The thematic content analysis of the scales used in citizenship education

Öz

This study aimed to scrutinize the scales used in citizenship education in Turkey through thematic content analysis. In the study, all of the scales developed/adapted within the scope of citizenship education without a year limitation were reviewed and 56 scales found in these studies were evaluated. The document analysis was used as the method of data collection. It was determined that the scales examined in the study were mostly published within the scope of doctoral dissertations and articles. Most of the scales were developed/adapted in 2016, a great majority of which were developed by researchers themselves whereas a small number of which were adapted from other cultures into Turkish. The most frequently used key words in the studies where the scales were available were “citizenship”, “social studies” and “citizenship education”. The sample mostly used in the scales were composed of university students and the most frequently used sample size included 201-300 participants. It was concluded that the relevant scales considered multi-factor structures in relation to citizenship. In addition, a number of deficiencies were found in analysing the psychometric properties and recommendations were made accordingly.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Citizenship
• Citizenship education
• Scale development
• Scale adaptation
• Thematic content analysis

References

1. Acar Güvendir, M., & Özer Özkan, Y. (2015). Türkiye’deki eğitim alanında yayımlanan bilimsel dergilerde ölçek geliştirme ve uyarlama konulu makalelerin incelenmesi [The examination of scale development and scale adaptation articles published in Turkish academic journals on education]. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 14(52), 23–33. https://doiorg/1017755/esosder54872
2. Almanasreh, E., Moles, R., & Chen, T.F. (2019). Evaluation of methods used for estimating content validity. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 15(2), 214–221. https://doiorg/101016/jsapharm201803066
3. Beseler, C.L., Jones, L.M., & Mitchell, K.J. (2021). Measuring online prosocial behaviors in primary school children: Psychometric properties of the online civility scale. Contemporary School Psychology. https://doiorg/101007/s40688-021-00401-5
4. Boztunç Öztürk, N., & Şahin, M.G. (2021). Bilimsel araştırmaya temel oluşturan ölçme kavramları [Measurement concepts that form the basis of scientific research]. In B. Çetin, M. İlhan, & M. G. Şahin, (Eds.), Eğitimde araştırma yöntemleri [Research methods in education], (pp 1–34). Pegem.
5. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research Psychology, 3(2), 77 101. Retrieved from https://wwwtandfonlinecom/doi/abs/101191/1478088706qp063oa
6. Cattell, R.B. (1978). The scientific use of factor analysis in behavioral and life sciences. Plenum
7. Chandu V.C., Marella Y., Panga, G.S., Pachava, S., & Vadapalli, V. (2020). Measuring the impact of COVID-19 on mental health: A scoping review of the existing scales. Indian J Psychol Med, 42(5), 421–427. https://doiorg/101177%2F0253717620946439
8. Cramer, D. (2003). Advanced Quantitative Data Analysis. McGraw Hill Education.

9. Çalık, M., Ayas, A., & Ebenezer, J. V. (2005). A review of solution chemistry studies: Insights into students’ conceptions. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 14(1), 29–50. Retrieved from: https://linkspringercom/article/101007/s10956-005-2732-3
10. Çalık, M., & Sözbilir, M. (2014). Parameters of content analysis. Education and Science, 39(174), 33–38. https://doiorg/1015390/EB20143412
11. Çelik, D., & Yüksel, G. (2020). Müzik eğitimi kapsamında yapılan ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarının çok yönlü incelenmesi [Versatile analysis of scale development studies conducted within the scope of music education]. Journal of the Human and Social Science Researches, 9(5), 4059–4087. https://doiorg/1015869/itobiad793488
12. Çermik, E., & Akçay, B. (2020). Çevresel vatandaşlık bilgi testinin geliştirilmesi ve ortaokul öğrencilerinin bilgi düzeylerinin belirlenmesi [Developing environmental citizenship knowledge test and determining the knowledge levels of secondary school students]. Turkish Studies - Education, 15(2), 731 750. https://dxdoiorg/1029228/TurkishStudies42112
13. Çüm, S., & Koç, N. (2013). Türkiye’de psikoloji ve eğitim bilimleri dergilerinde yayımlanan ölçek geliştirme ve uyarlama çalışmalarının incelenmesi [The review of scale development and adaptation studies which have been published in psychology and educatıon journals in Turkey]. Education Science and Practice, 12(24), 115–135.
14. Delice, A., & Ergene, Ö. (2015). Investigation of scale development and adaptation studies: an example of mathematics education articles. Karaelmas Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(1), 60–75. Retrieved from https://dergiparkorgtr/en/download/article-file/2160898
15. Erdem, C., & Koçyiğit, M. (2019, April 25–28). Adapting the digital citizenship scale to Turkish: validity and reliability study [Conference presentation abstract]. 28th International Conference on Educational Sciences (ICES 2019), Ankara, Turkey.
16. Ergene, Ö. (2020). Matematik eğitimi alanında ölçek geliştirme ve ölçek uyarlama makaleleri: betimsel içerik analizi [Scale development and adaptation articles in the field of mathematics education: descriptive content analysis]. Journal of Education for Life, 34(2), 360–383. https://doiorg/1033308/266748742020342207
17. Eurydice (European Commission/EACEA/) (2012). Citizenship education in Europe. Author.
18. Eurydice (European Commission/EACEA/) (2017). Citizenship education at school in Europe – 2017 Eurydice Report. Publications Office of the European Union.
19. Gezer, M. (2020). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin perspektifinden iyi insan iyi vatandaş [Good human good citizen from the perspective of secondary school students]. Çukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 49(2), 995–1024. https://doiorg/1014812/cufej673422
20. Hadjichambis, A.C., & Paraskeva-Hadjichambi, D. (2021). Environmental citizenship questionnaire (ECQ): The development and validation of an evaluation instrument for secondary school students. Sustainability, 12(3), 821 833. https://doiorg/103390/su12030821
21. Homer, S.T. (2020, Jul 4-5). Perceived corporate citizenship: A scale development and validation study adopting a bottom-up approach [Conference full text]. 2 International European Conference on Interdisciplinary Scientific Researches Full Text Book, pp 431–440.
22. İşman, A., & Güngören, Ö. C. (2014). Dijital vatandaşlık [Digital citizenship]. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 13(1), 73–77. Retrieved from http://wwwtojetnet/articles/v13i1/1317pdf
23. Kalaycıoğlu, S., & Çelik, K. (2008). Genç insanın vatandaş olma ve tanınma hakkı [Young Person’s Right to Become Citizen and to be Recognized]. İnsan Hakları Yıllığı, 26, 41–57. Retrieved from https://dergiparkorgtr/tr/pub/ihy/issue/61998/928117
24. Kanten, P., & Arda, B. (2020). Yönetim ve örgütsel davranış yazınındaki ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarının metodolojik açıdan analizi [The methodological analysis of scale development studies in management and organizational behavior fields]. Business and Economics Research Journal, 11(2), 581–590. https://doiorg/1020409/berj2020269
25. Karatekin, K., & Uysal, C. (2018). Ekolojik vatandaşlık ölçeği geliştirme çalışması [Ecological citizenship scale development study]. International Electronic Journal of Environmental Education, 8(2), 82–104.
26. Kaya Uyanık, G., Güler, N., Taşdelen Teker, G., & Demir, S. (2017). Türkiye’de eğitim alanında yayımlanan ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarının uygunluğunun çok yüzeyli rasch modeli ile incelenmesi [Investigation of scale development studies conducted in educational sciences published in Turkey by many-faceted rasch model]. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 8(2), 183–199. https://doiorg/1021031/epod291367
27. Kerr, D. (1999). Citizenship education in the curriculum: An international review. The School Field: International Journal of Theory and Research in Education, 10(3/4), 5–31. Retrieved from http://citeseerxistpsuedu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10115852377
28. Kim, M., & Choi, D. (2018). Development of youth digital citizenship scale and ımplication for educational setting. Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), 155–171. Retrieved from https://wwwjstororg/stable/26273877?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
29. Lo, K.W.K., Kwan, K.P., Ngai, G., & Chan, S.C.F. (2019, January 10–12). Cross-cultural validation of the global citizenship scale for measuring impacts of international service-learning in Hong Kong setting [Paper presentation]. The 3rd International Conference on Service-Learning, Hong Kong.
30. Loobuyck, P. (2021). The policy shift towards citizenship education in Flanders How can it be explained?. Journal of Currıculum Studies, 53(1), 65 82. https://doiorg/101080/0022027220201820081
31. Nowell, L.S., Norris, J.M., White, D.M., & Moules, N.J. (2017). Thematic Analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16, 1–13. https://doiorg/101177%2F1609406917733847
32. Özel, S. (2007). Küreselleşme döneminde vatandaşlık. Retrieved from http://wwwanayasagovtr/files/pdf/anayasa_yargisi/soli_ozelpdf
33. Schugurensky, D. (2005). Citizenship and citizenship education: Canada in an international context. Text prepared as input for discussion for the course AEC3131 ON.
34. Şahin, İ.F., & Çermik, F. (2014). Küresel vatandaşlık ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması [Turkish adaptation of global citizenship scale: Reliability and validity]. Eastern Geographical Review, 31, 207–218. https://doiorg/1017295/dcd30443
35. Şahin, M.G., & Boztunç Öztürk, N. (2018). Eğitim alanında ölçek geliştirme süreci: Bir içerik analizi çalışması [Scale development process in educational field: a content analysis research]. Kastamonu Education Journal, 26(1), 191 199. https://doi:1024106/kefdergi375863
36. Şahin, M., Şahin, S., & Göğebakan Yıldız, D. (2016). Sosyal bilgiler eğitimi programı ve dünya vatandaşlığı: Öğretmen adaylarının perspektifinden [The curriculum of social studies education and World citizenship: From perspective of prospective teachers]. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 31(2), 369 390. http://dxdoiorg/1016986/HUJE2016015386
37. Taşdelen Teker, G., & Güler, N. (2019). Thematic content analysis of studies using generalizability theory. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 6(2), 279–299. http://dxdoiorg/1021449/ijate569996
38. Tavşancıl, E., Güler, G., & Ayan, C. (2014, Jun 9–13). Review of attitude scales developed in Turkey between 2002 and 2012 regarding scale developing process [Conference presentation abstract]. 4th Congress on Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology (EPOD 2014), Ankara, Turkey.
39. Tosun, C., & Taşkesenligil, Y. (2014, Sep 11–14). Document analysis of scales and achievement tests developed/adapted in the field of science education in Turkey [Conference presentation abstract]. XI National Science and Mathematics Education Congress, Adana, Turkey.
40. Warrens, M.J. (2015). On Cronbach’s alpha as the mean of all split-half reliabilities. Quantitative Psychology Research, 89, 293-300. https://doiorg/101007/978-3-319-07503-7_18
41. Ültay, N., & Çalık, M. (2012). A thematic review of studies into the effectiveness of context-based chemistry curricula. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 26(6), 686–701. https://doiorg/101007/s10956-011-9357-5
42. Yazıcı, S., Arslan, H., Çetin, E., & Dil, K. (2017). Aktif yurttaşlık ölçme aracının geliştirilmesi üzerine bir çalışma [A study on the development of active citizen questionnaire]. International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 12(13), 1–22. http://dxdoiorg/107827/TurkishStudies11645
43. Yurdabakan, İ., & Çüm, S. (2017). Davranış bilimlerinde ölçek geliştirme (Açıklayıcı Faktör Analizine Dayalı) [Scale development in behavioral sciences (Based on exploratory factor analysis)]. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 11(2), 108–126. https://doiorg/1021763/tjfmpc317880
44. Yıldırım, C. (2018). Ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin demokratik vatandaşlık tutumlarının resmi ve örtük program açısından incelenmesi [The examination of the secondary education students’ democratic citizenship attitudes towards the formal and hidden curriculum] [Doctoral thesis]. Adnan Menderes University.
45. Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2011). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences]. Seçkin.