Leaf Defoliation and Leaf Water Potential Effects on Cluster Properties and Yield in cv. Merlot

Abstract

This research was carried out in order to determine the effects of leaf water potential and defoliation applications on the cluster characteristics by using Merlot/41B grafting combination in Chateau Kalpak vineyards in Sarkoy district of Tekirdag province. The trial was carried out in a vineyard for two years in the vegetation period of 2019-2020 and 2020-2021. In the experiment, there were leaf water potential [S0 (Control=no irrigation), S1 (-0.3/-0.5 MPa), S2 (-0.5/-0.7 MPa) and S3(<-0.7) MPa)] and defoliation methods; Control, Full Window, Right Window and Left Window were done respectively. As a result if vigneron’s want; low cluster width, low cluster length, low cluster weight and low number of berry per cluster in Merlot cv. in Sarköy district of Tekirdağ was concluded that Left Window application can be selected. And also S3 application can be preferred when low cluster weight, low cluster volume and low cluster compactness are desired.

Keywords

• Defoliation
• Merlot
• water stress
• bunch characteristics
• Vitis vinifera L

Yaprak Alma ve Su Potansiyeli Uygulamalarının Merlot Üzüm Çeşidinde Salkım Özellikleri ve Verime Etkileri

Öz

Bu araştırma Tekirdağ ili Şarköy ilçesinde Chateau Kalpak bağlarında Merlot/41B aşı kombinasyonu kullanılarak yaprak su potansiyeli ve yaprak alma uygulamalarının salkım özellikleri üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Deneme 2019-2020 ve 2020-2021 vejetasyon periyodunda bağda iki yıl süreyle yürütülmüştür. Yapılan yaprak su potansiyeli uygulamaları [S0 (Kontrol=sulamasız), S1 (-0.3/-0.5 MPa), S2 (-0.5/-0.7 MPa) ve S3 (<-0.7 MPa)] ve yaprak alma uygulamaları; Kontrol, Tam Pencere, Sağ Pencere ve Sol Pencere uygulaması şeklinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; Tekirdağ ili Şarköy ilçesinde Merlot üzüm çeşidi yetiştiriciliğinde düşük salkım eni, salkım boyu, salkım ağırlığı ve salkımdaki tane sayısı elde edilmesi istendiğinde; Sol Pencere uygulamasının seçilebileceği, düşük salkım ağırlığı, salkım hacmi ve salkım sıklığı istendiğinde de S3 stres uygulamasının tercih edilebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yaprak alma
• Merlot
• su stresi
• salkım özellikleri
• Vitis vinifera L

References

1. Alço, T. (2019). Gamay üzüm çeşidinde farklı dönemlerde yapılan yaprak alma uygulamalarının önolojik olgunluğa etkileri [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Tekirdağ.
2. Bahar, E., Korkutal, İ., & Kabataş, İ. E. (2017). Sangiovese üzüm çeşidinde farklı yaprak su potansiyelleri (Ψyaprak) ve salkım seyreltme uygulamalarının salkım ve tane özellikleri üzerine etkileri. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(2), 138-149. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.2017.156
3. Bahar, E., Korkutal, İ., & Öner, H. (2018). Cabernet-Sauvignon üzüm çeşidinde farklı kültürel işlemlerin şıra özellikleri üzerine etkileri. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 32(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.15316/SJAFS.2018.56
4. Blancquaert, E. H., Oberholster, A., Ricardo-da-Silva, J. M., & Deloire, A. J. (2019). Effects of abiotic factors on phenolic compounds in the grape berry - A Review. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 40(1), 92-105. https://doi.org/10.21548/40-1-3060
5. Bowen, P. (2009). Foundations of canopy management: the contributions of Dr. Mark Kliewer. In: Recent Advances in Canopy Management. Proceedings of W.M. Kliewer Symposium. 16, Davis, CA, pp. 1-6.
6. Bubola, M., Lukic, I., Radeka, S., Sivilotti, P., Grozic, K., Vanzo, A., & Lisjak, K. (2019). Enhancement of Istrian Malvasia wine aroma and hydroxycinnamate composition by hand and mechanical leaf removal. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99(2), 904-914. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9262
7. Bubola, M., Sivilotti, P., Rossi, S., Bestulić, E., Plavša, T., & Radeka, S. (2022). Impact of canopy management practices on phenolic composition and sensory profile of cv. Teran wine. BIO Web Conferences. 44 02001. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224402001
8. Cramer, G. R., Urano, K., Delrot, S., Pezzotti, M., & Shinozaki, K. (2011). Effects of abiotic stress on plants: A systems biology perspective. BMC Plant Biology, 11, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-11-163

9. De Orduna, R. M. (2010). Climate change associated effects on grape and wine quality and production. Food Research International, 43, 1844–1855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.05.001
10. Ferlito, F., Allegra, M., Torrisi, B., Pappalardo, H., Gentile, A., La Malfa, S., Continella, A., Stagno, F., & Nicolosi, E. (2019). Early defoliation effects on water status, fruit yield and must quality of Nerello mascalese grapes. Scientia Agricola, 77, 6, e20190025. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-992X-2019-0025
11. Hirayama, T., & Shinozaki, K. (2010). Research on plant abiotic stress responses in the post-genome era: past, present and future. The Plant Journal, 61, 1041-1052. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04124.x
12. Hunter, J. J., Ruffner, H. P., Volschenk, C. G., & Le Roux, D. J. (1995). Partial defoliation of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter: Effect on root growth, canopy efficiency; grape composition, and wine quality. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 46, 306–314.
13. Kliewer, W. M., & Dokoozlian, N. K. (2005). Leaf area/crop weight ratios of grapevines: Influence on fruit composition and wine quality. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 56, 170–181.
14. Korkutal, I., Bahar, E., & Carbonneau, A. (2011). Growth and yield responses of cv. Merlot (Vitis vinifera L.) to early water stress. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(29), 6281-6288. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.1893
15. Korkutal, İ., Bahar, E., & Bayram, S. (2017). Farklı toprak işleme ve yaprak alma uygulamalarının Syrah üzüm çeşidinde tanede metabolit birikimi ve su stresi üzerine etkileri. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 31(3), 125-135.
16. Korkutal, I., Bahar, E., & Carbonneau, A. (2019). Effects of early water stress on grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) growing in cv. Syrah. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(1), 463-472. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1701_463472
17. Korkutal, İ., Bahar, E., & Zinni, A. (2021). Farklı zamanlarda yapılan yaprak alma ve uç alma uygulamalarının üzümde salkım özellikleri üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(2), 157-164. https://doi.org/10.25308/aduziraat.837241
18. Kotseridis, Y., Georgiadou, A., Tikos, P., Kallithraka, S., & Koundouras, S. (2012) Effects of severity of post- flowering leaf removal on berry growth and composition of three red Vitis vinifera L. cultivars grown under semiarid conditions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60(23), 6000-6010. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf300605j
19. Lorenz, D. E. K., Bleiholder, H., Klose, R., Meier, U., & Weber, E. (1995). Phenological growth stages of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera) codes and descriptions according to the extended BBCH scale. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 1, 100-110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.1995.tb00085.x
20. Medrano, H., Bota, J., Cifre, J., Flexas, J., Ribas-Carbó, M., & Gulías, J. (2007). Eficiencia en el uso del agua por las plantas. Investigaciones Geográficas, 43, 63–84. https://doi.org/10.14198/INGEO2007.43.04
21. Medrano, H., Tomás, M., Martorell, S., Escalona, J. M., Pou, A., & Fuentes, S. (2015). Improving water use efficiency of vineyards in semi-arid regions. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35, 499-517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0280-z
22. OIV (2009). 2nd Edition of the OIV Descriptor List for Grape Varieties and Vitis Species. 178p.
23. Palliotti, A., Gatti, M., & Poni, S. (2011). Early leaf removal to improve vineyard efficiency: Gas exchange, source-to-sink balance, and reserve storage responses. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 62, 219–228. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2011.10094
24. Palliotti, A., Gardia, T., Berrios, J. G., Civardic, S., & Poni, S. (2012). Early source limitation as a tool for yield control and wine quality improvement in a high-yielding red Vitis vinifera L. cultivar. Scientia Horticulturae, 145, 10-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.07.019
25. Poni, S., Bernizzoni, F., & Civardi, S. (2008). The effect of early leaf removal on whole- canopy gas exchange and vine performance of Vitis vinifera L. Sangiovese. Vitis, 47, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5073/vitis.2008.47.1-6
26. Rossouw, G. C., Smith, J. P., Barril, C., Deloire, A., & Holzapfel, B. P. (2017). Implications of the presence of maturing fruit on carbohydrate and nitrogen distribution in grapevines under postveraison water constraints. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 142, 71–84. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS03982-16
27. Rossouw, G. C., Suklje, K., Smith, J. P., Barril, C., Deloire, A., & Holzapfel, B. P. (2018). Vitis vinifera berry metabolic composition during maturation: Implications of defoliation. Physiologia Plantarum, 164(2), 120-133. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12715
28. Tardaguila, J., de Toda, F. M., Poni, S., & Diago, M. P. (2010). Impact of early leaf removal on yield and fruit and wine composition of Vitis vinifera L. Graciano and Carignan. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 61(3), 372-381.
29. Teker, T., & Altindisli, A. (2021). Excessive pruning levels in young grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sultan 7) cause water loss in seedless cluster berries. International Journal of Fruit Science, 21(1), 979-992. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2021.1964416
30. Tester, M., & Bacic, A. (2005). Abiotic stress tolerance in grasses. From model plants to crop plants. Plant Physiology, 137, 791–793. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.104.900138
31. TMM (2020). Tekirdağ Meteoroloji Müdürlüğü 2019 ve 2020 yılı iklim kayıtları.
32. Vaillant-Gaveau, N., Wojnarowiez, G., Petit, A.N., Jacquens, L., Panigai, L., Clement, C., & Fontaine, F. (2014). Relationships between carbohydrates and reproductive development in Chardonnay grapevine: Impact of defoliation and fruit removal treatments during four successive growing seasons. OENO-One, 48, 219–229. https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2014.48.4.1694
33. Wegher, M., Faralli, M., & Bertamini, M. (2022). Cluster-zone leaf removal and GA3 application at early flowering reduce bunch compactness and yield per vine in Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot Gris. Horticulturae, 8(1), 2311-7524. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8010081
34. Würz, D. A., Allebrandt, R., Marcon Filho, J. L., Bem, B. P. de., Brighenti, A. F., Rufato, L., & Kretzschmar, A. A. (2018). Leaf removal timing and its influence on wine grape performance Sauvignon Blanc in high altitude region. Revista de Ciencias Agroveterinarias, 17(1), 91-99. https://doi.org/10.5965/223811711712018091