Effects of L-Tryptophan and Melatonin on Seed Germination Performance of Radish and Spinach in Low and High Temperature Conditions

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of L-Tryptophan and Melatonin treatments on germination of radish and spinach seeds under different temperature conditions. Treated with different concentrations of L-Tryptophan (125, 250, 375 ppm) and Melatonin (5, 10, 25 µM) seeds were subjected to germination tests at optimum (21 ˚C) chilling stress (7 ˚C) and high temperature (35 ˚C) conditions. Treated with distilled water seeds were considered as control. The tested hormones had significant effects on the average germination time; the time to reach 50% germination rate; and the fresh weight results of the radish seeds at low temperature (7 ˚C) condition. At this temperature, the treatment of 10 µM melatonin prolonged the mean germination time and the time to reach 50% germination rate of the seeds compared to the hormone untreated seeds. 125 ppm and 250 ppm L-Tryptophan treatments increased the fresh weight values. The greatest effect of the hormone treatment in spinach seeds was observed in the time to reach 50% germination rate at low temperature condition (7 ˚C). The 375 ppm dose of L-Tryptophan shortened this it as compared to the control, while 25 µM melatonin treatments prolonged this period.  

Keywords

• L-Tryptophan,Melatonin,Germination,Radish,Spinach

L-Triptofan ve Melatonin’in Düşük ve Yüksek Sıcaklık Koşullarında Turp ve Ispanağın Tohum Çimlenme Performansına Etkileri

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı L-Triptofan ve Melatonin uygulamalarının farklı sıcaklık koşullarında turp ve ıspanak tohumlarının çimlenme özellikleri üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmaktır. Farklı konsantrasyonlarda L-Triptofan (125, 250, 375 ppm) ve Melatonin (5, 10, 25 µM) ile muamele edilmiş tohumlar, optimum (21 ˚C), üşüme stresi (7˚C) ve yüksek sıcaklık (35 ˚C) koşullarında çimlenme testlerine tabi tutulmuştur. Distile su ile muamele edilmiş tohumlar kontrol olarak kabul edilmiştir. Denenen hormonlar, düşük sıcaklıkta (7 ˚C) turp tohumlarının ortalama çimlenme süresi, %50 çimlenme oranına ulaşma süresi ve taze ağırlık sonuçları üzerine önemli etkiler oluşturmuştur. Bu sıcaklık derecesinde, 10 µM melatonin uygulaması, ortalama çimlenme süresini ve tohumların %50 çimlenme oranına ulaşma süresini, hormon uygulanmamış tohumlara göre uzatmıştır. 125 ppm ve 250 ppm L-Triptofan uygulaması yaş ağırlık değerlerini artırmıştır. Ispanak tohumlarında düşük sıcaklık koşulunda (7 ˚C) hormon uygulamalarının en büyük etkisi %50 çimlenmeye ulaşmak için gerekli süre özelliğinde gözlenmiştir. L-Triptofan' ın 375 ppm dozu bu süreyi kontrole göre kısaltırken, 25 µM melatonin uygulaması ise uzatmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• L-Triptofan,Melatonin,Çimlenme,Turp,Ispanak

References

1. Abdel, C. G., Asaad, S. S. & Mohammad, D. S. (2016). Minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures required for germination of Onion, Radish, Tomato, and Pepper, International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences, 5, 26-45.
2. Antony, E., Sridhar, K. & Kumar, V., (2017). Effect of chemical sprays and management practices on Brachiaria ruziziensis seed, production. Field Crops Research, 211, 19-26. Atherton, J. G. & Farooque, A. M. (1983). High temperature and germination in spinach. I. The role of the pericarp. Scientia Horticulturae, 19, 25-32.
3. Arnao, M. B. & Hernández-Ruiz, J. (2006). The physiological function of melatonin in plants. Plant Signal Behavior, 1, 89-95.
4. Bajwa, V. S., Shukla, M. R., Sherif, S. M., Murch, S. J. & Saxena, P. K. (2014). Role of melatonin in alleviating cold stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Pineal Research, 56, 238-245.
5. Bakhshandeh, E. & Gholamhossieni, M. J. (2019). Modelling the Effects of Water Stress and Temperature on Seed Germination of Radish and Cantaloupe, Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 1, 1-10.
6. Batlla D., & Benech-Arnold R. L. (2015). A framework for the interpretation of temperature effects on dormancy and germination in seed populations showing dormancy. Seed Science Research, 25, 147-158.
7. Benech-Arnold, R. L., Sanchez, R. A., Forcella, F., Kruk, B. C., & Ghersa, C. M. (2000). Environmental control of dormancy in weed seed banks in soil. Field Crops Research, 67, 105-122.
8. Bewley, J. D. & Black, M. (1994). Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination. Plenum Press, New York, London.

9. Carter, A. K. & Stevens, R. (1998). Using ethaphon and GA3 to overcome thermoinhibition in ‘Jalopeno M’ pepper seed, Scientia Horticulturae, 33, 1026-1027.
10. Chen, Q., Qi, W. B., Reiter, R. J.,Wei, W., & Wang, B. M. (2009). Exogenously applied melatonin stimulates root growth and raises endogenous indoleacetic acid in roots of etiolated seedlings of Brassica juncea. Journal of Plant Physiology, 166, 324-328.
11. Chitwood, J. (2016). Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) seed germination and whole plant growth response to heat stress and association mapping of bolting, tallness and erectness for use in spinach breeding, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, University of Arkansas Fort Smith, Bachelor of Science in Biology, USA.
12. Come, D. & Tissaoui, T., (1973). Interrelated effects of ımbibition, temperature and oxygen on seed germination. In W. Heydecker, Seed Ecology (pp. 157-167). Butterworths, London
13. Copeland, L. O., & McDonald, M. F. (2012). Principles of Seed Science and Technology, Springer Press, USA.
14. Çavuşoğlu, K. (2006). Arpa ve turp tohumlarının normal şartlar altındaki çimlenme ve fide büyümesine bazı bitki büyüme düzenleyicilerinin etkileri. Yüksek Lisan Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta.
15. Donohue, K., Rubio de Casas, R., Burghardt L., Kovach K., & Willis, C. G. (2010). Germination, postgermination adaptation and species ecological ranges. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 41, 293-319.
16. Dubbels, R. , Reiter, R. , Klenke, E. , Goebel, A. , Schnakenberg, E. , Ehlers, C. , Schiwara, H. & Schloot, W. (1995), Melatonin in edible plants identified by radioimmunoassay and by high performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Journal of Pineal Research, 18, 28-31.
17. Dürr, C., Dickie, J. B., Yang, X. Y., & Pritchard, H. W. (2015). Ranges of critical temperature and water potential values for the germination of seeds worldwide: contribution to a seed trait database. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 200, 222-232.
18. Frankenberger, W. & Arshad, M. (1991). Yield response of watermelon and muskmelon to L-tryptophan applied to the soil. Horticultural Science, 26, 35-37.
19. Gonai, T., Kawahara, S., Tougou, M., Satoh, S., Hashiba, T., Hirai, N., Kawaide, H., Kamiya, Y. & Yoshioka, T., (2004). Abscisic acid in the thermoinhibition of lettuce seed germination and enhancement of its catabolism by gibberellin, Journal of Experimental Botany, 55, 111-118.
20. Grime, J. P., Mason, G, Curtis, A. V., Rodman, J., Band, S. R., & Mowforth, M.A.G. (1981). A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. Journal of Ecology, 69, 1017-1059.
21. Gulliver, R.L., Heydecker, W.,1973. Establishment of seedlings in a changeable environment. In: Seed Ecology (Ed. W. Heydecker), pp. 433-461. Butterworths, London.
22. Hardeland, R., Cardinali, D. P. & Srinivasan, V. (2011). Melatonin-A pleiotropic, orchestrating regulator molecule. Progress in Neurobiology. 93, 350-384.
23. Hattori, A., Migitaka, H., Iigo, M., Itoh, M., Yamamoto, K., Ohtani-Kaneko, R., Hara, M., Suzuki, T., & Reiter, R. J. (1995). Identification of melatonin in plants and its effects on plasma melatonin levels and binding to melatonin receptors in vertebrates. Biochemistry And Molecular Biology International, 35, 627-634.
24. Hernandez-Ruiz, J., Cano, A., & Arnao, M. B. (2005). Melatonin acts as a growth-stimulating compound in some monocot species. Journal of Pineal Research, 39, 137-142.
25. Heydecker, W., Orphanos, P. I. & Chetram, R. S. (1969). The importance of air supply during seed germination. Proccessing International Seed Testing Assoccation. 34, 297-303.
26. Hsiao, A. I. (1993). Actions of acid immersion, red light and gibberellin A3 treatments on germination of thermodormant lettuce seeds, Environmental and Experimental Botany, 33, 397-404.
27. Karaca, A. (2013). Dışarıdan yapılan melatonin uygulamaları ile biberde çimlenme sırasında üşüme stresine karşı toleransın arttırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kahramanmaraş.
28. Katzman, L. S. (1999). Developing a system to germinate and grow hydroponic spinach, Spinacia oleracea. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA.
29. Katzman, L. S., Taylor, A., & Langhans, R. (2001). Seed enhancements to improve spinach germination. HortScience, 36, 979-981.
30. Korkmaz, A., Karaca, A., Kocaçınar, F., & Cuci, Y. (2017). The effects of seed treatment with melatonin on germination and emergence performance of pepper seeds under chilling stress. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 23, 167-176.
31. Li, C. X., Feng, S. L., Shao, Y., Jiang, L. N, Lu, X. Y., & Hao, X. L. (2007). Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities of wheat seedlings. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 19, 725-732.
32. Li, H., Dong, Y., Chang, J., He, J., Chen, H., Liu, Q., Wei, C., Ma, J., Zhang, Y., Yang, J., & Zhang, X. (2017). High-Throughput microrna and mrna sequencing reveals that micrornas may be ınvolved in melatonin-mediated cold tolerance in Citrullus lanatus L., Frontiers in Plant Science, 157, 1-12.
33. Lindgren D. T., & Browning, S. J. (2011). Vegetable Garden Seed Storage and Germination Requirements. Index Lawn & Gardens, 1, 1-6.
34. Leskovar, D. I. & Esensee, V. (1999). Pericarp, leachate, and carbohydrate involvement in thermoinhibition of germinating spinach seeds. HortScience 34, 301-306.
35. Mercedes, F., Carbonell, M. V. & Martinez, E. (2007). Exposure of maize seeds to stationary magnetic fields: Effects on germination and early growth. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59, 68-75.
36. Palego, L., Betti, L., Rossi, A. & Giannaccini, G., (2016). Tryptophan biochemistry: Structural, nutritional, metabolic, and medical aspects in human. Journal of Amino Acids, ID: 8952520.
37. Posmyk, M., Balabusta, M., Wieczorek, M., Sliwinska, E. & Janas, K. M. (2009). Melatonin applied to cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seeds improves germination during chilling stress. Journal of Pineal Research, 46, 214-223.
38. Ramakrishna, A., Giridhar, P. & Ravishankar, G.A. (2011). Phytoserotonin: a review. Plant Signal Behavior, 6, 800-809.
39. Rosen, J., Than, N. N., Koch, D., Poeggeler, B., Laatsch, H., & Hardeland, R. (2006). Interactions of melatonin and its metabolites with the ABTS cation radical: extension of the radical scavenger cascade and formation of a novel class of oxidation products, C2-substituted 3-indolinones. Journal of Pineal Research, 41, 374-381.
40. Shi, H. & Chan, Z. (2014). The cysteine2/histidine2-type transcription factor zinc finger of Arabıdopsis thaliana 6-activated c-repeat-binding factor pathway is essential for melatonin-mediated freezing stress resistance in Arabidopsis. Journal of Pineal Research, 57, 185-191.
41. Tan, D. X., Hardeland, R., Manchester, L. C., Korkmaz, A., Ma, S., Rosales-Corral, S., & Reiter, R. J. (2012). Functional roles of melatonin in plants, and perspectives in nutritional and agricultural science, Journal of Experimental Botany, 63, 577-597.
42. Trudgill, D. L., Honek, A., Li D., & Van Straalen, N. M. (2005). Thermal time – concepts and utility. Annals of Applied Biology, 146, 1-14.
43. Turk, H., Erdal, S., Genisel, M., Atici, O., Demir, Y., & Yanmis, D. (2014). The regulatory effect of melatonin on physiological, biochemical and molecular parameters in cold-stressed wheat seedlings. Plant Growth Regulation, 74, 139-152.
44. Wang, P., Yin, L., Liang, D., Li, C., Ma, F. & Yue, Z. (2012). Delayed senescence of apple leaves by exogenous melatonin treatment: toward regulating the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. Journal of Pineal Research, 53, 11-20.
45. Wei, W., Li, Chu, Q. T., Reiter, Y. N., Yu, R. J., Zhu, X. M., Zhang, D. H., Ma, W. K., Lin, B., Zhang, Q., & Chen, J. S. (2015). Melatonin enhances plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance in soybean plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 66, 695-707.
46. Zhang, H. M. & Zhang, Y. (2014). Melatonin: a well-documented antioxidant with conditional pro-oxidant actions. Journal of Pineal Research, 57, 131-146.
47. Zhang, N., Sun, Q., Zhang, H., Cao, Y., Weeda, S. M., Ren, S., & Guo, Y. (2015). Roles of melatonin in abiotic stress resistance in plants. Journal of experimental botany, 3, 647-56.