinin paternalist liderlik davranışları ile yaratıcı liderlik özellikleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Examining the relationship between school principals' paternalistic leadership behaviors and creative leadership characteristics]. Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 84 103. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sakaefd/issue/62657/944598
• Türesin Tetik, H., & Köse, S. (2015). Örgüt çalışanlarının paternalistik liderlik algıları ve öğrenilmiş güçlülük düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi [Investıgatıon of the relatıonshıp between perceptıons of paternalıstıc leadershıp and learned resourcefulness levels of the employees]. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 11(26), 29-56. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.2015.11.26.352
• Üstün, U., & Eryılmaz, A. (2014). Etkili araştırma sentezleri yapabilmek için bir araştırma yöntemi: Meta-analiz [A research methodology to conduct effective research syntheses: Meta-Analysis]. Eğitim ve Bilim, 39(174), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2014.3379
• Violato, C. (2019). Assessing competence in medicine and other health professions. CRC Press.
• Wang, A.C., & Cheng, B.S. (2010). When does benevolent leadership lead to creativity? The moderating role of creative role identity and job autonomy. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(1), 106-121. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.634
• Westwood, R.I. (1997). Harmony and patriarchy: The cultural basis for paternalistic headship among the overseas Chinese. Organization Studies, 18, 445 480. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069701800305
• Wu, M., Huang, X., Li, C., & Liu, W. (2011). Perceived interactional justice and trust-in supervisor as mediators for paternalistic leadership. Management and Organization Review, 8(1), 97-121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2011.00283.x
• Yeh, H.R., Chi, H.K., Chiou, C.Y. (2008). The influences of paternalistic leadership, job stress, and organizational commitment on organizational performance: An empirical of policeman in Taiwan. The Journal of International Management Studies, 3(2), 85-91. http://nhuir.nhu.edu.tw/bitstream/987654321/27172/1/The+Influences+of+Paternalistic.pdf
• Yukl, G. (2008). Leadership in organizations. Prentice Hall.
• Zhang, Y., Huai, M.Y., & Xie, Y.H. (2015). Paternalistic leadership and employee voice in China: A dual process model. The Leadership Quarterly, 26, 25 36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.01.002
• Zheng, X., Shi, X., & Liu, Y. (2020). Leading teachers’ emotions like parents: Relationships between paternalistic leadership, emotional labor and teacher commitment in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00519