The Effect of Capsule Blight Disease (Brachycladium papaveris) on Germination of Performance of Some Opium Poppy Varieties

Abstract

In recent years, product and yield losses have been experienced in opium poppy due to seed-borne pathogens. These pathogens play an important role in the infection of disease, affect the seed vitality negatively, reduce seed germination rate, and cause severe loss in yield by affecting plant vitality directly. Brachycladium papaveris, a seed-borne pathogen, causes capsule rot, capsule blight, opium poppy blight, and leaf blight symptoms and significant loss in both morphine and quality seed yield. Therefore, the effect of Brachycladium papaveris isolates, isolated from diseased opium poppy plants from city center and Sivaslı district of Uşak province, on the germination performance of seeds in 14 different opium poppy varieties (Office 8, Office 1, Office 3, Office 95, Office NM, Office NP, Office 96, Office 2, Office 4, TMO-T, TMO-1, TMO-3, TMO-2 and Afyon 95) under in vitro conditions was investigated. It was determined that the isolates taken from the diseased plants had different effects on the varieties. Among the isolates, the most destructive one was the isolate obtained from the opium poppy capsule. In the 2, 4, and 6-day counts, the varieties that were affected the least from the pathogen's stem, seed and capsule isolates and had the highest average germination rate were Office NM, Office 1, TMO 1 and TMO 3. Consequently, it is necessary to determine the effects of the pathogen on poppy seedlings and reveal the variety reaction studies on the cultivated varieties of opium poppy against the diseases in the cultivated varieties through field experiments.

Keywords

• Papaver somniferum
• capsule blight
• mean germination percentage
• mean germination time
• opium poppy

Kapsül Yanıklığı Hastalık Etmeni (Brachycladium papaveris (Sawada) Shoemaker & Inderb.)’nin Bazı Haşhaş Çeşitlerinin Çimlenme Performansına Etkisi

Öz

Son yıllarda haşhaşta tohum kaynaklı patojenler nedeniyle ürün ve verim kayıpları yaşanmaktadır. Bu patojenler hastalığın bulaşmasında önemli rol oynamakta, tohum canlılığını olumsuz etkilemekte, tohum çimlenme oranını düşürmekte ve doğrudan bitki canlılığını etkileyerek verimde ciddi kayıplara neden olmaktadırlar. Bir tohum patojeni olan Brachycladium papaveris kapsül çürüklüğü, kapsül yanıklığı, haşhaş yanıklığı, yaprak yanıklığı simptomlarına neden olmaktadır ve hem morfin hem de kaliteli tohum veriminde önemli kayıplar oluşturmaktadır. Bu amaçla Uşak İli Merkez ve Sivaslı ilçelerinden hastalıklı haşhaş bitkilerinden izole edilen Brachycladium papaveris izolatlarının in vitro koşullarda Ofis 8, Ofis 1, Ofis 3, Ofis 95, Ofis NM, Ofis NP, Ofis 96, Ofis 2, Ofis 4, TMO-T, TMO-1, TMO-3, TMO-2 ve Afyon 95 olmak üzere 14 farklı haşhaş çeşidinde tohumların çimlenme performansına etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada hastalıklı bitkilerden alınan izolatların kullanılan çeşitlerde farklı etkiler gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. İzolatlar içinde en tahripkar izolat haşhaş kapsülünden elde edilen izolat olmuştur. 2, 4 ve 6. gün sayımlarında patojenin gövde, tohum ve kapsül izolatlarından en az etkilenen ve ortalama çimlenme oranı değerleri en yüksek olan çeşitler Ofis NM, Ofis 1, TMO 1 ve TMO 3 olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, patojenin haşhaş fideleri üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi, haşhaşın üretimi yapılan çeşitlerde hastalığa karşı çeşit reaksiyonu çalışmalarının tarla denemeleri ile ortaya konulması gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Papaver somniferum
• kapsül yanıklığı
• çimlenme oranı
• ortalama çimlenme zamanı
• haşhaş

References

1. Alam, M., Samad, A., Khaliq, A., Ajayakumar, P. V., Dhawan, O. P., & Singh, H. N. (2014). Disease incidence and its management on opium poppy: A global perspective. Acta Horticulturae International Society for Horticultural Science, 23‐140.
2. Aslan, H., & Atış, İ. (2018). Bazı yaygın mürdümük çeşitlerinde kuraklık stresinin çimlenme ve fide gelişimine etkisi. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Mustafa Kemal University, 23(2), 218-231.
3. Bailey, B. A. Apel-Birkhold, P. C., O'Neill, N. R., Plaskowitz, J., Alavi, S., & Jennings, J. D. (2000). Evaluation of infection processes and resulting disease caused by Dendryphion penicillatum and Pleospora papaveracea on Papaver somniferum, Phytopathology, 90(7), 699-709.
4. Baker, K., & Smith, F. (1966). Seed borne pathogen has greater capacity for spreading in growing crops than pathogens which are not seed borne. Phytopathology, 37, 912-24.
5. Barbacka, K. (1935). Helminthosporium na maku uprawnym (Helminthosporium papaveris K. Sawada). [Helminthosporiosis of cultivated poppy.]. Institute National Polonais Economie Rurale Pulawy, 16, 73-88.
6. Başer, K. H. C., & Arslan, N. (2014). Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum). In Z. Yaniv & N. Dudai (Eds.), Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the Middle-East (pp.305–332). Newyork,Springer.
7. Carvalho, N.M. & Nakagawa, J. (2000). Sementes: ciência, tecnologia e produção. 4. ed. Jaboticabal:Funep, p. 588.
8. Corda, A. C. J. (1938). Abbildungen der pilze und schwaemme. ıcones fungorum, Hucusque Cognitorum, 2, 1–43.

9. Ellis, R. H., & Roberts, E. H. (1981). The quantification of ageing and survival in orthodox seeds. Seed Science Technology, 9, 73-409.
10. FAO. (2020). Statistic Database. http//:www.faostat.fao.org/. Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2020.
11. Fries, E. M. (1849). Summa Vegetabilium Scandinaviae. Sectio Posterior. Sweden, Stockholm, Uppsala & Germany, Leipzig; Typographia Academica, pp. 259–572.
12. Gandhi, K., & Raghuchandran, T. (2001). Effect of spore suspension and partially purified toxin of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. coriandrii on seed germination and seedling vigour of coriander. Annals Plant Protection Sciences, 9(1), 142-144.
13. Gasich, E. L., Berestetskiy, A., Gannibal, P. B., & Kazartsev, I. (2013). Taxonomically significant characters of Crivellia Papaveracea and Brachycladium Papaveris, pathogens of poppy, Revealed in Russia and Ukraine. 47, 470-477.
14. Gümüşçü, A., & Arslan, N. (2008). Bazı haşhaş (Papaver somniferum L.) melez hatlarının verim ve verim öğelerinde heterosis üzerine araştırmalar. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(4), 365-373.
15. Havel, J., Richter, R., & Losak, T. (2010). Poppy seed, winter, spring form. In: Oilseeds. Prague,Profi Press.
16. ISTA. (1999). International Rules For Seed Testing. Seed Science and Technology, 21-288.
17. ISTA. (2008). International Rules For Seed Testing, Seed Testing Association. Bassersdorf, Switzerland.
18. Inderbitzin, P., Shoemaker, R. A., O’Neill, N. R., Turgeon, B. G., & Berbee, M. L. (2006).160 Systematics and mating systems of two fungal pathogens of opium poppy: the heterothallic Crivellia papaveracea with a Brachycladium penicillatum asexual state and a homothallic species with a Brachycladium papaveris asexual state. Canadian Journal of Botany, 84(8), 1304-1326.
19. İncekara, F. (1972). Endüstri Bitkileri ve Islahı 2. Yağ Bitkileri ve Islahı. Ege Üniversitesi Matbaası, Yayın No:2, İzmir.
20. Jain, S. C., Pathak, V. N., & Jain, K. L. (1996). Effect of fungal toxic metabolites on seed germination and seedling growth of pearl millet. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 26, 87-89.
21. Janardhanan, K. K., & Husaın, A. (1983). Diseases and their control, The Opium Poppy. In A. Husain & J. R. Sharma (Eds.), The Opium Poppy Monograph (pp. 95-106). Lucknow, India.
22. Kamkar, B., Al-Alahmadi, M. J., Mahdavi-Damghani, A., & Villalobos, F. J. (2012). Quantification of the cardinal temperatures and thermal time requirement of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) seeds to germinate using non-linear regression models. Industrial Crops and Products, 35, 92–198.
23. Kapoor, L. D. (1995). Opium poppy. Botany chemistry and pharmacology food products, Press Binghampton, USA.
24. Karahan, O., & Maden, S. (1978). Haşhaşta kök boğazı yanıklığı hastalığı (Dendryphion papaveris) tohumla taşınma durumu ve tohum ilaçlarının bu etmene etkisi üzerinde çalışmalar, Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 18, 1-4.
25. Kishore Mishra, B., Rastogi, A., Siddiqui, A., Srivastava, M., Verma, N., Pandey, R., Sharma, N. C., & Shukla, S. (2013). Opium poppy: genetic upgradation through ıntervention of plant breeding techniques. In S. B. Andersen (Ed.) Plant Breeding from Laboratories to Fields (pp. 209-235). Croatia, InTech Publishers.
26. Kiss, E., Palkovics, L., Szathmary, E., & Nagy, G. (2015). Variation of some morphological and molecular characteristics of hungarian Crivellia and Brachycladium isolates from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 50(1), 5–15.
27. Landa, B. B., Montes-Borrego, M., Munoz-Ledesma, F. J., & Jimenez-Diaz, R. M. (2007). Phylogenetic analysis of downy mildew pathogens of opium poppy and PCR-based in planta and seed detection of Peronospora arborescens. Phytopathology, 97,1380-1390.
28. Losak, T., & Richter R. (2004). Split nitrogen doses and their efficiency in poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) nutrition. Plant Soil and Environment, 50(11), 484-488.
29. Montes-Borrego, M., Munoz-Ledesma, F. J., Jimenez-Diaz, R. M., & Landa, B. B. (2009). An improved nested-PCR protocol for the detection of Peronospora arborescens, the downy mildew pathogen of opium poppy, from herbarium specimens and asymptomatic tissues useful for population biology studies. Phytopathology, 99, 3-81.
30. Nagel M., & Borner A. (2010). The longevity of crop seeds stored under ambient conditions. Seed Science Research, 20, 1-12.
31. Neergaard, P. (1977). McMillan Press, London, UK. Seed Pathology, (1-2),1187.
32. Nigam, N., Rai, B., & Mukherji K. G. (1989). Yield loss assessment caused by Peronospora arborescens in opium poppy. Indian Phytopathology, 42,110-115.
33. O’Neill, N. R., Jennings, J. C., Bailey, B. A., & Farr, D. F. (2000). Dendryphion penicillatum and Pleospora papaveracea, destructive seed-born pathogens and potential mycoherbicides for Papaver somniferum. Phytopathology, 90(7),691-698.
34. Pastircak, M., & Fejer, J. (2014). A preliminary survey of fungi on opium poppy in Slovakia, Acta Horticulturae, 157-162.
35. Paul, Y.S. (1992). Studies on seed bornemycoflora of coriander with special references to stem gall in Himachal Pradesh. Plant Diseases Research, 7(1), 19-23.
36. Prasad, B. K. (1982). Studies on seed borne fungi of coriander. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology,12(2), 238-239.
37. Prokinova, E., & Buresova. (1996). The effect of micromycetes isolated from the seed on germination of pea and barley seeds. Rastlinnavyroba, 42, 457-462.
38. Mehrotra, R. S., & Claudius, G. R. (1974). Role of metabolities and enzymes in the root rot and wilt disease of lens culinaris. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 3(1), 8-16.
39. Nath, R., & Lambat, A. K. (1971). Fungi recorded on the imported seed and other plant material in India. Indian Phytopathology, 24, 189-192.
40. Neergaard, P. (1988). Seed Pathology, Vols. I and II. MacMillian Press, Hong Kong.
41. Sattar, A., Samad, A., Alam, M., Zaim, M., Dhawan, O. P., Singh, S. P., Bajpai, S., & Lal, R. K. (1995). Screening of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) germplasm for disease resistance. Cromap, 17, 315-320.
42. Sattar, A., Alam, M., Samad, A., Dhawan, O. P., Bajpai, S., & Zaim, M. (1997). Screening of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) germplasm for disease resistance against stem rot. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 19,11-13.
43. Sera, B., Gajdova, I., Sery, M., & Spatenka, P. (2013). New physicochemical treatment method of poppy seeds for agriculture and food industrie. Plasma Science and Technology, 15(9), 52-77.
44. Schmitt, C. G., & Lipscomb, B. (1975). Pathogens of Selected Members of the Papaveraceae an Annotated Bibliography. Agriculturel Research Service U.S. Deparment Agriculture, USA.
45. Sharma, P. K. (2001). Micro organism associated with seedof pea (Pisum sativum L.) their pathogenic potential and disease management. Doctoral Dissertation, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Indian.
46. Singh, H. P., & Shukla, K. H. K. (1997). Characterization of Indian landraces and released varieties of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences. 19, 369-386.
47. Singh, B. (2015). Pathogenic potential and transmission of seed borne microflora associated with opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) seeds. Master of Science Thesis, Maharana Pratap Unıversıty of Agrıculture and Technology, Udaıpur, Indian.
48. Sivanesan, A., & Holliday, P. (1982). Pleospora papaveracea. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria No. 730. Common Wealth Mycological Institute, Surrey, England.
49. Spitzer, T., Spitzerova, D., Matusinsky, P., & Kazda, J. (2014). Possibility of using seed treatment to suppress seed-borne diseases in poppy. Plant Protect Sciences, 50, 78–83. Sehirali, S. (1989). Tohumluk ve Teknolojisi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Basımevi, Ankara.
50. Thakore, B., Lal, B., Jain J. P., Singh, R. B., Khandelwal, G. L., & Mathur, S. (1983). Loss due to downy mildew of opium poppy and its reduction by application of fungicides. Indian Phytopathology, 36, 462-464.
51. TÜİK. (2019). Bitkisel üretim istatistikleri. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/. Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2020.
52. Vidhyasekaran, P., Subramanian, C. L., & Govindaswamy, C. V. (1970). Production of toxin by seed borne fungi and its role in paddy seed spoilage. Indian Phytopathology, 23, 518-525.