Video annotation tools for assessing psychomotor skills in nursing education: A scoping review

Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: 4, 1106 - 1127

Greet Leysens , Rani Claus Wim Van Petegem Nathalie Charlier

https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.1713558

Abstract

Video annotation tools can improve assessments by enabling visualization, repeated reviews, and structured feedback, thereby promoting deeper learning. This approach is particularly relevant in health professional education, where acquiring psychomotor skills is essential. No recent reviews have focused specifically on video annotation tools for assessing psychomotor skills in nursing education. This scoping review explores tools that facilitate feedback and assessment of psychomotor performances, with a focus on those customizable for nursing-specific psychomotor skills. Included studies are published in peer-reviewed journals and utilize software that allows for annotation of psychomotor performances, integration of feedback criteria and customization for nursing education. Studies employing video annotation tools solely for machine learning algorithms or for non-psychomotor performances are excluded. Literature searches were conducted using PubMed, Web of Science Core collection, CINAHL via EBSCO, Scopus, EuropePMC, CENTRAL via Cochrane Library, ERIC via OVID, FiS Bildung, SportDiscus via EBSCO, IEEE and ACM digital library. Additional searches included snowballing and Google. The initial screening identified 18 video annotation tools. Following a second screening phase, seven tools were excluded due to the absence of essential features, such as support for multiple camera angles or isochronic annotation. Ultimately, we highlight four customizable tools that are particularly relevant to nursing education. This scoping review provides a springboard for the development of a tailored video annotation tool that builds on existing software. The aim of such a tool will be to streamline feedback and assessment processes, enhance learning outcomes for nursing students, and provide nursing lecturers with an efficient, practice-aligned solution.

Keywords

Video-based assessment , Psychomotor skill acquisition , Technology-enhanced learning , Nursing education , Video annotation

Thanks

The authors wish to thank Thomas Vandendriessche, Anouk D’Hont, Norin Hamouda, Krizia Tuand and Chayenne Van Meel, the reference librarians of KU Leuven Libraries – 2Bergen (Leuven, Belgium), for their help in conducting the systematic literature search.

References

• Abdelrasoul, E., Mahmoud, I., Stergiou, P., & Katz, L. (2015). The accuracy of a real time sensor in an instrumented basketball. Procedia Engineering, 112, 202 206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.200
• Amri-Dardari, A., Mkaouer, B., Amara, S., Hammoudi-Nassib, S., Habacha, H., & Zohra BenSalah, F. (2022). Immediate effect of self-Modelling with internal versus external focus of attention on teaching/learning gymnastics motor-skills. Journal of Human Kinetics, 84(1), 224-232. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0103
• Amri-Dardari, A., Mkaouer, B., Nassib, S.H., Amara, S., Amri, R., & Ben Salah, F.Z. (2020). The effects of video modeling and simulation on teaching / learning basic vaulting jump on the vault table. Science of Gymnastics Journal, 12(3), 325 344. https://doi.org/10.52165/sgj.12.3.325-344
• Andrews, B.S., & Bressan, E.S. (2018). The effect of synchronised metronome training: a case study in a single leg, below knee Paralympic sprinter. African journal of Disability, 7(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v7i0.367
• Ardley, J., & Hallare, M. (2020). The feedback cycle: Lessons learned with video annotation software during student teaching. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 49(1), 94-112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239520912343
• Ardley, J., & Johnson, J. (2019). Video annotation software in teacher education: Researching university supervisor’s perspective of a 21st-century technology. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 47(4), 479-499. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239518812715
• Aubert, O., Prié, Y., & Canellas, C. (2014). Leveraging video annotations in video-based e-learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1404.4607. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1404.4607
• Bahula, T., & Kay, R. (2021). Exploring student perceptions of video-based feedback in higher education: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 21(4), 248-258. https://doi.org/10.33423/jhetp.v21i4.4224
• Barris, S., & Button, C. (2008). A review of vision-based motion analysis in sport. Sports Medicine, 38(12), 1025-1043. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838120-00006
• Beseler, B., Plumb, M.S., Spittle, M., Johnson, N.F., Harvey, J.T., & Mesagno, C. (2024). Examining single session peer-teaching instructional approaches on pre-service physical education teachers' throwing techniques. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 131(1), 246-266. https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125231214126
• Bobo, L., Benson, A.A., & Green, M. (2012). The effect of self-reported efficacy on clinical skill performance. Athletic Training Education Journal, 7(4), 176 186. https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/kinesiology/27
• Cabarkapa, D., Fry, A.C., Cabarkapa, D.V., Myers, C.A., Jones, G.T., & Deane, M.A. (2021). Kinetic and kinematic characteristics of proficient and non-proficient 2-point and 3-point basketball shooters. Sports (Basel), 10(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10010002
• Carzoli, J.P., Sousa, C.A., Helms, E.R., & Zourdos, M.C. (2022). Agreement between Kinovea video analysis and the open barbell system for resistance training movement outcomes. Journal of human kinetics, 81(1), 27-39. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0003
• Cassano, G., & Di Blas, N. (2023). A tool to support students-to-teacher feedback in asynchronous online contexts. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 17, 585-593. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2023.3273109
• Catapult. (n.d.). Sports video analysis software. https://www.catapult.com/solutions/video-analysis
• CCC Software. (2025). Utilius fairplay 5. https://ccc-sportsoftware.de/en/produkte/utilius-fairplay-5/
• Chiappedi, M., Togni, R., De Bernardi, E., Baschenis, I.M.C., Battezzato, S., Balottin, U., Toffola, E.D., & Bejor, M. (2012). Arm trajectories and writing strategy in healthy children. BMC Pediatrics, 12(1), 173-173. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-12-173
• Chorney, J.M.L., & Kain, Z.N. (2009). Behavioral analysis of children's response to induction of anesthesia. Anesthesia and analgesia, 109(5), 1434 1440. https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e3181b412cf
• CoachNow. (n.d.). Welcome to ConnectedCoaching. https://coachnow.io/
• Dadashi, F., Crettenand, F., Millet, G.P., Seifert, L., Komar, J., & Aminian, K. (2013). Automatic front-crawl temporal phase detection using adaptive filtering of inertial signals. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(11), 1251 1260. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.778420
• Dartfish. (2025). Video analysis solutions for sports performance. https://www.dartfish.com/
• Douglas, K.A., Lang, J., & Colasante, M. (2014). The challenges of blended learning using a media annotation tool. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.53761/1.11.2.7
• Dove, E., & Astell, A.J. (2019). Kinect Project: People with dementia or mild cognitive impairment learning to play group motion-based games. Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions, 5(1), 475 482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trci.2019.07.008
• Earp, J.E., Newton, R.U., Cormie, P., & Blazevich, A.J. (2016). Faster movement speed results in greater tendon strain during the loaded squat exercise. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, 366-366. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00366
• Epstein, I., Baljko, M., Thumlert, K., Kelly, E., Smith, J.A., Su, Y., Zaki-Azat, J., & May, N.M. (2020). "A video of myself helps me learn": A scoping review of the evidence of video-making for situated learning. International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 14(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.20429/ijsotl.2020.140109
• Evi-Colombo, A., Cattaneo, A., & Bétrancourt, M. (2020). Technical and pedagogical affordances of video annotation: A literature review. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 29(3), 193-226. https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/215718/.
• Frehner, E., Tulloch, A., & Glaister, K. (2012). “Mirror, mirror on the wall”: The power of video feedback to enable students to prepare for clinical practice. In Herrington, A., Schrape, J., & Singh, K. (Eds.), Engaging students with learning technologies (1-14). Curtin University.
• Gabin, B., Camerino, O., Anguera, M.T., & Castañer, M. (2012). Lince: Multiplatform sport analysis software. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 4692-4694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.320
• Gonzalvo, A.R.A., Esparza Yánez, D., Tricás Moreno, J.M., & Lucha López, M.O. (2017). Validation of a force platform clinical for the assessment of vertical jump height. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 12(2), 367-379. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2017.122.13
• Hands, B.P., Parker, H., Coffey, A., Clark-Burg, K., Das, A., Gerrard, P., Hackett, C., Jenkins, S., MacNish, J., & Miller, D. (2009). The PHENC Project final report: Interactive video analysis to develop learning and assessment of university students’ practical and communication skills. https://ltr.edu.au/resources/CG7-385_Notre%20Dame_Hands_Final%20Report_v2_May09.pdf
• Hudl. (n.d.). Hudl Sportscode fully customizable performance analysis. https://www.hudl.com/en_gb/products/sportscode
• INACSL. (2011). Standard I: Terminology. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 7(4), S3-S7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2011.05.005
• Ishac, K., & Eager, D. (2021). Evaluating martial arts punching kinematics using a vision and inertial sensing system. Sensors, 21(6), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21061948
• Judge, L.W., Hunter, I., & Gilreath, E. (2008). Using sport science to improve coaching: A case study of the American record holder in the women's hammer throw. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 3(4), 477-488. https://doi.org/10.1260/174795408787186440
• Kinovea. (n.d.). A microscope for your videos https://www.kinovea.org/
• Lago-Fuentes, C., Rey, E., Padrón-Cabo, A., Sal de Rellán-Guerra, A., Fragueiro-Rodríguez, A., & García-Núñez, J. (2018). Effects of core strength training using stable and unstable surfaces on physical fitness and functional performance in professional female futsal players. Journal of human kinetics, 65(1), 213-224. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0029
• Lam, C., & Habil, H. (2021a). Enriching student learning through video-annotated peer feedback activity: A guide. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 10(3), 46-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v10-i3/10712
• Lam, C., & Habil, H. (2021b). The use of video annotation in education: A review. Asian Journal of University Education, 17(4), 84-94. https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v17i4.16208
• Laughlin, M.K., Hodges, M., & Iraggi, T. (2019). Deploying video analysis to boost instruction and assessment in physical education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 90(5), 23-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2019.1580637
• Leysens, G., Claus, R., Van Petegem, W., & Charlier, N. (December 20, 2024). Video annotation tools to improve psychomotor skills in health professional education: a scoping review protocol (Version V1) KU Leuven RDR. https://doi.org/10.48804/PWWPOD
• Liebermann, D.G., Katz, L., Hughes, M.D., Bartlett, R.M., McClements, J., & Franks, I.M. (2002). Advances in the application of information technology to sport performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20(10), 755-769. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404102320675611
• LINCE PLUS. (2025). LINCE PLUS sports training, reimagined. https://lince-plus.com/
• Loukas, C., Gazis, A., & Kanakis, M.A. (2020). Surgical performance analysis and classification based on video annotation of laparoscopic tasks. Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, 24(4), e2020.00057. https://doi.org/10.4293/JSLS.2020.00057
• Martins, J., Baptista, R., Coutinho, V., Fernandes, M., & Fernandes, A. (2018). Simulation in nursing and midwifery education. WHO. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/345156/WHO-EURO-2018-3296-43055-60253-eng.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
• Mayer, R.E. (2014). The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning, edited by Richard E. Mayer, University of California, Santa Barbara (Second Edition ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Maykut, J.N., Taylor-Haas, J.A., Paterno, M.V., DiCesare, C.A., & Ford, K.R. (2015). Concurrent validity and reliability of 2d kinematic analysis of frontal plane motion during running. International journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 10(2), 136-146.
• McDonald, D.A., Delgadillo, J.Q., Fredericson, M., McConnell, J., Hodgins, M., & Besier, T.F. (2011). Reliability and accuracy of a video analysis protocol to assess core ability. PM & R: the Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation, 3(3), 204 211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.12.007
• McFadden, J., Ellis, J., Anwar, T., & Roehrig, G. (2014). Beginning science teachers' use of a digital video annotation tool to promote reflective practices. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 23(3), 458-470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-013-9476-2
• Miles, D.A. (2018). Simulation learning and transfer in undergraduate nursing education: A grounded theory study. Journal of Nursing Education, 57(6), 347-353. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20180522-05
• Myer, G.D., Ford, K.R., Brent, J.L., & Hewett, T.E. (2012). An integrated approach to change the outcome part I: Neuromuscular screening methods to identify high ACL injury risk athletes. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 26(8), 2265-2271. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825c2b8f
• Nagel, I., & Engeness, I. (2021). Peer feedback with video annotation to promote student teachers’ reflections. Acta Didactica Norden, 15(3), 24. https://doi.org/10.5617/ADNO.8192
• Noldus. (2025). The Observer XT. https://www.noldus.com/observer-xt
• O'Donoghue, P., & Holmes, L. (2014). Data analysis in sport. Routledge.
• Oliveira, A., Pinho, C., Monteiro, S., Marcos, A., & Marques, A. (2013). Usability testing of a respiratory interface using computer screen and facial expressions videos. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 43(12), 2205 2213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2013.10.010
• Ong, N.T., Lohse, K.R., & Hodges, N.J. (2015). Manipulating target size influences perceptions of success when learning a dart-throwing skill but does not impact retention. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1378-1378. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01378
• Ouzzani, M., Hammady, H., Fedorowicz, Z., & Elmagarmid, A. (2016). Rayyan—a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic reviews, 5, 1 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4
• Page, M.J., McKenzie, J.E., Bossuyt, P.M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T.C., Mulrow, C.D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J.M., Akl, E.A., Brennan, S.E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M.M., Li, T., Loder, E.W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
• Peeters, A., Carling, C., Piscione, J., & Lacome, M. (2019). In-match physical performance fluctuations in international rugby sevens competition. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 18(3), 419-426.
• Pérez-Torregrosa, A.B., Díaz-Martín, C., & Ibáñez-Cubillas, P. (2017). The use of video annotation tools in teacher training. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 237, 458-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2017.02.090
• Peters, M., Godfrey, C., McInerney, P., Munn, Z., Tricco, A., & Khalil, H. (2024). JBI Manual for evidence synthesis chapter 10 Scoping review. JBI. https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-24-09
• Polanin, J.R., Pigott, T.D., Espelage, D.L., & Grotpeter, J.K. (2019). Best practice guidelines for abstract screening large‐evidence systematic reviews and meta‐analyses. Research Synthesis Methods, 10(3), 330-342. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1354
• Post, P.G., Aiken, C.A., Laughlin, D.D., & Fairbrother, J.T. (2016). Self-control over combined video feedback and modeling facilitates motor learning. Human Movement Science, 47, 49-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2016.01.014
• Prieto-Lage, I., Rodríguez-Souto, M., Prieto, M.A., & Gutiérrez-Santiago, A. (2020). Technical analysis in Tsuri-goshi through three complementary observational analysis. Physiology & Behavior, 216, 112804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112804
• Puig-Diví, A., Escalona-Marfil, C., Padullés-Riu, J.M., Busquets, A., Padullés-Chando, X., & Marcos-Ruiz, D. (2019). Validity and reliability of the Kinovea program in obtaining angles and distances using coordinates in 4 perspectives. PLoS One, 14(6), e0216448. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216448
• Puklavec, A., Antekolovic, L., & Mikulic, P. (2021). Acquisition of the long jump skill using varying feedback. Croatian Journal of Education Hrvatski Casopis Za Odgoj I Obrazovanje, 23(1), 107-132. https://doi.org/10.15516/cje.v23i1.3994
• Raiola, G., Parisi, F., Giugno, Y., & Di Tore, P.A. (2013). Video analysis applied to volleyball didactics to improve sport skills. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 8(Proc2), 307-313. https://doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2012.8.Proc2.33
• Rich, P.J., & Trip, T. (2011). Ten essential questions educators should ask when using video annotation tools. TechTrends, 55, 16-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-011-0537-1
• Rolf, R., Reuter, H., Abel, M., & Kai-Christoph, H. (2014). Requirements of students for video-annotations in lecture recordings. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 11(3), 223-234. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITSE-07-2014-0021
• Rucci, J.A., & Tomporowski, P.D. (2010). Three types of kinematic feedback and the execution of the hang power clean. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(3), 771-778. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cbab96
• Sain, D. (2022). The Use of Video Analysis to Improve Performance [Doctor of Education Dissertations 108, Gardner-Webb University]. Digital Commons@Gardner-Webb University https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/education-dissertations/108
• Schärer, C., Huber, S., Bucher, P., Capelli, C., & Hübner, K. (2021). Maximum strength benchmarks for difficult static elements on rings in male elite gymnastics. Sports (Basel), 9(6), 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9060078
• Schulz, D., & Gaudreault, K. (2023). GoReact: Video annotation software to foster feedback in physical education instruction. Strategies, 36(3), 8 13. https://doi.org/10.1080/08924562.2023.2195453
• Shih, H.C. (2018). A survey of content-Aware video analysis for sports. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 28(5), 1212 1231. https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2017.2655624
• Shorey, S., Chan, V., Rajendran, P., & Ang, E. (2021). Learning styles, preferences and needs of generation Z healthcare students: Scoping review. Nurse Education in Practice, 57, 103247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103247
• Shrestha, S., Sentosatio, W., Peng, H., Fermuller, C., & Aloimonos, Y. (2023). FEVA: Fast Event Video Annotation tool. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.00482. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2301.00482
• Shultz, R., Anderson, S.C., Matheson, G.O., Marcello, B., & Besier, T. (2013). Test-retest and interrater reliability of the functional movement screen. Journal of Athletic Training, 48(3), 331-336. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.2.11
• Siliconcoach. (n.d.). Siliconcoach Pro: Analyse performance in detail. https://www.siliconcoach.com/siliconcoachPro
• Soto, A., Camerino, O., Iglesias, X., Anguera, M.T., & Castañer, M. (2019). LINCE PLUS: Research software for behavior video analysis. Apunts. Educación Física y Deportes, 3(137), 149-153. 10.5672/apunts.2014-0983.es.(2019/3).137.11
• Soto-Fernández, A., Camerino, O., Iglesias, X., Anguera, M.T., & Castañer, M. (2021). LINCE PLUS software for systematic observational studies in sports and health. Behavior Research Methods, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-021-01642-1
• Souissi, H., Souissi, M.A., Trabelsi, O., Ben Chikha, A., Gharbi, A., & Souissi, N. (2023). Peer-to-peer online video feedback with pedagogical activity improves the snatch learning during the COVID-19-induced confinement in young weightlifting athletes. International journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 18(6), 2151 2159. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221122385
• Souissi, M.A., Ammar, A., Trabelsi, O., Glenn, J.M., Boukhris, O., Trabelsi, K., Bouaziz, B., Zmijewski, P., Souissi, H., Chikha, A.B., Driss, T., Chtourou, H., Hoekelmann, A., & Souissi, N. (2021). Distance motor learning during the covid-19 induced confinement: Video feedback with a pedagogical activity improves the snatch technique in young athletes. International journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063069
• SparkMotion. (2025, January 8). Motion Analysis for your business has never been so easy. https://sparkmotion.com/
• Ste-Marie, D.M., Carter, M.J., Law, B., Vertes, K., & Smith, V. (2016). Self-controlled learning benefits: exploring contributions of self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation via path analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(17), 1650 1656. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1130236
• Ste-Marie, D.M., Vertes, K.A., Law, B., & Rymal, A.M. (2012). Learner-controlled self-observation is advantageous for motor skill acquisition. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 556. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00556
• Tay, D.L., Ellington, L., Towsley, G.L., Supiano, K., & Berg, C.A. (2021). Emotional expression in conversations about advance care planning among older adult home health patients and their caregivers. Patient Education and Counseling, 104(9), 2232-2239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2021.02.029
• Tayech, A., Mejri, M.A., Makhlouf, I., Uthoff, A., Hambli, M., Behm, D.G., & Chaouachi, A. (2022). Reliability, criterion-concurrent validity, and construct-discriminant validity of a head-marking version of the taekwondo anaerobic intermittent kick test. Biology of Sport, 39(4), 951-963. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2022.109459
• Tricco, A.C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O'Brien, K.K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M.D.J., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., Hempel, S., Akl, E.A., Chang, C., McGowan, J., Stewart, L., Hartling, L., Aldcroft, A., Wilson, M.G., Garritty, C., … Straus, S.E. (2018). PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467-473. https://doi.org/10.7326/m18-0850
• Vermeulen, M. (2019). Stappenplannen. Technische verpleegkundige verstrekkingen (12th ed.). Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum.
• Walker, S.G., Mattson, S.L., & Sellers, T.P. (2020). Increasing accuracy of rock-climbing techniques in novice athletes using expert modeling and video feedback. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 53(4), 2260-2270. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.694
• White, E.J., McMahon, M., Walsh, M.T., Coffey, J.C., & O'Sullivan, L.W. (2019). A study of laparoscopic instrument use during colorectal surgery. Applied Ergonomics, 78, 301-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2018.02.010
• Yang, K., Jin, X., Wang, Z., Fang, Y., Li, Z., Yang, Z., Cong, J., Yang, Y., Huang, Y., & Wang, L. (2022). Robot-assisted subretinal injection system: development and preliminary verification. BMC Ophthalmology, 22(1), 484-484. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-022-02720-4
• Zimmerman, P.H., Bolhuis, J.E., Willemsen, A., Meyer, E.S., & Noldus, L.P.J.J. (2009). The Observer XT: A tool for the integration and synchronization of multimodal signals. Behavior Research Methods, 41(3), 731-735. https://doi.org/10.3758/brm.41.3.731